Tutong language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Brunei}} |
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{{Distinguish|Brunei Bisaya language{{!}}Tutong language 1}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}} |
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Tutong |
|name = Tutong |
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|altname=Tutong 2 |
|altname = Tutong 2 |
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|region=[[Brunei]] |
|region = [[Brunei]] |
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|speakers=17,000 |
|speakers = 17,000 |
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|date=2006 |
|date = 2006 |
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|ref=e18 |
|ref = e18 |
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|familycolor=Austronesian |
|familycolor = Austronesian |
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|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] |
|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] |
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|fam3 = [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] |
|fam3 = [[North Bornean languages|North Bornean]] |
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|fam6 = Lower Baram |
|fam6 = Lower Baram |
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|fam7 = Kiput–Belait |
|fam7 = Kiput–Belait |
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|iso3 = ttg |
|iso3 = ttg |
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|glotto=tuto1241 |
|glotto = tuto1241 |
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|glottorefname=Tutong |
|glottorefname = Tutong |
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}} |
}} |
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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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Tutong is an [[Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.2307/3623110|jstor=3623110 }}</ref> Tutong is related to the [[Belait language|Belait]] language |
Tutong is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.2307/3623110|jstor=3623110 }}</ref> Tutong is related to the [[Belait language|Belait]] language with roughly 54% of basic vocabulary being cognate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |title=Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1 |date=1991 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-402-2 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A-81 |location=Canberra |pages=151–176 |language=en |chapter=The Languages of Brunei Darussalam |doi=10.15144/PL-A81.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Language use == |
== Language use == |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Bornean languages}} |
{{Bornean languages}} |
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{{Languages of Brunei}} |
{{Languages of Brunei}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:35, 10 November 2024
| Tutong | |
|---|---|
| Tutong 2 | |
| Region | Brunei |
Native speakers | 17,000 (2006)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ttg |
| Glottolog | tuto1241 |
The Tutong language, also known as Basa Tutong, is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in Brunei. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the Tutong District of Brunei.
Classification
[edit]Tutong is an Austronesian language and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sarawak, Malaysia.[2] Tutong is related to the Belait language with roughly 54% of basic vocabulary being cognate.[3]
Language use
[edit]Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and code-mix or code-shift with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.[4] The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.[2][5] This means it is considered endangered.
Nonetheless, there is interest in revitalising the language. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at Universiti Brunei Darussalam.[6] Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.[2][6]
References
[edit]- ^ Tutong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Martin, Peter W. (1995). "Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam?". Oceanic Linguistics. 34 (1): 27–43. doi:10.2307/3623110. JSTOR 3623110.
- ^ Nothofer, Bernd (1991). "The Languages of Brunei Darussalam". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1. Pacific Linguistics Series A-81. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 151–176. doi:10.15144/PL-A81.151. ISBN 0-85883-402-2.
- ^ Clynes, Adrian (2012). "Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei". Language Documentation and Conservation. 6: 253–267. hdl:10125/4539.
- ^ Coluzzi, Paolo (2010). "Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0063. S2CID 144349072.
- ^ a b McLellan, James (2014). "Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia" (PDF). Southeast Asia. 14: 14–22.
Resources
[edit]- Haji Ramlee Tunggal (2005). Struktur Bahasa Tutong [Tutong Language Structure] (in Malay). Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
- Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2005). Linguistic Diversity in Negara Brunei Darussalam: An Ecological Perspective (PhD thesis). University of Leicester. hdl:2381/30897.