Bola language (Austronesian): Difference between revisions

Bola
Bola
Bakovi
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Native speakers	14,000 (2000 census)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Western Oceanic Meso-Melanesian Willaumez Bola; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bnp
Glottolog	bola1250
ELP	Bola

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Bola, or Bakovi, is an Oceanic language of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The Harua (Xarua) dialect developed on a palm plantation.

Phonology

Phonology of the Bola language:^[2]

Consonant sounds
	Labial	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n	ŋ
Plosive	p b	t d	k g
Fricative	β	(s)	ɣ
Rhotic		r
Lateral		l

/t/ is realized as /s, ʃ/ only when occurring in front of /i/. The voiced stops /b d ɡ/ can often sound prenasalized [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] among various speakers. /ɣ/ can be pronounced as a glottal fricative [h] among younger speakers.

Vowel sounds
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low		ɑ

/i/ before vowel sounds /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/ is pronounced as a glide sound [j].^[3]

References

^ Bola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Wiebe, Brent (August 2004). "Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province" (PDF). Organised Phonology Data.
^ van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)

External links

This article about Meso-Melanesian languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[e18-1] Bola at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Wiebe, Brent (August 2004). "Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province" (PDF). Organised Phonology Data.

[3] van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Oceanic language in Papua New Guinea}}
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Bola
-|nativename=Bakovi
+|nativename={{lang|bnp|Bakovi}}
 |states=[[Papua New Guinea]]
 |speakers=14,000
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 == Phonology ==
-Phonology of the Bola language<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britian & West New Britian Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>:
+Phonology of the Bola language:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Brent|date=August 2004|title=Bola (Bola-Bakovi) Language [BNP] East New Britain & West New Britain Province|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/46/78/144678789960846966219668552667179530791/Bola.pdf|journal=Organised Phonology Data}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |+ Consonant sounds
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
 |-
-![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
+![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+|{{IPA link|m}}
-|p b
+|{{IPA link|n}}
-|t d
+|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
-|k g
 |-
+![[Plosive]]
-! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
-|m
+|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
-|n
+|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}
-|ŋ
+|-
+![[Fricative]]
+|{{IPA link|β}}
+|({{IPA link|s}})
+|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
 |-
 ![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
 |
+|{{IPA link|r}}
-|r
 |
-|-
-! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-|β
-|
-|ɣ
 |-
 ![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
 |
+|{{IPA link|l}}
-|l
 |
 |}
-/t/ is realized as /s~ʃ/ when only occurring in front of /i/.
+{{IPA|/t/}} is realized as {{IPA|/s, ʃ/}} only when occurring in front of {{IPA|/i/}}. The voiced stops {{IPA|/b d ɡ/}} can often sound prenasalized {{IPA|[ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ]}} among various speakers. {{IPA|/ɣ/}} can be pronounced as a glottal fricative {{IPAblink|h}} among younger speakers.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+ '''Vowel sounds'''
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ Vowel sounds
 !
 ! [[Front vowel|Front]]
@@ Line 62: / Line 66: @@
 |-
 ! [[High vowel|High]]
-| align="center" |{{IPA|i}}
+| {{IPA link|i}}
+|
-| || align="center" |{{IPA|u}}
+| {{IPA link|u}}
 |-
 ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
-| align="center" |{{IPA|e}}
+| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
+|
-| || align="center" |{{IPA|o}}
+| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
 |-
-![[Low vowel|Low]]
+! [[Low vowel|Low]]
 |
-| align="center" |{{IPA|a}}
+|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
 |
 |}
+{{IPA|/i/}} before vowel sounds {{IPA|/ɑ ɛ ɔ u/}} is pronounced as a glide sound {{IPAblink|j}}.<ref>van den Berg & Wiebe (2019)</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+== Further reading ==
+* {{Citation |last=van den Berg |first=René |last2=Wiebe |first2=Brent |title=Bola Grammar Sketch |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/69/02/40/69024055998614577724075211921224072564/Bola_grammar_20_03_2019_final.pdf |year=2019 |series=Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages, 63 |place=Ukarumpa |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |isbn=9980-0-4482-9}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 84: / Line 94: @@
 {{Languages of Papua New Guinea}}
 {{Meso-Melanesian languages}}
+{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
 [[Category:Meso-Melanesian languages]]
 [[Category:Languages of West New Britain Province]]