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{{Short description|Polish revolutionary, antiquarian and bibliophile (1865–1930)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Wilfrid Voynich
| name = Wilfrid Voynich
| image = Wilfrid Michael Voynich.jpg
| image = Wilfrid Voynich c1920.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption = Voynich in 1900
| caption = Voynich in around 1920
| alt = A head picture of Wilfrid Voynich in glasses
| alt = A head picture of Wilfrid Voynich in glasses
| native_name = Wilfrid Michał Habdank-Wojnicz
| birth_name = Michał Habdank-Wojnicz
| native_name_lang = Polish
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|11|12|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|11|12|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|3|19|1865|11|12|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|3|19|1865|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Telšiai]], then [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Lithuania]])
| birth_place = [[Telšiai]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Lithuania]])
| death_place = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| known_for = Discovery of the [[Voynich manuscript]]
| known_for = Discovery of the [[Voynich manuscript]]
| occupation = Revolutionary, antiquarian book dealer
| occupation = Revolutionary, antiquarian book dealer
Line 21: Line 20:
* (1902–1930, his death)}}
* (1902–1930, his death)}}
}}
}}
'''Wilfrid Voynich''' (born '''Michał Habdank-Wojnicz'''; [[Telšiai]], {{OldStyleDate|12 November|1865|31 October}}<ref name="Enc">Деятели революционного движения в России: Био-библиографический словарь: От предшественников декабристов до падения царизма: [В 5 т.]. - М.: Изд-во Всесоюзного общества политических каторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1927-1934. [http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/revoluc/article/re7/re7-1707.htm Entry on Voynich]{{dead link|date=September 2017}}</ref> – [[New York City|New York]], 19 March 1930) was a Polish<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilfridvoynich.com/|title=Wilfrid Voynich - The Voynich Manuscript|website=Wilfrid Voynich|accessdate=5 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/6-things-know-about-mysterious-voynich-manuscript-180964847/|title=Here's What You Need to Know About the Mysterious Voynich Manuscript|first=Brigit|last=Katz|website=Smithsonian|accessdate=5 March 2019}}</ref> revolutionary, antiquarian and [[bibliophile]]. Voynich operated one of the largest rare book businesses in the world,<ref name="FBI">{{cite web|url=http://www.colinmackinnon.com/attachments/The_US_BOI_File_on_Voynich_p.pdf|title=The U.S. Bureau of Information File On Wilfrid Voynich|year=2013|author=Colin MacKinnon}}</ref> but he is best remembered as the [[eponym]] of the [[Voynich manuscript]].
'''Wilfrid Voynich''' (born '''Michał Habdank-Wojnicz'''; {{OldStyleDate|12 November|1865|31 October}}<ref name="Enc">Деятели революционного движения в России: Био-библиографический словарь: От предшественников декабристов до падения царизма: [В 5 т.]. - М.: Изд-во Всесоюзного общества политических каторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1927-1934. [http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/revoluc/article/re7/re7-1707.htm Entry on Voynich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327103304/http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/revoluc/article/re7/re7-1707.htm |date=27 March 2020 }}</ref> – 19 March 1930) was a Polish<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilfridvoynich.com/|title=Wilfrid Voynich - The Voynich Manuscript|website=Wilfrid Voynich|accessdate=5 March 2019|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707021004/http://www.wilfridvoynich.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/6-things-know-about-mysterious-voynich-manuscript-180964847/|title=Here's What You Need to Know About the Mysterious Voynich Manuscript|first=Brigit|last=Katz|website=Smithsonian|accessdate=5 March 2019}}</ref> revolutionary, [[antiquarian]] and [[bibliophile]]. Voynich operated one of the largest rare book businesses in the world.<ref name="FBI">{{cite web|url=http://www.colinmackinnon.com/attachments/The_US_BOI_File_on_Voynich_p.pdf|title=The U.S. Bureau of Information File On Wilfrid Voynich|year=2013|author=Colin MacKinnon}}</ref> He is remembered as the [[eponym]] of the [[Voynich manuscript]].


