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{{Short description|German sinologist and ethnographer}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Wilhelm Grube
| name = Wilhelm Grube
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==Biography==
==Biography==


Grube was born in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] in 1855. He studied [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Manchu language|Manchu]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] under [[Franz Anton Schiefner]] at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] from 1874 to 1878.<ref name="poppe">{{Cite book | last = Poppe | first = Nicholas | authorlink = Nicholas Poppe | title = Introduction to Altaic Linguistics | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz | date = 1965 | location = Wiesbaden | page = 96 | url = http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/Altaic_intro.pdf }}</ref><ref name="huber">{{Cite web | last = Huber | first = Toni | last2 = Niermann | first2 = Tina | title = Tibetan Studies at the Berlin University: An Institutional History | format = PDF | work = Festschrift für Dieter Schuh zum 65. Geburtstag | page = 102 | year = 2007 }}</ref>
Grube was born in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] in [[1855]]. He studied [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Manchu language|Manchu]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] and [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] under [[Franz Anton Schiefner]] at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] from 1874 to 1878.<ref name="poppe">{{Cite book | last = Poppe | first = Nicholas | authorlink = Nicholas Poppe | title = Introduction to Altaic Linguistics | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz | date = 1965 | location = Wiesbaden | page = 96 | url = http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/POPPE/Altaic_intro.pdf }}</ref><ref name="huber">{{Cite book | last = Huber | first = Toni | last2 = Niermann | first2 = Tina | title = Tibetan Studies at the Berlin University: An Institutional History | type = PDF | work = Festschrift für Dieter Schuh zum 65. Geburtstag | page = 102 | year = 2007 }}</ref>


In 1878, Grube moved to Germany to study at the [[University of Leipzig]] under [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], and he submitted his doctoral dissertation in 1880. The following year he taught a course on Tibetan grammar at the University of Leipzig, but he was unable to obtain a regular teaching position,<ref name="huber" /> and so in 1883 he took up a position as an assistant at the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]]. He also had a junior teaching position at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], and in 1892 he was awarded the title of [[Professor#Other positions|extraordinary professor]].<ref name="chavannes">{{Cite journal | last = Chavannes | first = Édouard | authorlink = Édouard Chavannes | title = Nécrologie : Le professeur Wilhelm Grube | journal = T'oung Pao (Second Series) | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 593–595 | date = 1908 }}</ref>
In 1878, Grube moved to Germany to study at the [[University of Leipzig]] under [[Georg von der Gabelentz]], and he submitted his doctoral dissertation in 1880. The following year he taught a course on [[Tibetan grammar]] at the University of Leipzig, but he was unable to obtain a regular teaching position,<ref name="huber" /> and so in 1883 he took up a position as an assistant at the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]]. He also had a junior teaching position at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], and in 1892 he was awarded the title of [[Professor#Other positions|extraordinary professor]].<ref name="chavannes">{{Cite journal | last = Chavannes | first = Édouard | authorlink = Édouard Chavannes | title = Nécrologie : Le professeur Wilhelm Grube | journal = T'oung Pao |series=Second Series | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 593–595 | date = 1908 }}</ref>


In 1897 he went to China with his wife, and they stayed there until 1899, acquiring a large collection which he deposited in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin when he returned.<ref name="chavannes" />
In 1897 he went to China with his wife, and they stayed there until 1899, acquiring a large collection which he deposited in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin when he returned.<ref name="chavannes" />
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At the behest of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]], Grube worked on the linguistic materials brought back from the Amur region by [[Carl Maximowicz]] and [[Leopold von Schrenck]] during the 1850s. Based on these materials, in 1892 Grube published a vocabulary of the [[Nivkh language|Gilyak language]] (a [[language isolate]], also known as Nivkh), and in 1900 he published a vocabulary of the [[Nanai language|Gold language]] (a Tungusic language, also known as Nanai).
At the behest of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]], Grube worked on the linguistic materials brought back from the Amur region by [[Carl Maximowicz]] and [[Leopold von Schrenck]] during the 1850s. Based on these materials, in 1892 Grube published a vocabulary of the [[Nivkh language|Gilyak language]] (a [[language isolate]], also known as Nivkh), and in 1900 he published a vocabulary of the [[Nanai language|Gold language]] (a Tungusic language, also known as Nanai).


