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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
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{{more citations needed |date=November 2013}}
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This article is about the '''Internet in Spain'''.
This article is about the '''Internet in Spain'''.


In the 2022 [[Digital Economy and Society Index]] (DESI), Spain ranked 3rd in Connectivity, supported by its advanced [[broadband]] and developing [[5G]] network. The country achieves 5th place in Digital Public Services, reflecting its efficient [[e-government]] services. In human capital, Spain is 10th, contending with a shortage of [[Information and communications technology|information and communication technology]] (ICT) specialists and gender disparity in the field. For the Integration of Digital Technology, Spain is ranked 11th, focusing on digital advancement in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spain in the Digital Economy and Society Index {{!}} Shaping Europe's digital future |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi-spain |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022 Spain |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/88720 |website=European Commission}}</ref>
⚫
== Status ==

* Internet users: 33.9 million users, 19th in the world; 72.0% of the population, 45th in the world (2012).<ref name=ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet>[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"], International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013</ref>
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== History ==
⚫
* Fixed broadband: 11.4 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 24.3% of the population, 37th in the world (2012).<ref name="FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"], Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
RETD was the first [[public data network]] in the world when it became operational in 1972. It evolved into [[Iberpac]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Alarcia |first=G. |author2=Herrera, S. |year=1974 |title=C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS |url=http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEA/CTA.html |conference= |pages=163–170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020141839/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEA/CTA.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-08-30 |book-title=Proceedings of 2nd ICCC 74 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Cuenca |first=L. |year=1980 |title=A Public Packet Switching Data Communications Network: Eight Years of Operating Experience |url=http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEC1.html |conference= |publisher=IEEE |pages=39.3.1–39.3.5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140055/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CTNEC1.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-08-30 |book-title=Conference Record of ICC 80 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Lavandera |first=Luis |year=1980 |title=Architecture, Protocols and Performance of RETD |url=http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/RETDB.html |conference= |publisher=IEEE |pages=28.4.1–28.4.5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020142212/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/RETDB.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-08-30 |book-title=Conference Record of ICC 80 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Mobile broadband: 25.0 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 53.2% of the population, 24th in the world (2012).<ref name="MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"], Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>

⚫
* Internet hosts: 4.2 million hosts, 26th in the world (2012).<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2184rank.html "Internet hosts"], ''CIA World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, accessed 17 June 2013</ref>
== User statistics ==
* Internet users: 42.40 million users; 91.0% of the population (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital 2020: Spain|url=https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-spain|access-date=2021-02-03|website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights|date=12 February 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Fixed broadband: 33.6 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 83.4% of the population, 37th in the world (2019).
⚫
* Mobile broadband: 25.0 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 53.2% of the population, 24th in the world (2012).<ref name="MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064920/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx |date=2019-07-26 }}, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
⚫
* Internet hosts: 4.2 million hosts, 26th in the world (2012).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003750/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2184rank.html "Internet hosts"], ''CIA World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, accessed 17 June 2013</ref>
* IPv4: 28.4 million addresses allocated, 0.7% of the world total; 604 addresses per 1000 persons (2012).<ref>[http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ Select Formats] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ |date=2009-05-13 }}, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.</ref>
* IPv4: 28.4 million addresses allocated, 0.7% of the world total; 604 addresses per 1000 persons (2012).<ref>[http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ Select Formats] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ |date=2009-05-13 }}, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.</ref>
* Top level domain: [[.es]]
* Top level domain: [[.es]]


== Fixed broadband ==
== Broadband ==
[[Asymmetric digital subscriber line|ADSL]] arrived in [[Spain]] in 1999. In some rural areas, wireless technologies ([[WiMAX]], [[Local Multipoint Distribution Service|LMDS]], [[Satellite Internet access|Satellite]], [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]], ...) are used to provide wired-like services, the main provider of these services is [[Telefónica|Iberbanda]] (a Telefónica subsidiary like Movistar), there are also other companies like San Pedro Wifi who are not part of the Telefónica monopoly. Typically San Pedro Wifi can offer speeds over 100 Mbit/s.

Virtually all wired connections are unmetered. Most broadband lines include free phone calls to land-lines within Spain and some include limited calls to mobile phones.

Movistar offers 600Mbs asymmetrical in many cities throughout Spain.