==Life==
==Life==
Michał Habdank-Wojnicz was born in the town of [[Telšiai]] in present-day [[Lithuania]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]], into a Polish-Lithuanian noble family.<ref name="Voynich.nu">{{cite web|url=http://www.voynich.nu/curricula.html#h01|title=H. Wilfrid Michael Voynich|author=René Zandbergen|year=2017}}</ref> The "[[Abdank coat of arms|Habdank]]" part of his surname is the name of a Polish [[heraldic clan]]. He was the son of a Polish petty official ([[Table of Ranks|titular counsellor]]).<ref name="Enc"/>
Michał Habdank-Wojnicz was born in the town of [[Telšiai]] in present-day [[Lithuania]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]], into a [[Szlachta|Polish noble family]].<ref name="Voynich.nu">{{cite web|url=http://www.voynich.nu/curricula.html#h01|title=H. Wilfrid Michael Voynich|author=René Zandbergen|year=2017}}</ref> The "[[Abdank coat of arms|Habdank]]" part of his surname is the name of a Polish [[heraldic clan]]. He was the son of a [[Polish people|Polish]] petty official ([[Table of Ranks|titular counsellor]]).<ref name="Enc"/>


He attended a [[Gymnasium (school)|''gimnazjum'']] in [[Suwałki]] (a town in northeastern Poland), then studied at the universities of Warsaw, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. He graduated from Moscow University in chemistry and became a licensed pharmacist.<ref name="Voynich.nu"/>
He attended a [[Gymnasium (school)|''gimnazjum'']] in [[Suwałki]] (a town in northeastern [[Poland]]), then studied at the [[university of Warsaw]], [[University of St. Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], and Moscow. He graduated from [[Moscow University]] in [[chemistry]] and became a [[Pharmacist|licensed pharmacist]].<ref name="Voynich.nu"/>


⚫
In 1885, in [[Warsaw]], Wojnicz joined [[Ludwik Waryński]]'s revolutionary organization, ''[[Proletariat (party)#First Proletariat|Proletariat]]''. In 1886, after a failed attempt to free fellow-conspirators {{ill|Piotr Bardowski|pl}} (1846–1886) and [[Stanisław Kunicki]] (1861–1886), who had both been sentenced to death, from the [[Warsaw Citadel]], he was arrested by the Russian police. In 1887, he was sent to [[katorga|penal servitude]] at [[Tunka (village)|Tunka]] near [[Irkutsk]] in [[Siberia]].
⚫
[[File:Michael Voynich.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Voynich aged about 48]]

⚫
In 1885, in [[Warsaw]], Wojnicz joined [[Ludwik Waryński]]'s revolutionary organization, ''[[Proletariat (party)#First Proletariat|Proletariat]]''. In 1886, after a failed attempt to free fellow-conspirators [[:pl:Piotr Bardowski]] (1846–1886) and [[Stanisław Kunicki]] (1861–1886), who had both been sentenced to death, from the [[Warsaw Citadel]], he was arrested by the Russian police. In 1887, he was sent to [[katorga|penal servitude]] at [[Tunka (village)|Tunka]] near Irkutsk in Siberia.


Whilst in Siberia, Voynich acquired a working knowledge of eighteen different languages, albeit not well.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library Wellcome and Osler |first=John |last=Symonds |journal=[[Medical History (journal)|Medical History]] |issue=2 |year=1997 |volume=41 |pages=213–225|doi=10.1017/S0025727300062396 |pmid=9156466 |pmc=1043907 }}</ref><ref name="M. Voynich 2017">"Mr. W. M. Voynich." Times [London, England] 22 March 1930: 17. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 10 April 2017.</ref>
Whilst in Siberia, Voynich acquired a working knowledge of eighteen different languages, albeit not well.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library Wellcome and Osler |first=John |last=Symonds |journal=[[Medical History (journal)|Medical History]] |issue=2 |year=1997 |volume=41 |pages=213–225|doi=10.1017/S0025727300062396 |pmid=9156466 |pmc=1043907 }}</ref><ref name="M. Voynich 2017">"Mr. W. M. Voynich." Times [London, England] 22 March 1930: 17. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 10 April 2017.</ref>