By the nineteenth century, the Jurchen language that had been spoken by the ancestors of the [[Manchu people]] during the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)]] was almost completely unknown, and the few surviving inscriptions in the [[Jurchen script]] were undecipherable. However, in the early 1890s the [[Berlin State Library|Royal Library at Berlin]] acquired a manuscript copy of the ''Vocabulary of the Bureau of Translators'' ({{zh|c=華夷譯語|p=Huá-Yí Yìyǔ}}) from [[Friedrich Hirth]] which included a chapter on the Jurchen language that was missing from other known copies of this book.<ref name="chavannes" /> The Jurchen chapter of this book comprised a vocabulary list with each word written in the Jurchen script and also transcribed phonetically using Chinese characters (this contrasts with the vocabularies produced by the Bureau of Interpreters, which only included the phonetic transcription in Chinese characters). In 1896 Grube published a translation and study of the Jurchen vocabulary list that changed the status of Jurchen from a completely undeciphered language to a language that could be read and understood with the help of Grube's book. The year after its publication, [[Stephen Wootton Bushell|S. W. Bushell]] used Grube's translation of the Jurchen vocabulary to study the Jurchen inscription on a stele from [[Kaifeng]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bushell | first = Stephen W. | authorlink = Stephen Wootton Bushell | title = Inscriptions in the Juchen and Allied Scripts | journal = Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes | page = 12 | location = Paris | date = 1897 }}</ref> and it has remained the principal source for the study of the Jurchen language ever since.<ref name="poppe" />
By the nineteenth century, the Jurchen language that had been spoken by the ancestors of the [[Manchu people]] during the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]] was almost completely unknown, and the few surviving inscriptions in the [[Jurchen script]] were undecipherable. However, in the early 1890s the [[Berlin State Library|Royal Library at Berlin]] acquired a manuscript copy of the ''Vocabulary of the Bureau of Translators'' ({{zh|c=華夷譯語|p=Huá-Yí Yìyǔ}}) from [[Friedrich Hirth]] which included a chapter on the Jurchen language that was missing from other known copies of this book.<ref name="chavannes" /> The Jurchen chapter of this book comprised a vocabulary list with each word written in the Jurchen script and also [[Transcription into Chinese characters|transcribed phonetically using Chinese characters]] (this contrasts with the vocabularies produced by the Bureau of Interpreters, which only included the phonetic transcription in Chinese characters). In 1896 Grube published a translation and study of the Jurchen vocabulary list that changed the status of Jurchen from a completely undeciphered language to a language that could be read and understood with the help of Grube's book. The year after its publication, [[Stephen Wootton Bushell|S. W. Bushell]] used Grube's translation of the Jurchen vocabulary to study the Jurchen inscription on a stele from [[Kaifeng]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bushell | first = Stephen W. | authorlink = Stephen Wootton Bushell | title = Inscriptions in the Juchen and Allied Scripts | journal = Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes | page = 12 | location = Paris | date = 1897 }}</ref> and it has remained the principal source for the study of the Jurchen language ever since.<ref name="poppe" />


In addition to his linguistic studies, Grube also published extensively on Chinese philosophy, religion and mythology. He was also interested in Chinese literature, and posthumously published a German translation of the Chinese mythological novel, [[Fengshen Yanyi]] ('The Investiture of the Gods'), as well as German translations of a set of Chinese [[shadow play]] scripts.
In addition to his linguistic studies, Grube also published extensively on Chinese philosophy, religion and mythology. He was also interested in Chinese literature, and posthumously published a German translation of the Chinese mythological novel, [[Fengshen Yanyi]] ('The Investiture of the Gods'), as well as German translations of a set of Chinese [[shadow play]] scripts.
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==Works==
==Works==