The most common speed in Spain is 100 Mbit/s as it is the default offer from [[Telefónica|Movistar]], the main broadband supplier in the country. Clients of other [[Digital subscriber line|DSL]] companies usually have higher speeds sold as "Máxima velocidad" (maximum speed) or "Hasta 200 megas" (up to 200 Mbit/s); in those offers the speed of the connection depends on the quality of the line (length of the wire, attenuation, noise) as those speeds are just at the limit of the [[G.992.5|ADSL2+]] technology. [[Jazztel]] gets better results with its "Hasta 300 megas" (up to 300 Mbit/s) because that connection works with [[Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line|VDSL]]. In opposition to those unguaranteed offers, [[ONO (Spain)|Ono]], the main cable provider, sells its connections as "x megas reales" (x true Mbps).

The main [[Internet service provider|providers]] are:
* [[Movistar]] - Former state telecom monopoly.
* [[Orange España|Orange]]
* [[Vodafone Spain|Vodafone]]
* [[:es:Grupo MásMóvil|MÁSMÓVIL]]
* [[Euskaltel]]

Movistar, Vodafone, Orange and Euskaltel are the main providers offering TV packages with their broadband.


== Mobile broadband ==
=== Fixed broadband ===
The adoption of fixed broadband in Spain is 83%, showing a steady increase, particularly in broadband speeds of at least 100 Mbps, which have reached 72%. These figures surpass the EU average of 78% for fixed broadband take-up and 41% for broadband speeds of at least 100 Mbps. This growth in broadband adoption in Spain is attributed to high market competition and relatively low prices, which were especially impactful during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], as demand for broadband and [[pay-TV]] services increased. Complementing this growth, Spain's investment in telecommunications infrastructure contributes to its strong position. The coverage of Fixed Very High Capacity Networks in 2021 was 94%, exceeding the EU average of 60%. Additionally, Spain's commitment to advanced technology is evident in its [[Fiber to the Premises]] (FTTP) coverage, which reached 89%, exceeding the EU average of 34%.<ref name=":0" />
The use of [[Mobile broadband|mobile networks]] for Internet access is important due to the high penetration of [[smartphone|smart]] and [[mobile phone]]s in Spain. The use of [[USB|USB devices]] for computers to connect to mobile networks is also common and some fixed broadband providers offer them for free or at low cost for use on holidays.


=== Mobile broadband ===
People usually use flat rates for Internet with limits depending on the price, once that limit is reached, the speed falls from ~7 Mbit/s to ~128 kbit/s (depending on the provider) or the client pays for the extra amount of data downloaded.
Spain's mobile broadband landscape showed a mixed performance when compared to the EU average. The country reported a [[mobile broadband]] adoption rate of 94% among individuals, which is notably higher than the EU average of 87%. However, in the area of [[5G]] coverage, Spain was slightly behind, with a coverage rate of 59%, compared to the EU average of 66%.<ref name=":0" />


== Digital public services ==
There are three 2G ([[GSM]]) networks, four 3G ([[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]], [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HDSPA]], [[High-Speed Uplink Packet Access|HSUPA]], etc...) networks and [[lTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] networks are being deployed. Nearly all of Spain is covered by at least UMTS.
The DESI 2022 report ranks Spain fifth in the EU for digital public services, noting an [[e-government]] user rate of 73%, which is higher than the EU average of 65%. Digital services for citizens and businesses achieve scores of 87% and 94%, respectively, both exceeding the EU averages of 75% and 82%. Spain's [[open data]] usage is reported at 95%, which is above the EU average of 81%.<ref name=":0" />


These achievements align with the goals of the "Digital Spain 2025" strategy, which focuses on digitalizing public administration in the sectors of employment, justice, and social policies. The Plan for the Digitalisation of Spain's Public Administration 2021-2025 elaborates on this, aiming for the digital transformation of state administration and the launch of digital projects. One of the initiatives involves the creation of an app factory, with a dedicated budget of EUR 8.67 million, aimed at making 50% of digital public services accessible via mobile devices by 2025. In healthcare, Spain has prioritized enhancing system [[interoperability]] and has implemented a vaccination registry and electronic prescription monitoring system.<ref name=":0" />
The main providers are:
* [[Movistar]] - Former state telecom monopoly.
* [[Orange España|Orange]]
* [[Vodafone Spain|Vodafone]]
* [[:es:Grupo MásMóvil|MÁSMÓVIL]]