In June 1890 he escaped from [[Siberia]] and travelling west by train got to Hamburg, eventually arriving in London in October 1890.<ref name="Kennedy2016">{{cite book|author=Gerry Kennedy|title=The Booles and the Hintons: Two Dynasties That Helped Shape the Modern World|date=2016-04-28|publisher=Cork University Press|isbn=978-1-78205-185-5}}</ref>
In June 1890 he escaped from [[Siberia]] and travelling west by train got to [[Hamburg]], eventually arriving in [[London]] in October 1890.<ref name="Kennedy2016">{{cite book|author=Gerry Kennedy|title=The Booles and the Hintons: Two Dynasties That Helped Shape the Modern World|date=2016-04-28|publisher=Cork University Press|isbn=978-1-78205-185-5}}</ref>
Under the assumed name of Ivan Kel'chevskii at first, he worked with [[Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky|Sergius Stepniak]], a fellow revolutionary, under the banner of the anti-tsarist [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]] in London.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernhardt |first1=Lewis |date= Autumn 1966 |title=''The Gadfly'' in Russia |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.2307/26409690 |jstor=26409690 |url=http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/pulc/pulc_v_28_n_1.pdf }}</ref> After Stepniak's death in a railway crossing accident in 1895, Voynich ceased revolutionary activity.
Under the assumed name of Ivan Kel'chevskii at first, he worked with [[Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky|Sergius Stepniak]], a fellow revolutionary, under the banner of the anti-tsarist [[Society of Friends of Russian Freedom]] in London.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernhardt |first1=Lewis |date=Autumn 1966 |title=''The Gadfly'' in Russia |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.2307/26409690 |jstor=26409690 |url=http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/pulc/pulc_v_28_n_1.pdf |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005200545/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/pulc/pulc_v_28_n_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> After Stepniak's death in a railway crossing accident in 1895, Voynich ceased revolutionary activity.

⚫
Voynich became an antiquarian bookseller from around 1897, acting on the advice of [[Richard Garnett (writer)|Richard Garnett]], a curator at the [[British Museum]].<ref>The Library World Vol 34 Issue 9</ref> Voynich opened a bookshop at [[Soho Square]] in London in 1898. He was remarkably lucky in finding rare books, including a [[Nicolò Malermi|Malermi]] Bible in [[Italy]] in 1902.<ref name="M. Voynich 2017"/>


⚫
In 1902 he married a fellow former revolutionary, [[Ethel Lilian Voynich|Ethel Lilian Boole]], daughter of the British [[mathematician]] [[George Boole]], with whom Voynich had been associated since 1890. Voynich was naturalised as a [[British subject]] and on 25 April 1904, taking the legal name Wilfrid Michael Voynich.
⚫
Voynich became an antiquarian bookseller from around 1897, acting on the advice of [[Richard Garnett (writer)|Richard Garnett]], a curator at the [[British Museum]].<ref>The Library World Vol 34 Issue 9</ref> Voynich opened a bookshop at [[Soho Square]] in London in 1898. He was remarkably lucky in finding rare books, including a [[Nicolò Malermi|Malermi]] Bible in Italy in 1902.<ref name="M. Voynich 2017"/>


⚫
[[File:Michael Voynich.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Voynich aged about 48]]
⚫
In 1902 he married a fellow former revolutionary, [[Ethel Lilian Voynich|Ethel Lilian Boole]], daughter of the British mathematician [[George Boole]], with whom Voynich had been associated since 1890. Voynich was naturalised a British subject on 25 April 1904, taking the legal name Wilfrid Michael Voynich.


