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Tuscumbia, Alabama: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 34°43′51″N 87°42′10″W / 34.73083°N 87.70278°W / 34.73083; -87.70278
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{{short description|City in Alabama}}
{{distinguish|Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}
{{distinguish|Tuskegee, Alabama|Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
⚫
{{short description|City in Alabama, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Tuscumbia
| official_name = Tuscumbia
|settlement_type = [[City]]
| settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = "Charm of the Shoals" "The Town"
| nickname = "The Charm of the Shoals"
|image_skyline = Colbert County Courthouse.JPG
| image_skyline = Colbert County Courthouse.JPG
|imagesize =
| imagesize =
|image_caption = Colbert County Courthouse in Tuscumbia
| image_caption = Colbert County Courthouse in Tuscumbia
|image_seal =
| image_seal = Tuscumbia al seal.jpeg
|image_map = File:Colbert County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tuscumbia Highlighted 0177280.svg
| image_map = Colbert County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tuscumbia Highlighted 0177280.svg
|mapsize = 250px
| mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Tuscumbia in Colbert County, Alabama.
| map_caption = Location of Tuscumbia in Colbert County, Alabama.
|image_map1 =
| image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
| mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 = <!-- established --------------->
| map_caption1 = <!-- established --------------->
| established_title1 = Settled
| established_title1 = Settled
| established_date1 = 1815
| established_date1 = 1815
| established_title2 = Incorporated (town)
| established_title2 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date2 = December 20, 1820<ref name="AL-1820-Incorp-Ococoposo" />
| established_date2 = December 20, 1820<ref name="AL-1820-Incorp-Ococoposo" />
| established_title3 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_date3 =
| extinct_title =
| extinct_title =
| extinct_date =
| extinct_date =
| founder =
| founder =
| named_for = Chickasaw Indian chief <ref name=tuscumbia/>
| named_for = Chief Tuscumbia
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Alabama|County]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Alabama|County]]
|subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_name1 = [[Alabama]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Alabama]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert]]
|government_type = Mayor/Council
| government_type = Mayor-City Council
|leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Kerry (Bubba) Underwood ([[Alabama Republican Party|R]])
| leader_name = Kerry L. Underwood
|established_date =
| established_date =
|area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 23.98
| area_total_km2 = 23.98
|area_total_sq_mi = 9.26
| area_total_sq_mi = 9.26
|area_land_km2 = 23.87
| area_land_km2 = 23.87
|area_land_sq_mi = 9.22
| area_land_sq_mi = 9.22
|area_water_km2 = 0.11
| area_water_km2 = 0.11
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.04
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.04
|elevation_ft = 427
| elevation_ft = 427
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
|population_total = 9054
| population_total = 9054
|population_metro =
| population_metro =
|population_density_km2 = 379.30
| population_density_km2 = 379.30
|population_density_sq_mi = 982.42
| population_density_sq_mi = 982.42
|timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central (CST)]]
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
| utc_offset = -6
|coordinates = {{coord|34|43|51|N|87|42|10|W|region:US-AL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|34|43|51|N|87|42|10|W|region:US-AL|display=inline,title}}
|timezone_DST = CDT
| timezone_DST = CDT
|utc_offset_DST = -5
| utc_offset_DST = -5
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 35674
| postal_code = 35674
|area_codes = [[Area code 256|256]], [[Area code 938|938]]
| area_codes = [[Area code 256|256]], [[Area code 938|938]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 01-77280
| blank_info = 01-77280
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 2405616<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2405616}}</ref>
| blank1_info = 2405616<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2405616}}</ref>
|footnotes =
| footnotes =
|website = {{URL|www.cityoftuscumbia.org}}
| website = {{URL|www.cityoftuscumbia.org}}
|pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_as_of =
|pop_est_footnotes =
| pop_est_footnotes =
|population_est =
| population_est =
|unit_pref = Imperial
| unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Tuscumbian
}}
}}
'''Tuscumbia''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert County]], [[Alabama]], United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,423.<ref name=2010census>{{Cite web
'''Tuscumbia''' is a city in, and the [[county seat]] of, [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert County]], [[Alabama]], United States. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 9,054.<ref name=":1" /> The city is part of [[The Shoals]] metropolitan area.
| title = Fact Sheet- Tuscumbia city, Alabama
| work = American Fast Facts
| publisher = United States Census Bureau
| url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=tuscumbia&_cityTown=tuscumbia&_state=04000US01&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y
| access-date = 21 January 2010
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212053156/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=tuscumbia&_cityTown=tuscumbia&_state=04000US01&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y
| archive-date = 12 February 2020
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The city is part of [[The Shoals]] metropolitan area.


