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{{Short description|Mon–Khmer dialect continuum of Southeast Asia}}
{{distinguish|Brao language}}
{{distinguish|Brao language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Bru
| name = Bru
|nativename=''Bruu''
| nativename = {{lang|mul|Bruu}}
|states=[[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]]
| states = [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]]
|ethnicity=[[Bru people|Bru]], [[Katang people|Katang]]
| ethnicity = [[Bru people|Bru]], [[Katang people|Katang]]
|speakers= {{sigfig|295,300|2}}
| speakers = {{sigfig|295,300|2}}
|date=1991–2006
| date = 1991–2006
|ref=e18
| ref = e18
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic
| familycolor = Austro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Katuic languages|Katuic]]
| fam2 = [[Katuic languages|Katuic]]
|fam3=[[West Katuic languages|West]]
| fam3 = [[West Katuic languages|West]]
|fam4=Brou–So
| fam4 = Brou–So
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]], [[Lao script|Lao]], [[Thai script|Thai]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Lao script|Lao]], [[Thai script|Thai]]
| lc1 = bru
|lc1=bru|ld1=Eastern Bru
| ld1 = Eastern Bru
⚫
|lc2=brv|ld2=Western Bru
| lc2 = brv
|lc3=sss|ld3=Sô
⚫
| ld2 = Western Bru
|lc4=xhv|ld4=Khua
| lc3 = sss
⚫
|lc5=ncq|ld5=Northern Katang
| ld3 = Sô
⚫
|lc6=sct|ld6=Southern Katang
| lc4 = xhv
⚫
|glotto=brou1236
| ld4 = Khua
⚫
|glottorefname=Brou–So
| lc5 = ncq
⚫
| ld5 = Northern Katang
| lc6 = sct
⚫
| ld6 = Southern Katang
⚫
| glotto = brou1236
⚫
| glottorefname = Brou–So
}}
}}


'''Bruu''' (also spelled '''Bru''', '''B'ru''', '''Baru''', '''Brou''') is a [[Mon–Khmer]] [[dialect continuum]] spoken by the [[Bru people]] of mainland Southeast Asia.
'''Bruu''' (also spelled '''Bru''', '''B'ru''', '''Baru''', '''Brou''') is a [[Mon–Khmer]] [[dialect continuum]] spoken by the [[Bru people]] of mainland Southeast Asia. Sô and Khua are dialects.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm | title=Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft) }}</ref>

Sô and Khua are dialects.<ref>[http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm]</ref>


==Names==
==Names==
Line 39: Line 44:


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from [[Salavan Province|Salavan]], [[Laos]], through [[Savannakhet]], [[Khammouane]], and [[Bolikhamsai]], and over into neighboring [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]] (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, [[Đắk Tô]] District, [[Kon Tum Province]].<ref>Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et. al; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. ''Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam''. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}}</ref>
The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from [[Salavan Province|Salavan]], [[Laos]], through [[Savannakhet]], [[Khammouane]], and [[Bolikhamsai]], and over into neighboring [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]] (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, [[Đắk Tô]] District, [[Kon Tum Province]].<ref>Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. ''Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam''. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. {{ISBN|978-604-90-2436-8}}</ref>


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Line 92: Line 97:


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Carolyn P.|title=Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch|publisher=SIL Language and Culture Archives|year=2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Line 100: Line 106:
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|p}}
Line 157: Line 163:
|
|
|}
|}

⚫
{| class="wikitable"
* {{IPA|/enwiki/w/}} is typically pronounced as labiodental fricative {{IPA|[v]}} or approximant {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when occurring in initial position. In final position, it is always heard as {{IPA|[w]}}.
* {{IPA|/r/}} can be heard as either a trill {{IPA|[r]}} or a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.
* {{IPA|/tʰr/}} as a consonant cluster, can be phonetically heard as {{IPA|[tʰɹ̥]}} in the Western dialect.
* {{IPA|/h/}} can also be heard as a voiced glottal {{IPA|[ɦ]}} when a preceding a breathy vowel sound in the Western Bru dialects. It can also be heard as nasal {{IPA|[h̃]}} when preceding a nasal vowel in the Western dialects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thongkum|first=Theraphan L.|title=The distribution of the sounds of Bruu|year=1980|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|volume=8|pages=221–293}}</ref>

⚫
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Final consonants
|+Final consonants
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Line 217: Line 229:
|}
|}


* Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ in final position are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚].
* Plosive sounds {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} in final position are heard as unreleased {{IPA|[p̚, t̚, k̚]}}.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Line 249: Line 261:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels in the Western Bru dialect
!
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɨ}} {{IPAlink|ɨː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɯ}} {{IPAlink|ɯː}}
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ə}} {{IPAlink|əː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɤ}} {{IPAlink|ɤː}}
|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPAlink|ɛː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPAlink|ɛː}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɜ}} {{IPAlink|ɜː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ʌ}} {{IPAlink|ʌː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{IPAlink|ɔː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{IPAlink|ɔː}}
|-
|-
Line 273: Line 289:
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}
|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɒ̈}} {{IPAlink|ɒ̈ː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɒ̈}} {{IPAlink|ɒ̈ː}}
| colspan="2" |
⚫
|
|}
|}