Voynich opened another bookshop in 1914 in [[New York City|New York]]. With the onset of the [[First World War]], Voynich was increasingly based in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/04/20/voynich-manuscript-secret-knowledge-or-hoax/|title=Secret Knowledge—or a Hoax?|first=Eamon|last=Duffy|date=20 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=23 October 2017|via=www.nybooks.com}}</ref> He became deeply involved in the antiquarian book trade, and wrote a number of catalogues and other texts on the subject.
Voynich opened another bookshop in 1914 in [[New York City|New York]]. With the onset of the [[First World War]], Voynich was increasingly based in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/04/20/voynich-manuscript-secret-knowledge-or-hoax/|title=Secret Knowledge—or a Hoax?|first=Eamon|last=Duffy|date=20 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=23 October 2017|journal=The New York Review}}</ref> He became deeply involved in the antiquarian book trade, and wrote a number of catalogues and other texts on the subject.


Voynich relocated his London bookshop to 175 [[Piccadilly]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/booksellernewspa1916unse|title=The bookseller : a newspaper of British and foreign literature|date=23 October 2017|publisher=London : [s.n.]|accessdate=23 October 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Also in 1917, based on rumors, Voynich was investigated by the [[FBI]], in relation to his possession of [[Bacon's cipher]]. The report also noted that he dealt with manuscripts from the 13th, 12th, and 11th centuries, and that the value of his books at the time was half a million dollars. However, the investigation did not reveal anything significant beyond the fact that he possessed a secret code nearly a thousand years old.<ref name="FBI"/>
Voynich relocated his London bookshop to 175 [[Piccadilly]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/booksellernewspa1916unse|title=The bookseller : a newspaper of British and foreign literature|date=23 October 2017|publisher=London : [s.n.]|accessdate=23 October 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Also in 1917, based on rumours, Voynich was investigated by the [[FBI]], in relation to his possession of [[Bacon's cipher]]. The report also noted that he dealt with manuscripts from the 13th, 12th, and 11th centuries, and that the value of his books at the time was half a million dollars. However, the investigation did not reveal anything significant beyond the fact that he possessed a secret code nearly a [[millennium]] old.<ref name="FBI"/>


Voynich died at [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] in New York, in 1930 of [[lung cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colinmackinnon.com/files/Wilfrid_Michael_Voynich_Death_Certificate_A.pdf|title=Wilfrid Michael Voynich's Certificate of Death And Grave Site|year=2013|author=Colin MacKinnon}}</ref>
Voynich died at [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] in New York, in 1930, of [[lung cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colinmackinnon.com/files/Wilfrid_Michael_Voynich_Death_Certificate_A.pdf|title=Wilfrid Michael Voynich's Certificate of Death And Grave Site|year=2013|author=Colin MacKinnon|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612060906/http://www.colinmackinnon.com/files/Wilfrid_Michael_Voynich_Death_Certificate_A.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Voynich manuscript==
==Voynich manuscript==
{{main|Voynich manuscript}}
{{main|Voynich manuscript}}
The most famous of Voynich's possessions was a mysterious [[manuscript]] he said he acquired in 1912 at the [[Villa Mondragone]] in [[Italy]], but first presented in public in 1915.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48022906/manuscripts-worth-1000000-admired-at/ |title=Manuscripts Worth $1,000,000 Admired at Albright Art Gallery |newspaper=[[The Buffalo Evening News]] |page=21 |date=1915-12-09 |access-date=2020-04-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The book has been [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon-dated]], which revealed that the materials were manufactured sometime between 1404 and 1438, although the book may have been written much later.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Russian scholars unlock the secret of the mysterious Voynich manuscript | url = https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/04/20/russian-scholars-unlock-the-secret-of-the-mysterious-voynich-manuscript_746881 | first = Eleonora | last = Goldman | date = 20 April 2017 | accessdate = 25 August 2018 | quote = The manuscript is an illustrated medieval codex written by an unknown author between 1404 and 1438.}}</ref> He owned the manuscript until his death.
The most famous of Voynich's possessions was a mysterious [[manuscript]] he said he acquired in 1912 at the [[Villa Mondragone]] in [[Italy]], but first presented in public in 1915.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48022906/manuscripts-worth-1000000-admired-at/ |title=Manuscripts Worth $1,000,000 Admired at Albright Art Gallery |newspaper=[[The Buffalo Evening News]] |page=21 |date=1915-12-09 |access-date=2020-04-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The book has been [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon-dated]], which revealed that the materials were manufactured sometime between 1404 and 1438.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Russian scholars unlock the secret of the mysterious Voynich manuscript | url = https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/04/20/russian-scholars-unlock-the-secret-of-the-mysterious-voynich-manuscript_746881 | first = Eleonora | last = Goldman | date = 20 April 2017 | accessdate = 25 August 2018 | quote = The manuscript is an illustrated medieval codex written by an unknown author between 1404 and 1438.}}</ref> He owned the manuscript until his death.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 60: Line 59:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002708/http://main2.amu.edu.pl/~rafalp/WWW/HERM/VMS/biografie-old.html Biographical information on E. L. Voynich and W. M. Voynich] by Rafał T. Prinke
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002708/http://main2.amu.edu.pl/~rafalp/WWW/HERM/VMS/biografie-old.html Biographical information on E. L. Voynich and W. M. Voynich] by Rafał T. Prinke
* [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/EasternPoland_Voynich01.htm History Files article on Voynich]
* [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/EasternPoland_Voynich01.htm History Files article on Voynich]
* Genealogy of Wilfrid Voynich: http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Wojnicz-20