Tuscumbia was the hometown of [[Helen Keller]], who lived at [[Ivy Green]]. Several sites in the city are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], especially in the [[Tuscumbia Historic District]]. The city is also the site of the [[Alabama Music Hall of Fame]].
Tuscumbia was the hometown of [[Helen Keller]], who lived at [[Ivy Green]]. Several sites in the city are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], especially in the [[Tuscumbia Historic District]]. The city is also the site of the [[Alabama Music Hall of Fame]].


==History==
==History==
When the Michael Dixon family arrived about 1816, they were the first European Americans to settle here. It was traditional territory of the [[Chickasaw people]]. The settlers traded with Chief Tucumseh for the Tuscumbia Valley and built their home at the head of the big spring. Other settlers joined them and there developed a village known as the Big Spring Community. The men of the community requested that the state legislature incorporate them as a city.<ref name="Deshler High School Yearbook pg. 51">''Deshler High School Yearbook, Tiger's Roar 1996'', Volume LXVI, 175 Years Ago by John McWilliams. pg. 51</ref> The town was incorporated in 1820 as '''Ococoposa''', a Chickasaw word meaning 'dry watermelon'.<ref name="AL-1820-Incorp-Ococoposo">Acts Passed at the Second Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama. Ococoposa, Chickasaw which means dry watermelon Begun and held in the Town of Cahawba, on the first Monday in November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty (1820). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers in 1820. Page 94. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/Acts_1820/Acts_86-90.html "An Act to incorporate the town of Ococoposo in the County of Franklin...Approved, December 20, 1820.]"</ref> It is one of Alabama's oldest towns. In 1821, its name was changed to '''Big Spring'''<ref name="AL-1821-Renamed-Big-Spring">Acts Passed at the Called Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama Begun and Held in the Town of Cahawba, on the First Monday in June, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty One (1821). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers. Reprint by Statute Law Book Co., Washington, D.C. Nov. 1913. Page 40. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1821_Special_Session/Acts_June/Acts_14-26.html "To change the name of Ococoposa, and for other purposes...Approved, June 14, 1821"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204131854/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1821_Special_Session/Acts_June/Acts_14-26.html |date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> and on December 22, 1822, to Tuscumbia, after the Chief Rainmaker of the [[Chickasaw]].<ref name="Deshler High School Yearbook pg. 51"/><ref name="AL-1822-Renamed-Tuscumbia">Acts Passed at the Fourth Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, Begun and Held at the Town of Cahawba, On the third Monday of November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty two (1822). Cahawba, Alabama. Printed by William B. Allen and Co., Printers to the State. Jan. 1823. Page 131. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1822/1822_Acts/Acts_101-110.html "Act - Changing the name of Big-Spring in Franklin County...Approved, Dec. 31, 1822."]</ref><ref name=alabama>{{Cite web
When the Michael Dixon family arrived about 1816, they were the first European Americans to settle here. It was traditional territory of the [[Chickasaw people]]. The settlers traded with Chief Tucumseh for the Tuscumbia Valley and built their home at the head of the big spring. Other settlers joined them and there developed a village known as the Big Spring Community. The men of the community requested that the state legislature incorporate them as a city.<ref name="Deshler High School Yearbook pg. 51">''Deshler High School Yearbook, Tiger's Roar 1996'', Volume LXVI, 175 Years Ago by John McWilliams. pg. 51</ref> The town was incorporated in 1820 as '''Ococoposa''', a Chickasaw word meaning 'dry watermelon'.<ref name="AL-1820-Incorp-Ococoposo">Acts Passed at the Second Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama. Ococoposa, Chickasaw which means dry watermelon Begun and held in the Town of Cahawba, on the first Monday in November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty (1820). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers in 1820. Page 94. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/Acts_1820/Acts_86-90.html "An Act to incorporate the town of Ococoposo in the County of Franklin...Approved, December 20, 1820.]"</ref> It is one of Alabama's oldest towns. In 1821, its name was changed to '''Big Spring'''<ref name="AL-1821-Renamed-Big-Spring">Acts Passed at the Called Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama Begun and Held in the Town of Cahawba, on the First Monday in June, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty One (1821). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers. Reprint by Statute Law Book Co., Washington, D.C. Nov. 1913. Page 40. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1821_Special_Session/Acts_June/Acts_14-26.html "To change the name of Ococoposa, and for other purposes...Approved, June 14, 1821"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204131854/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1821_Special_Session/Acts_June/Acts_14-26.html |date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> and on December 22, 1822, to Tuscumbia, after the Chief Rainmaker of the [[Chickasaw]].<ref name="Deshler High School Yearbook pg. 51"/><ref name="AL-1822-Renamed-Tuscumbia">Acts Passed at the Fourth Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, Begun and Held at the Town of Cahawba, On the third Monday of November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty two (1822). Cahawba, Alabama. Printed by William B. Allen and Co., Printers to the State. Jan. 1823. Page 131. [http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/acts_and_journals/1822/1822_Acts/Acts_101-110.html "Act - Changing the name of Big-Spring in Franklin County...Approved, Dec. 31, 1822."]</ref><ref name=alabama>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Thornton
| last = Thornton
| first = Linda
| first = Linda
| title = Tuscumbia
| title = Tuscumbia
| work = Encyclopedia of Alabama
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Alabama
| date = December 10, 2009
| date = December 10, 2009
| url = http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2164
| url = http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2164
| access-date = 21 January 2010}}</ref>
| access-date = January 21, 2010}}</ref>