==Internet censorship in Spain==
==Internet censorship in Spain==
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or, as of 2012, reports that the government monitors [[e-mail]] or Internet [[chat room]]s without appropriate legal authority.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204341 "Spain"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref> Complaints about Internet censorship in Spain often focus on [[chilling effect]]s that come from narrowing the definition of [[fair use]]. In 2014, for example, the Spanish version of [[Google News]] was shut down as continued operation would have required it to [[link tax|pay fees]] for each news link that it aggregates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/12/google-news-shuts-shop-spain-thanks-ancillary-copyright-law|first=Jeremy|last=Malcolm|title=Google News Shuttered in Spain Thanks to "Ancillary Copyright" Law|publisher=EFF|date=2014-12-10|accessdate=2018-06-07}}</ref>
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or, as of 2012, reports that the government monitors [[e-mail]] or Internet [[chat room]]s without appropriate legal authority.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204341 "Spain"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref> Complaints about Internet censorship in Spain often focus on [[chilling effect]]s that come from narrowing the definition of [[fair use]]. In 2014, for example, the Spanish version of [[Google News]] was shut down as continued operation would have required it to [[link tax|pay fees]] for each news link that it aggregates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/12/google-news-shuts-shop-spain-thanks-ancillary-copyright-law|first=Jeremy|last=Malcolm|title=Google News Shuttered in Spain Thanks to "Ancillary Copyright" Law|publisher=EFF|date=2014-12-10|access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref>


The constitution provides for [[freedom of speech]] and [[Freedom of the press|press]], and the government generally respects these rights. The law prohibits, subject to judicial oversight, actions including public speeches and the publication of documents that the government interprets as glorifying or supporting [[terrorism]]. The law provides that persons who [[hate speech|provoke discrimination, hatred, or violence against groups or associations]] for racist; anti-semitic; or other references to ideology, religion or belief, family status, membership within an ethnic group or race, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, illness, or disability may be punished with imprisonment for one to three years. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence and the government generally respects these prohibitions.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>
The constitution provides for [[freedom of speech]] and [[Freedom of the press|press]], and the government generally respects these rights. The law prohibits, subject to judicial oversight, actions including public speeches and the publication of documents that the government interprets as glorifying or supporting [[terrorism]]. The law provides that persons who [[hate speech|provoke discrimination, hatred, or violence against groups or associations]] for racist; anti-semitic; or other references to ideology, religion or belief, family status, membership within an ethnic group or race, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, illness, or disability may be punished with imprisonment for one to three years. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence and the government generally respects these prohibitions.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>
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In 2004, the police in Spain arrested ninety people in an operation against the distribution of [[child pornography]].<ref>[https://opennet.net/studies/europe2007 "Internet Filtering in Europe 2006-2007"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>
In 2004, the police in Spain arrested ninety people in an operation against the distribution of [[child pornography]].<ref>[https://opennet.net/studies/europe2007 "Internet Filtering in Europe 2006-2007"], OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>


In February 2008 the editor of a news website, his wife and his daughter received death threats linked to the investigation into a real estate project in which several [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] politicians and a local businessman were allegedly involved in corrupt practices.<ref>[http://en.rsf.org/spain-renewed-death-threats-against-20-02-2008,25830.html "Renewed death threats against Murcia news website editor"], Reporters Without Borders, 20 February 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>
In February 2008 the editor of a news website, his wife and his daughter received death threats linked to the investigation into a real estate project in which several [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] politicians and a local businessman were allegedly involved in corrupt practices.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100924105938/http://en.rsf.org/spain-renewed-death-threats-against-20-02-2008,25830.html "Renewed death threats against Murcia news website editor"], Reporters Without Borders, 20 February 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>