* 1881. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Zg5CAAAAIAAJ Die Sprachgeschichtliche Stellung des Chinesischen]''. T. O. Weigel.
* 1881. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg5CAAAAIAAJ Die Sprachgeschichtliche Stellung des Chinesischen]''. T. O. Weigel.
* 1892. ''Linguistische Ergebnisse 1: Giljakisches Wörterverzeichniss nebst Grammatischen Bemerkungen'' (vocabulary and grammar of [[Nivkh language|Gilyak]]). Part 1 of Leopold von Schrenck (ed.), ''Die Völker des Amur-Landes''.
* 1892. ''Linguistische Ergebnisse 1: Giljakisches Wörterverzeichniss nebst Grammatischen Bemerkungen'' (vocabulary and grammar of [[Nivkh language|Gilyak]]). Part 1 of Leopold von Schrenck (ed.), ''Die Völker des Amur-Landes''.
* 1896. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RSc-AAAAYAAJ Taoistischer Schöpfungsmythus]''. Reimer.
* 1896. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSc-AAAAYAAJ Taoistischer Schöpfungsmythus]''. Reimer.
* 1896. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4WouAAAAYAAJ Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen]'' (the [[Jurchen language|language]] and [[Jurchen script|writing]] of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]). Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. [https://archive.org/details/diespracheundsc00unkngoog]
* 1896. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4WouAAAAYAAJ Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen]'' (the [[Jurchen language|language]] and [[Jurchen script|writing]] of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]). Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. [https://archive.org/details/diespracheundsc00unkngoog]
* 1898. "Pekinger Totenbräuche"; ''Journal of the Peking Oriental Society'' Vol. IV: 79–141.
* 1898. "Pekinger Totenbräuche"; ''Journal of the Peking Oriental Society'' Vol. IV: 79–141.
* 1900. ''Linguistische Ergebnisse 2: Goldisch-deutsches Wörterverzeichnis'' (vocabulary of the [[Nanai language|Gold language]]). Part 2 of Leopold von Schrenck (ed.), ''Die Völker des Amur-Landes''.
* 1900. ''Linguistische Ergebnisse 2: Goldisch-deutsches Wörterverzeichnis'' (vocabulary of the [[Nanai language|Gold language]]). Part 2 of Leopold von Schrenck (ed.), ''Die Völker des Amur-Landes''.
* 1901. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=oNZLAAAAYAAJ Zur Pekinger Volkskunde]''. Volume 7 of ''Veröffentlichungen aus dem Königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde''. Berlin: W. Spemann.
* 1901. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oNZLAAAAYAAJ Zur Pekinger Volkskunde]''. Volume 7 of ''Veröffentlichungen aus dem Königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde''. Berlin: W. Spemann.
* 1902. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tjYsAAAAYAAJ Geschichte der Chinesischen Litteratur]''; Volume 8 of ''Litteraturen des Ostens in Einzeldarstellungen''. Leipzig: C. F. Amelangs.
* 1902. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=tjYsAAAAYAAJ Geschichte der Chinesischen Litteratur]''; Volume 8 of ''Litteraturen des Ostens in Einzeldarstellungen''. Leipzig: C. F. Amelangs.
* 1908–1909. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EmtAAAAAIAAJ Die Religion der Alten Chinesen]''. In ''Religionsgeschichtliches Lesebuch''. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. [https://archive.org/details/religionsgeschi00geldgoog] [https://archive.org/details/religionsgeschi00bertgoog]
* 1908–1909. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EmtAAAAAIAAJ Die Religion der Alten Chinesen]''. In ''Religionsgeschichtliches Lesebuch''. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. [https://archive.org/details/religionsgeschi00geldgoog] [https://archive.org/details/religionsgeschi00bertgoog]
* 1909. ''Die chinesische Philosophie''.
* 1909. ''Die chinesische Philosophie''.
* 1910. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9MVCAAAAIAAJ Religion und Kultus der Chinesen]''. Leipzig: R. Haupt.
* 1910. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9MVCAAAAIAAJ Religion und Kultus der Chinesen]''. Leipzig: R. Haupt.
* 1912. With [[Herbert Mueller]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KyQVAAAAIAAJ Fêng-shên-yên-i: Die Metamorphosen der Goetter]'' (translation of the Chinese mythological novel [[Fengshen Yanyi]]). Leiden: Brill.
* 1912. With [[Herber Mueller (translator)|Herbert Mueller]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KyQVAAAAIAAJ Fêng-shên-yên-i: Die Metamorphosen der Goetter]'' (translation of the Chinese mythological novel [[Fengshen Yanyi]]). Leiden: Brill.
* 1915. With [[Emil Krebs]]. ''Chinesische Schattenspiele'' (collection of Chinese shadow play scripts). Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
* 1915. With [[Emil Krebs]]. ''Chinesische Schattenspiele'' (collection of Chinese shadow play scripts). Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.