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:People from Kovno Governorate]]
[[Category:People from Kovno Governorate]]
[[Category:Clan Abdank]]
[[Category:Clan Abdank]]
[[Category:Polish revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Polish antiquarians]]
[[Category:Polish antiquarians]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Polish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Polish book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Polish historians]]
[[Category:Polish male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Polish male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Samogitian people]]
[[Category:Soho Square]]
[[Category:Soho Square]]
[[Category:People of the Russian Empire of Polish descent]]
[[Category:People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent]]

Latest revision as of 21:31, 10 November 2024

Wilfrid Voynich
A head picture of Wilfrid Voynich in glasses
Voynich in around 1920
Born
Michał Habdank-Wojnicz

(1865-11-12)12 November 1865
Telšiai, Russian Empire (now Lithuania)
Died19 March 1930(1930-03-19) (aged 64)
New York City, U.S.
NationalityPolish
Occupation(s)Revolutionary, antiquarian book dealer
Known forDiscovery of the Voynich manuscript
Spouses

Wilfrid Voynich (born Michał Habdank-Wojnicz; 12 November [O.S. 31 October] 1865[1] – 19 March 1930) was a Polish[2][3] revolutionary, antiquarian and bibliophile. Voynich operated one of the largest rare book businesses in the world.[4] He is remembered as the eponym of the Voynich manuscript.

Life

[edit]

Michał Habdank-Wojnicz was born in the town of Telšiai in present-day Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, into a Polish noble family.[5] The "Habdank" part of his surname is the name of a Polish heraldic clan. He was the son of a Polish petty official (titular counsellor).[1]

He attended a gimnazjum in Suwałki (a town in northeastern Poland), then studied at the university of Warsaw, St. Petersburg, and Moscow. He graduated from Moscow University in chemistry and became a licensed pharmacist.[5]

In 1885, in Warsaw, Wojnicz joined Ludwik Waryński's revolutionary organization, Proletariat. In 1886, after a failed attempt to free fellow-conspirators Piotr Bardowski [pl] (1846–1886) and Stanisław Kunicki (1861–1886), who had both been sentenced to death, from the Warsaw Citadel, he was arrested by the Russian police. In 1887, he was sent to penal servitude at Tunka near Irkutsk in Siberia.

Whilst in Siberia, Voynich acquired a working knowledge of eighteen different languages, albeit not well.[6][7]

In June 1890 he escaped from Siberia and travelling west by train got to Hamburg, eventually arriving in London in October 1890.[8] Under the assumed name of Ivan Kel'chevskii at first, he worked with Sergius Stepniak, a fellow revolutionary, under the banner of the anti-tsarist Society of Friends of Russian Freedom in London.[9] After Stepniak's death in a railway crossing accident in 1895, Voynich ceased revolutionary activity.