In 2009 the EU Commissioner for Information Society and Media, [[Viviane Reding]], warned Spain against cutting off the Internet access of [[copyright infringement|content pirates]] without a judicial proceeding. She said, "If Spain cuts off Internet access without a procedure in front of a judge, it would certainly run into conflict with the European Commission" and "Repression alone will certainly not solve the problem of Internet piracy; it may in many ways even run counter to the rights and freedoms which are part of Europe's values since the French Revolution."<ref>[https://opennet.net/news/reding-warns-spain-against-internet-cut "Reding warns Spain against internet cut-off"], Reporters Without Borders, 3 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>
In 2009 the EU Commissioner for Information Society and Media, [[Viviane Reding]], warned Spain against cutting off the Internet access of [[copyright infringement|content pirates]] without a judicial proceeding. She said, "If Spain cuts off Internet access without a procedure in front of a judge, it would certainly run into conflict with the European Commission" and "Repression alone will certainly not solve the problem of Internet piracy; it may in many ways even run counter to the rights and freedoms which are part of Europe's values since the French Revolution."<ref>[https://opennet.net/news/reding-warns-spain-against-internet-cut "Reding warns Spain against internet cut-off"], Reporters Without Borders, 3 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref>
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In 2012, 16 cases were brought under the law prohibiting publications glorifying or supporting terrorism.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>
In 2012, 16 cases were brought under the law prohibiting publications glorifying or supporting terrorism.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>


On 13 April 2012, [[neo-Nazi]] Marc Mora Garcia was sentenced to two years in jail for spreading ideas and doctrines justifying [[genocide]] and promoting discrimination, hate, and violence through a web page.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>
On 13 April 2012, [[neo-Nazi]] Marc Mora García was sentenced to two years in prison for spreading ideas and doctrines [[genocide justification|justifying genocide]] and promoting discrimination, hate, and violence through a web page.<ref name=CROHRP-Spain-2012/>


On 20 April 2012, Madrid-based Radio SER journalist Pilar Velasco was charged with violating confidentiality after posting a secretly-recorded video of a politician online and with refusing to reveal how she came by the video.<ref>[http://en.rsf.org/spain-criminal-charges-against-26-04-2012,42371.html "Criminal charges against journalist who posted spy video of politician online"], Reporters Without Borders, 26 April 2012.</ref>
On 20 April 2012, Madrid-based Radio SER journalist Pilar Velasco was charged with violating confidentiality after posting a secretly-recorded video of a politician online and with refusing to reveal how she came by the video.<ref>[https://archive.today/20131113171542/http://en.rsf.org/spain-criminal-charges-against-26-04-2012,42371.html "Criminal charges against journalist who posted spy video of politician online"], Reporters Without Borders, 26 April 2012.</ref>


In 2014, newspaper ''[[El País]]'' reported that ''El Agitador'', a satirical blog from [[Lanzarote]], had been ordered to pay €50,000 in three separate proceedings related to satirical cartoons which complained about widespread corruption in the region.<ref>[http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/08/08/actualidad/1407520739_147425.html “35.000 euros de multa por dos viñetas”], ''El País'', 15 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</ref>
In 2014, newspaper ''[[El País]]'' reported that ''El Agitador'', a satirical blog from [[Lanzarote]], had been ordered to pay €50,000 in three separate proceedings related to satirical cartoons which complained about widespread corruption in the region.<ref>[http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/08/08/actualidad/1407520739_147425.html “35.000 euros de multa por dos viñetas”], ''El País'', 15 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</ref>
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Since January 2015, Vodafone Spain blocks [[The Pirate Bay]] as requested by the Ministry of Interior. And since 29 March 2015 the site is blocked on multiple URLs from all ISPs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://es.gizmodo.com/vodafone-confirma-el-bloqueo-a-the-pirate-bay-por-orden-1681982564|title=Vodafone bloquea a The Pirate Bay en España por orden de Mº de Cultura|last=Méndez|first=Manuel Ángel|work=Gizmodo en Español|access-date=2017-03-08|language=es-ES}}</ref>
Since January 2015, Vodafone Spain blocks [[The Pirate Bay]] as requested by the Ministry of Interior. And since 29 March 2015 the site is blocked on multiple URLs from all ISPs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://es.gizmodo.com/vodafone-confirma-el-bloqueo-a-the-pirate-bay-por-orden-1681982564|title=Vodafone bloquea a The Pirate Bay en España por orden de Mº de Cultura|last=Méndez|first=Manuel Ángel|work=Gizmodo en Español|access-date=2017-03-08|language=es-ES}}</ref>