==== Breathy vowels ====
Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:
Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Line 285: Line 302:
|-
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i̤ i̤ː
|{{IPAlink|i̤}} {{IPAlink|i̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɨ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɨ̤ː}}
|ṳ ṳː
|{{IPAlink|ṳ}} {{IPAlink|ṳː}}
|-
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|e̤ e̤ː
|{{IPAlink|e̤}} {{IPAlink|e̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ə̤ ə̤ː
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ə̤}} {{IPAlink|ə̤ː}}
|o̤ o̤ː
|{{IPAlink|o̤}} {{IPAlink|o̤ː}}
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː
|{{IPAlink|ɛ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɛ̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɜ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɜ̤ː}}
|ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
|{{IPAlink|ɔ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɔ̤ː}}
|-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|a̤ a̤ː
|{{IPAlink|a̤}} {{IPAlink|a̤ː}}
|ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː
|{{IPAlink|ɒ̤̈}} {{IPAlink|ɒ̤̈ː}}
|
|
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Breathy vowels
|+Breathy vowels in the Western Bru dialect
!
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i̤ i̤ː
|{{IPAlink|i̤}} {{IPAlink|i̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɯ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɯ̤ː}}
|ṳ ṳː
|{{IPAlink|ṳ}} {{IPAlink|ṳː}}
|-
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|e̤ e̤ː
|{{IPAlink|e̤}} {{IPAlink|e̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ə̤ ə̤ː
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɤ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɤ̤ː}}
|o̤ o̤ː
|{{IPAlink|o̤}} {{IPAlink|o̤ː}}
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː
|{{IPAlink|ɛ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɛ̤ː}}
| colspan="2" |ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ʌ̤}} {{IPAlink|ʌ̤ː}}
|ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
|{{IPAlink|ɔ̤}} {{IPAlink|ɔ̤ː}}
|-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|a̤ a̤ː
|{{IPAlink|a̤}} {{IPAlink|a̤ː}}
|ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː
|{{IPAlink|ɒ̤̈}} {{IPAlink|ɒ̤̈ː}}
| colspan="2" |
⚫
|}

==== Nasal vowels ====
Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Nasal vowels in the Western Bru dialect
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|ĩː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɯ̃}}
|{{IPAlink|ũ}} {{IPAlink|ũː}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}} {{IPAlink|ɛ̃ː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ʌ̃ː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}} {{IPAlink|ɔ̃ː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ã}} {{IPAlink|ãː}}
|{{IPAlink|ɒ̈̃}} {{IPAlink|ɒ̈̃ː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

⚫
==External links==
⚫
*[http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/bru/bru.html UCLA phonetics lab data]
⚫
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
⚫
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view]] Bru in RWAAI Digital Archive


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Choo, Marcus, Jennifer Herington, Amy Ryan and Jennifer Simmons. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf ''Sociolinguistic Survey Of Bru In Phang Khon And Phanna Nikhom Districts, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand'']. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus, Jennifer Herington, Amy Ryan and Jennifer Simmons. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf ''Sociolinguistic Survey Of Bru In Phang Khon And Phanna Nikhom Districts, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719114435/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/sociolinguistic_survey_of_bru_in_thailand.pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf ''An investigation of intelligibility between So varieties in Northeast Thailand: the Bru in Khok Saat'']. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf ''An investigation of intelligibility between So varieties in Northeast Thailand: the Bru in Khok Saat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720004630/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So_RTT_Report.pdf |date=2020-07-20 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20%28FINAL%29.pdf ''Sociolinguistic survey of So in Northeastern Thailand'']. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20%28FINAL%29.pdf ''Sociolinguistic survey of So in Northeastern Thailand''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719100334/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/So%20in%20NE%20Thailand%20report%20(FINAL).pdf |date=2020-07-19 }}. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
*Khồng Diễn (1975). "Về nhóm người Khùa (Bru) ở Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 538-548. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Khồng Diễn (1975). "Về nhóm người Khùa (Bru) ở Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 538–548. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Migliazza, Brian. 2002. [https://sil.academia.edu/BrianMigliazza Multilingualism Among the So People of Issan].
*Migliazza, Brian. 2002. [https://sil.academia.edu/BrianMigliazza Multilingualism Among the So People of Issan].
*Phạm Đức Dương (1975). "Về mối quan hệ cộng đồng tộc người giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt - Mường miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 500-517. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Phạm Đức Dương (1975). "Về mối quan hệ cộng đồng tộc người giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt - Mường miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 500–517. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Phan Hữu Dật (1975). "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn - Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 531-537. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*Phan Hữu Dật (1975). "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn - Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. ''Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam'', 531–537. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
*[[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell, Paul]]. (2005). ''[The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon]''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}
*[[Paul Sidwell|Sidwell, Paul]]. (2005). ''[The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon]''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-802-7}}
*Yotmanisakun, Sarocha. 2022. ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/14Y0pqP7fZEkGAQQZuWoVZMTkzDTB8KIR/view?usp=sharing Preliminary Phonological Description of Southern Katang]''. M.A. dissertation. Chiang Mai: Payap University.