{{gallery
|lines=3
|width=200
|File:Die sprache und schrift der Juc̆en.pdf|''Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen'' by Wilhem Grube
|File:Die sprache und schrift der jucen.pdf|''Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen'' by Wilhem Grube
}}


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Authority control|VIAF=61854085}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Grube, Wilhelm
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German linguist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 August 1855
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 2 July 1908
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Halensee]] near [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grube, Wilhelm}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grube, Wilhelm}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Linguists from Germany]]
[[Category:19th-century German non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century German non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century linguists]]
[[Category:Writers from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:19th-century German linguists]]
[[Category:Linguists of the Jurchen language]]
[[Category:Linguists of the Jurchen language]]
[[Category:Manchurologists]]
[[Category:German sinologists]]
[[Category:German sinologists]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the German Empire]]
[[Category:Shadow play]]

Latest revision as of 23:56, 10 November 2024

Wilhelm Grube
Born(1855-08-17)17 August 1855
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Died(1908-07-02)2 July 1908
Halensee near Berlin, Germany
CitizenshipGermany
Known forStudy of Tungusic languages
Scientific career
FieldsLinguistics
InstitutionsUniversity of Berlin
Doctoral advisorGeorg von der Gabelentz
Signature
Seal (葛祿博藏書印) and signature of Wilhelm Grube

Wilhelm Grube (Chinese: 葛祿博; pinyin: Gé Lùbó) (17 August 1855 – 2 July 1908) was a German sinologist and ethnographer. He is particularly known for his work on Tungusic languages and the Jurchen language.

Biography

[edit]

Grube was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1855. He studied Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan under Franz Anton Schiefner at the University of Saint Petersburg from 1874 to 1878.[1][2]

In 1878, Grube moved to Germany to study at the University of Leipzig under Georg von der Gabelentz, and he submitted his doctoral dissertation in 1880. The following year he taught a course on Tibetan grammar at the University of Leipzig, but he was unable to obtain a regular teaching position,[2] and so in 1883 he took up a position as an assistant at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. He also had a junior teaching position at the University of Berlin, and in 1892 he was awarded the title of extraordinary professor.[3]

In 1897 he went to China with his wife, and they stayed there until 1899, acquiring a large collection which he deposited in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin when he returned.[3]

Scholarship

[edit]

Grube is principally remembered for his pioneering studies of three little-known languages, two spoken in the Amur region of the Russian Far East, and one extinct language spoken by the Jurchen people of Manchuria.

At the behest of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Grube worked on the linguistic materials brought back from the Amur region by Carl Maximowicz and Leopold von Schrenck during the 1850s. Based on these materials, in 1892 Grube published a vocabulary of the Gilyak language (a language isolate, also known as Nivkh), and in 1900 he published a vocabulary of the Gold language (a Tungusic language, also known as Nanai).

By the nineteenth century, the Jurchen language that had been spoken by the ancestors of the Manchu people during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) was almost completely unknown, and the few surviving inscriptions in the Jurchen script were undecipherable. However, in the early 1890s the Royal Library at Berlin acquired a manuscript copy of the Vocabulary of the Bureau of Translators (Chinese: 華夷譯語; pinyin: Huá-Yí Yìyǔ) from Friedrich Hirth which included a chapter on the Jurchen language that was missing from other known copies of this book.[3] The Jurchen chapter of this book comprised a vocabulary list with each word written in the Jurchen script and also transcribed phonetically using Chinese characters (this contrasts with the vocabularies produced by the Bureau of Interpreters, which only included the phonetic transcription in Chinese characters). In 1896 Grube published a translation and study of the Jurchen vocabulary list that changed the status of Jurchen from a completely undeciphered language to a language that could be read and understood with the help of Grube's book. The year after its publication, S. W. Bushell used Grube's translation of the Jurchen vocabulary to study the Jurchen inscription on a stele from Kaifeng,[4] and it has remained the principal source for the study of the Jurchen language ever since.[1]

In addition to his linguistic studies, Grube also published extensively on Chinese philosophy, religion and mythology. He was also interested in Chinese literature, and posthumously published a German translation of the Chinese mythological novel, Fengshen Yanyi ('The Investiture of the Gods'), as well as German translations of a set of Chinese shadow play scripts.

Works

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Poppe, Nicholas (1965). Introduction to Altaic Linguistics (PDF). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 96.
  2. ^ a b Huber, Toni; Niermann, Tina (2007). Tibetan Studies at the Berlin University: An Institutional History (PDF). p. 102. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c Chavannes, Édouard (1908). "Nécrologie : Le professeur Wilhelm Grube". T'oung Pao. Second Series. 9 (4): 593–595.
  4. ^ Bushell, Stephen W. (1897). "Inscriptions in the Juchen and Allied Scripts". Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes. Paris: 12.
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