On 13 September 2017, the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] seized referendum.cat, a Catalan website promoting the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|Catalan independence referendum]], pursuant to an order by the [[High Court of Justice of Catalonia]], as the country has considered the referendum to be illegal. The Guard subsequently obtained orders to seize other [[.cat]] domains hosting [[mirror website|mirrors]] of the referendum website, and later on 23 September 2017, an order for all ISPs to block any website publicized by Catalan politicians as mirrors of the referendum website. Also censored was an HTTP gateway for the [[InterPlanetary File System]]—a [[distributed file system]] that had been used to mirror the materials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/10/no-justification-spanish-internet-censorship-during-catalonian-referendum|title=No Justification for Spanish Internet Censorship During Catalonian Referendum|date=2017-10-02|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/catalans-compare-spain-to-north-korea-after-referendum-sites-blocked|title=Catalan leaders compare Spain to North Korea after referendum sites blocked|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2017-09-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-29|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tension-builds-spain-catalans-defy-madrid-over-ballot-101431264.html|title=Catalans set to begin campaigning for independence ballot|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3142959/0/tsjc-ordena-cierre-nuevas-paginas-web-lugares-votacion-referendum-cataluna/|title=El TSJC ordena el cierre de tres nuevas webs con los lugares de votación del 1-O - 20minutos.es|last=20Minutos|first=|date=|work=20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|access-date=2017-09-24|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/style/cat-domain-catalonia.html|title=Spain and Catalonia Wrestle Over .Cat Internet Domain|last=Bromwich|first=Jonah Engel|date=2017-09-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
On 13 September 2017, the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] seized referendum.cat, a Catalan website promoting the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|Catalan independence referendum]], pursuant to an order by the [[High Court of Justice of Catalonia]], as the country has considered the referendum to be illegal. The Guard subsequently obtained orders to seize other [[.cat]] domains hosting [[mirror website|mirrors]] of the referendum website, and later on 23 September 2017, an order for all ISPs to block any website publicized by Catalan politicians as mirrors of the referendum website. Also censored was an HTTP gateway for the [[InterPlanetary File System]]—a [[distributed file system]] that had been used to mirror the materials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/10/no-justification-spanish-internet-censorship-during-catalonian-referendum|title=No Justification for Spanish Internet Censorship During Catalonian Referendum|date=2017-10-02|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/catalans-compare-spain-to-north-korea-after-referendum-sites-blocked|title=Catalan leaders compare Spain to North Korea after referendum sites blocked|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2017-09-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-29|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tension-builds-spain-catalans-defy-madrid-over-ballot-101431264.html|title=Catalans set to begin campaigning for independence ballot|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3142959/0/tsjc-ordena-cierre-nuevas-paginas-web-lugares-votacion-referendum-cataluna/|title=El TSJC ordena el cierre de tres nuevas webs con los lugares de votación del 1-O - 20minutos.es|last=20Minutos|work=20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|access-date=2017-09-24|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/style/cat-domain-catalonia.html|title=Spain and Catalonia Wrestle Over .Cat Internet Domain|last=Bromwich|first=Jonah Engel|date=2017-09-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


On 10 October 2017, the Spanish [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] blocked access to Whats-app groups of several pro-Catalan independence groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/10/10/actualidad/1507631073_313664.html?id_externo_rsoc=TW_CM|title=Bloqueado el WhatsApp desde el que ANC y Òmnium movilizan a sus bases|first=Óscar López-Fonseca, Fernando J.|last=Pérez|date=10 October 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
On 10 October 2017, the Spanish [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] blocked access to Whats-app groups of several pro-Catalan independence groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/10/10/actualidad/1507631073_313664.html?id_externo_rsoc=TW_CM|title=Bloqueado el WhatsApp desde el que ANC y Òmnium movilizan a sus bases|first=Óscar López-Fonseca, Fernando J.|last=Pérez|newspaper=El País |date=10 October 2017}}</ref>


As of December 2017, all previously blocked sites have once again been unblocked, with the focus shifting to taking the sites down directly.
As of December 2017, all previously blocked sites have once again been unblocked, with the focus shifting to taking the sites down directly.

Latest revision as of 02:28, 11 November 2024

This article is about the Internet in Spain.

