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⚫
{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Brunei}}
{{Distinguish|Brunei Bisaya language{{!}}Tutong language 1}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}

⚫
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Brunei}}
{{distinguish|Tutong language 1}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Tutong
|name = Tutong
|altname=Tutong 2
|altname = Tutong 2
|region=[[Brunei]]
|region = [[Brunei]]
|speakers=17,000
|speakers = 17,000
|date=2006
|date = 2006
|ref=e18
|ref = e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor = Austronesian
|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3 = [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]]
|fam3 = [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]]
Line 16: Line 17:
|fam6 = Lower Baram
|fam6 = Lower Baram
|fam7 = Kiput–Belait
|fam7 = Kiput–Belait
|iso3 = ttg
|iso3 = ttg
|glotto=tuto1241
|glotto = tuto1241
|glottorefname=Tutong
|glottorefname = Tutong
}}
}}


The '''Tutong language''', also known as ''Tutong 2'', is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in [[Brunei]]. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the [[Tutong District]] of Brunei.
The '''Tutong language''', also known as ''Basa Tutong'', is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in [[Brunei]]. It is the main language of the [[Tutong people]], the majority ethnic group in the [[Tutong District]] of Brunei.


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Tutong is an [[Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.2307/3623110|jstor=3623110 }}</ref> Tutong is related to the [[Belait language|Belait]] language and roughly 54% of the words come from a common root.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |title=Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1 |date=1991 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-402-2 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A-81 |location=Canberra |pages=151–176 |language=en |chapter=The Languages of Brunei Darussalam |doi=10.15144/PL-A81.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Tutong is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.2307/3623110|jstor=3623110 }}</ref> Tutong is related to the [[Belait language|Belait]] language with roughly 54% of basic vocabulary being cognate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |title=Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1 |date=1991 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-402-2 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A-81 |location=Canberra |pages=151–176 |language=en |chapter=The Languages of Brunei Darussalam |doi=10.15144/PL-A81.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Language use ==
== Language use ==
Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and [[code-mixing|code-mix]] or [[code-switching|code-shift]] with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=2012 |title=Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |language=en |volume=6 |pages=253–267 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4539}}</ref> The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=2010 |title=Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=119–143 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0063|s2cid=144349072 }}</ref> This means it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]].
Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and [[code-mixing|code-mix]] or [[code-switching|code-shift]] with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=2012 |title=Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |language=en |volume=6 |pages=253–267 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4539}}</ref> The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=2010 |title=Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=119–143 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0063|s2cid=144349072 }}</ref> This means it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]].


Nonetheless, there is interest in [[language revitalization|revitalising the language]]. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="McLellan 2014">{{Cite journal |last=McLellan |first=James |date=2014 |title=Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia. |url=http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/SEA/vol14/SEA-v14-mclellan.pdf |journal=Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal |language=en |volume=14 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref name="McLellan 2014" />
Nonetheless, there is interest in [[language revitalization|revitalising the language]]. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="McLellan 2014">{{Cite journal |last=McLellan |first=James |date=2014 |title=Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia. |url=http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/SEA/vol14/SEA-v14-mclellan.pdf |journal=Southeast Asia|language=en |volume=14 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref name="McLellan 2014" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|30em}}


== Resources ==
== Resources ==
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{{refend}}
{{refend}}


⚫
{{Greater North Borneo languages}}
{{Bornean languages}}
{{Bornean languages}}
⚫
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of Brunei}}
{{Languages of Brunei}}


Latest revision as of 23:35, 10 November 2024

Not to be confused with Tutong language 1.

Tutong
Tutong 2
RegionBrunei
Native speakers
17,000 (2006)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ttg
Glottologtuto1241

The Tutong language, also known as Basa Tutong, is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in Brunei. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the Tutong District of Brunei.

Classification

[edit]

Tutong is an Austronesian language and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sarawak, Malaysia.[2] Tutong is related to the Belait language with roughly 54% of basic vocabulary being cognate.[3]

Language use

[edit]

Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and code-mix or code-shift with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.[4] The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.[2][5] This means it is considered endangered.

Nonetheless, there is interest in revitalising the language. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at Universiti Brunei Darussalam.[6] Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.[2][6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tutong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c Martin, Peter W. (1995). "Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam?". Oceanic Linguistics. 34 (1): 27–43. doi:10.2307/3623110. JSTOR 3623110.
  3. ^ Nothofer, Bernd (1991). "The Languages of Brunei Darussalam". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1. Pacific Linguistics Series A-81. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 151–176. doi:10.15144/PL-A81.151. ISBN 0-85883-402-2.
  4. ^ Clynes, Adrian (2012). "Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei". Language Documentation and Conservation. 6: 253–267. hdl:10125/4539.
  5. ^ Coluzzi, Paolo (2010). "Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0063. S2CID 144349072.
  6. ^ a b McLellan, James (2014). "Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia" (PDF). Southeast Asia. 14: 14–22.

Resources

[edit]
  • Haji Ramlee Tunggal (2005). Struktur Bahasa Tutong [Tutong Language Structure] (in Malay). Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
  • Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2005). Linguistic Diversity in Negara Brunei Darussalam: An Ecological Perspective (PhD thesis). University of Leicester. hdl:2381/30897.
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