Voynich became an antiquarian bookseller from around 1897, acting on the advice of Richard Garnett, a curator at the British Museum.[10] Voynich opened a bookshop at Soho Square in London in 1898. He was remarkably lucky in finding rare books, including a Malermi Bible in Italy in 1902.[7]

In 1902 he married a fellow former revolutionary, Ethel Lilian Boole, daughter of the British mathematician George Boole, with whom Voynich had been associated since 1890. Voynich was naturalised as a British subject and on 25 April 1904, taking the legal name Wilfrid Michael Voynich.

Voynich aged about 48

Voynich opened another bookshop in 1914 in New York. With the onset of the First World War, Voynich was increasingly based in New York.[11] He became deeply involved in the antiquarian book trade, and wrote a number of catalogues and other texts on the subject.

Voynich relocated his London bookshop to 175 Piccadilly in 1917.[12] Also in 1917, based on rumours, Voynich was investigated by the FBI, in relation to his possession of Bacon's cipher. The report also noted that he dealt with manuscripts from the 13th, 12th, and 11th centuries, and that the value of his books at the time was half a million dollars. However, the investigation did not reveal anything significant beyond the fact that he possessed a secret code nearly a millennium old.[4]

Voynich died at Roosevelt Hospital in New York, in 1930, of lung cancer.[13]

Voynich manuscript

[edit]
Main article: Voynich manuscript

The most famous of Voynich's possessions was a mysterious manuscript he said he acquired in 1912 at the Villa Mondragone in Italy, but first presented in public in 1915.[14] The book has been carbon-dated, which revealed that the materials were manufactured sometime between 1404 and 1438.[15] He owned the manuscript until his death.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Деятели революционного движения в России: Био-библиографический словарь: От предшественников декабристов до падения царизма: [В 5 т.]. - М.: Изд-во Всесоюзного общества политических каторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1927-1934. Entry on Voynich Archived 27 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Wilfrid Voynich - The Voynich Manuscript". Wilfrid Voynich. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  3. ^ Katz, Brigit. "Here's What You Need to Know About the Mysterious Voynich Manuscript". Smithsonian. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  4. ^ a b Colin MacKinnon (2013). "The U.S. Bureau of Information File On Wilfrid Voynich" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b René Zandbergen (2017). "H. Wilfrid Michael Voynich".
  6. ^ Symonds, John (1997). "Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library Wellcome and Osler". Medical History. 41 (2): 213–225. doi:10.1017/S0025727300062396. PMC 1043907. PMID 9156466.
  7. ^ a b "Mr. W. M. Voynich." Times [London, England] 22 March 1930: 17. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 10 April 2017.
  8. ^ Gerry Kennedy (28 April 2016). The Booles and the Hintons: Two Dynasties That Helped Shape the Modern World. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-78205-185-5.
  9. ^ Bernhardt, Lewis (Autumn 1966). "The Gadfly in Russia" (PDF). The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 28 (1): 2. doi:10.2307/26409690. JSTOR 26409690. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  10. ^ The Library World Vol 34 Issue 9
  11. ^ Duffy, Eamon (20 April 2017). "Secret Knowledge—or a Hoax?". The New York Review. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  12. ^ "The bookseller : a newspaper of British and foreign literature". London : [s.n.] 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  13. ^ Colin MacKinnon (2013). "Wilfrid Michael Voynich's Certificate of Death And Grave Site" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Manuscripts Worth $1,000,000 Admired at Albright Art Gallery". The Buffalo Evening News. 9 December 1915. p. 21. Retrieved 4 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Goldman, Eleonora (20 April 2017). "Russian scholars unlock the secret of the mysterious Voynich manuscript". Retrieved 25 August 2018. The manuscript is an illustrated medieval codex written by an unknown author between 1404 and 1438.
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