In the 2022 Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), Spain ranked 3rd in Connectivity, supported by its advanced broadband and developing 5G network. The country achieves 5th place in Digital Public Services, reflecting its efficient e-government services. In human capital, Spain is 10th, contending with a shortage of information and communication technology (ICT) specialists and gender disparity in the field. For the Integration of Digital Technology, Spain is ranked 11th, focusing on digital advancement in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).[1][2]

History

[edit]

RETD was the first public data network in the world when it became operational in 1972. It evolved into Iberpac.[3][4][5]

User statistics

[edit]
  • Internet users: 42.40 million users; 91.0% of the population (2020)[6]
  • Fixed broadband: 33.6 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 83.4% of the population, 37th in the world (2019).
  • Mobile broadband: 25.0 million subscriptions, 13th in the world; 53.2% of the population, 24th in the world (2012).[7]
  • Internet hosts: 4.2 million hosts, 26th in the world (2012).[8]
  • IPv4: 28.4 million addresses allocated, 0.7% of the world total; 604 addresses per 1000 persons (2012).[9]
  • Top level domain: .es

Broadband

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Fixed broadband

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The adoption of fixed broadband in Spain is 83%, showing a steady increase, particularly in broadband speeds of at least 100 Mbps, which have reached 72%. These figures surpass the EU average of 78% for fixed broadband take-up and 41% for broadband speeds of at least 100 Mbps. This growth in broadband adoption in Spain is attributed to high market competition and relatively low prices, which were especially impactful during the COVID-19 pandemic, as demand for broadband and pay-TV services increased. Complementing this growth, Spain's investment in telecommunications infrastructure contributes to its strong position. The coverage of Fixed Very High Capacity Networks in 2021 was 94%, exceeding the EU average of 60%. Additionally, Spain's commitment to advanced technology is evident in its Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) coverage, which reached 89%, exceeding the EU average of 34%.[2]

Mobile broadband

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Spain's mobile broadband landscape showed a mixed performance when compared to the EU average. The country reported a mobile broadband adoption rate of 94% among individuals, which is notably higher than the EU average of 87%. However, in the area of 5G coverage, Spain was slightly behind, with a coverage rate of 59%, compared to the EU average of 66%.[2]

Digital public services

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The DESI 2022 report ranks Spain fifth in the EU for digital public services, noting an e-government user rate of 73%, which is higher than the EU average of 65%. Digital services for citizens and businesses achieve scores of 87% and 94%, respectively, both exceeding the EU averages of 75% and 82%. Spain's open data usage is reported at 95%, which is above the EU average of 81%.[2]

These achievements align with the goals of the "Digital Spain 2025" strategy, which focuses on digitalizing public administration in the sectors of employment, justice, and social policies. The Plan for the Digitalisation of Spain's Public Administration 2021-2025 elaborates on this, aiming for the digital transformation of state administration and the launch of digital projects. One of the initiatives involves the creation of an app factory, with a dedicated budget of EUR 8.67 million, aimed at making 50% of digital public services accessible via mobile devices by 2025. In healthcare, Spain has prioritized enhancing system interoperability and has implemented a vaccination registry and electronic prescription monitoring system.[2]

Internet censorship in Spain

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There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or, as of 2012, reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority.[10] Complaints about Internet censorship in Spain often focus on chilling effects that come from narrowing the definition of fair use. In 2014, for example, the Spanish version of Google News was shut down as continued operation would have required it to pay fees for each news link that it aggregates.[11]

The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights. The law prohibits, subject to judicial oversight, actions including public speeches and the publication of documents that the government interprets as glorifying or supporting terrorism. The law provides that persons who provoke discrimination, hatred, or violence against groups or associations for racist; anti-semitic; or other references to ideology, religion or belief, family status, membership within an ethnic group or race, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, illness, or disability may be punished with imprisonment for one to three years. The constitution prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence and the government generally respects these prohibitions.[10]

In 2004, the police in Spain arrested ninety people in an operation against the distribution of child pornography.[12]

In February 2008 the editor of a news website, his wife and his daughter received death threats linked to the investigation into a real estate project in which several Murcia politicians and a local businessman were allegedly involved in corrupt practices.[13]

In 2009 the EU Commissioner for Information Society and Media, Viviane Reding, warned Spain against cutting off the Internet access of content pirates without a judicial proceeding. She said, "If Spain cuts off Internet access without a procedure in front of a judge, it would certainly run into conflict with the European Commission" and "Repression alone will certainly not solve the problem of Internet piracy; it may in many ways even run counter to the rights and freedoms which are part of Europe's values since the French Revolution."[14]