⚫
==External links==
⚫
*[http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/bru/bru.html UCLA phonetics lab data]
⚫
*[http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)]
⚫
*[[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view]] Bru in the RWAAI Digital Archive


{{Languages of Laos}}
{{Languages of Laos}}

Latest revision as of 03:55, 11 November 2024

Not to be confused with Brao language.
Bru
Bruu
Native toLaos, Vietnam, Thailand
EthnicityBru, Katang
Native speakers
(300,000 cited 1991–2006)[1]
Latin, Lao, Thai
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
bru – Eastern Bru
brv – Western Bru
sss – Sô
xhv – Khua
ncq – Northern Katang
sct – Southern Katang
Glottologbrou1236

Bruu (also spelled Bru, B'ru, Baru, Brou) is a Mon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by the Bru people of mainland Southeast Asia. Sô and Khua are dialects.[2]

Names

[edit]

There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

  • So ~ Sô
  • Tri (So Tri, Chali)
  • Van Kieu
  • Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
  • Galler
  • Khua
  • Katang (not the same as Kataang)

Distribution

[edit]

The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from Salavan, Laos, through Savannakhet, Khammouane, and Bolikhamsai, and over into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province.[3]

Dialects

[edit]

Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).

The following Bru subgroups are found in Quảng Bình Province (Phan 1998).[5]

Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480),[5] with words transcribed in Vietnamese orthography.

Gloss Vân Kiêu Măng Coong Tri Khùa Vietnamese
one mui muôi một
two bar hai
three pei ba
four pon bốn
five shăng t'shăng năm
hair sok tóc
eye mat mắt
nose lyu mu mũi
sky plang giang trời
ground kute katek k'tek đất
water dơ do nước
fish sia cá
bird cham chim
water buffalo trick trâu
cattle ntro tro bò

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following:[6]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tɕ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Liquid rhotic r
lateral l
Fricative w s h
Approximant j
  • /enwiki/w/ is typically pronounced as labiodental fricative [v] or approximant [ʋ] when occurring in initial position. In final position, it is always heard as [w].
  • /r/ can be heard as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • /tʰr/ as a consonant cluster, can be phonetically heard as [tʰɹ̥] in the Western dialect.
  • /h/ can also be heard as a voiced glottal [ɦ] when a preceding a breathy vowel sound in the Western Bru dialects. It can also be heard as nasal [h̃] when preceding a nasal vowel in the Western dialects.[7]
Final consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative h
Rhotic r
Approximant plain w l j
aspirated wʰ jʰ
glottalized wˀ jˀ
  • Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ in final position are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚].

Vowels

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Front Central Back
Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
Close-mid e eː ə əː o oː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː
Vowels in the Western Bru dialect
Front Central Back
Close i iː ɯ ɯː u uː
Close-mid e eː ɤ ɤː o oː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː

Breathy vowels

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Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:

Breathy vowels
Front Central Back
Close i̤ i̤ː ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː ṳ ṳː
Close-mid e̤ e̤ː ə̤ ə̤ː o̤ o̤ː
Open-mid ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Open a̤ a̤ː ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː
Breathy vowels in the Western Bru dialect
Front Central Back
Close i̤ i̤ː ɯ̤ ɯ̤ː ṳ ṳː
Close-mid e̤ e̤ː ɤ̤ ɤ̤ː o̤ o̤ː
Open-mid ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː ʌ̤ ʌ̤ː ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː
Open a̤ a̤ː ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː

Nasal vowels

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Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:

Nasal vowels in the Western Bru dialect
Front Central Back
Close ĩː ɯ̃ ũ ũː
Open-mid ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ʌ̃ː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː
Open ã ãː ɒ̈̃ ɒ̈̃ː

References

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  1. ^ Eastern Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Western Bru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Sô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Khua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Katang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".
  3. ^ Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014. Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội. ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
  4. ^ Engelkemier, Jennifer M. (2010). Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  5. ^ a b Phan Hữu Dật. 1998. "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình." In Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.
  6. ^ Miller, Carolyn P. (2017). Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch. SIL Language and Culture Archives.
  7. ^ Thongkum, Theraphan L. (1980). "The distribution of the sounds of Bruu". Mon-Khmer Studies. 8: 221–293.

Further reading

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