In 2012, 16 cases were brought under the law prohibiting publications glorifying or supporting terrorism.[10]

On 13 April 2012, neo-Nazi Marc Mora García was sentenced to two years in prison for spreading ideas and doctrines justifying genocide and promoting discrimination, hate, and violence through a web page.[10]

On 20 April 2012, Madrid-based Radio SER journalist Pilar Velasco was charged with violating confidentiality after posting a secretly-recorded video of a politician online and with refusing to reveal how she came by the video.[15]

In 2014, newspaper El País reported that El Agitador, a satirical blog from Lanzarote, had been ordered to pay €50,000 in three separate proceedings related to satirical cartoons which complained about widespread corruption in the region.[16]

Since January 2015, Vodafone Spain blocks The Pirate Bay as requested by the Ministry of Interior. And since 29 March 2015 the site is blocked on multiple URLs from all ISPs.[17]

On 13 September 2017, the Civil Guard seized referendum.cat, a Catalan website promoting the Catalan independence referendum, pursuant to an order by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, as the country has considered the referendum to be illegal. The Guard subsequently obtained orders to seize other .cat domains hosting mirrors of the referendum website, and later on 23 September 2017, an order for all ISPs to block any website publicized by Catalan politicians as mirrors of the referendum website. Also censored was an HTTP gateway for the InterPlanetary File System—a distributed file system that had been used to mirror the materials.[18][19][20][21][22]

On 10 October 2017, the Spanish Civil Guard blocked access to Whats-app groups of several pro-Catalan independence groups.[23]

As of December 2017, all previously blocked sites have once again been unblocked, with the focus shifting to taking the sites down directly.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Spain in the Digital Economy and Society Index | Shaping Europe's digital future". digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2022 Spain". European Commission.
  3. ^ Alarcia, G.; Herrera, S. (1974). "C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS". Proceedings of 2nd ICCC 74. pp. 163–170. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  4. ^ Cuenca, L. (1980). "A Public Packet Switching Data Communications Network: Eight Years of Operating Experience". Conference Record of ICC 80. IEEE. pp. 39.3.1–39.3.5. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  5. ^ Lavandera, Luis (1980). "Architecture, Protocols and Performance of RETD". Conference Record of ICC 80. IEEE. pp. 28.4.1–28.4.5. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  6. ^ "Digital 2020: Spain". DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  7. ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 2019-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  8. ^ "Internet hosts", CIA World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, accessed 17 June 2013
  9. ^ Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at archive.today, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
  10. ^ a b c d "Spain", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  11. ^ Malcolm, Jeremy (2014-12-10). "Google News Shuttered in Spain Thanks to "Ancillary Copyright" Law". EFF. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  12. ^ "Internet Filtering in Europe 2006-2007", OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Renewed death threats against Murcia news website editor", Reporters Without Borders, 20 February 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  14. ^ "Reding warns Spain against internet cut-off", Reporters Without Borders, 3 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  15. ^ "Criminal charges against journalist who posted spy video of politician online", Reporters Without Borders, 26 April 2012.
  16. ^ “35.000 euros de multa por dos viñetas”, El País, 15 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  17. ^ Méndez, Manuel Ángel. "Vodafone bloquea a The Pirate Bay en España por orden de Mº de Cultura". Gizmodo en Español (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  18. ^ "No Justification for Spanish Internet Censorship During Catalonian Referendum". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  19. ^ Jones, Sam (2017-09-27). "Catalan leaders compare Spain to North Korea after referendum sites blocked". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
  20. ^ "Catalans set to begin campaigning for independence ballot". Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  21. ^ 20Minutos. "El TSJC ordena el cierre de tres nuevas webs con los lugares de votación del 1-O - 20minutos.es". 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2017-09-24.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Bromwich, Jonah Engel (2017-09-22). "Spain and Catalonia Wrestle Over .Cat Internet Domain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  23. ^ Pérez, Óscar López-Fonseca, Fernando J. (10 October 2017). "Bloqueado el WhatsApp desde el que ANC y Òmnium movilizan a sus bases". El País.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  • ESNIC, Network Information Centre of Spain, domain name registrar.
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