Although [[rapid|shoals]] on the nearby [[Tennessee River]] made the river nearly impassable, a federal road completed in 1820 provided the area with good access to markets. Tuscumbia soon became the center for agriculture in northern Alabama.<ref name=alabama/> A line to the town on the [[Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad]] was completed in 1832, and by 1850 Tuscumbia was a major railroad hub for train traffic throughout the South.<ref name=alabama/>
Although [[Rapids|shoals]] on the nearby [[Tennessee River]] made the river nearly impassable, a federal road completed in 1820 provided the area with good access to markets. Tuscumbia soon became the center for agriculture in northern Alabama.<ref name=alabama/> A line to the town on the [[Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad]] was completed in 1832, and by 1850 Tuscumbia was a major railroad hub for train traffic throughout the South.<ref name=alabama/>


From 1826 to the 1860s, the [[Tuscumbia Female Academy]] operated in Tuscumbia.<ref name=":0">Isabella Margaret Elizabeth Blandin, ''History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860'', (New York: Washington, Neale Pub. Co., 1909), 64-65.</ref> It was one of a number of private schools founded by planters and others wealthy enough to pay for the education of their sons and daughters. There were no public schools until
From 1826 to the 1860s, the [[Tuscumbia Female Academy]] operated in Tuscumbia.<ref name=":0">[[I. M. E. Blandin]], ''[[History of Higher Education of Women in the South, Prior to 1860|History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860]]'', (New York: Washington, Neale Pub. Co., 1909), pp. 64–65.</ref> It was one of a number of private schools{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} founded by planters and others wealthy enough to pay for the education of their sons and daughters. A public city school system was not established until 1855.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuscumbia.k12.al.us/domain/25|title=About Us|website=Tuscambia City School District|access-date=March 4, 2024|year=2022|publisher=Finalsite}}</ref>


During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the railroad hub made Tuscumbia a target of the [[Union Army]], which destroyed the railroad shops and other parts of the town. The Civil War resulted in the permanent closure of the Tuscumbia Female Academy.<ref name=":0" />
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the railroad hub made Tuscumbia a target of the [[Union Army]], which destroyed the railroad shops and other parts of the town. The Civil War resulted in the permanent closure of the Tuscumbia Female Academy.<ref name=":0" />
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|work = City of Tuscumbia Web site
|work = City of Tuscumbia Web site
|url = http://www.cityoftuscumbia.org/Our_History/index.html
|url = http://www.cityoftuscumbia.org/Our_History/index.html
|access-date = 21 January 2010
|access-date = January 21, 2010
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091223060325/http://www.cityoftuscumbia.org/Our_History/index.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091223060325/http://www.cityoftuscumbia.org/Our_History/index.html
|archive-date = 23 December 2009
|archive-date = December 23, 2009
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


A [[tornado]], estimated at F4 intensity on the [[Fujita scale]], struck Tuscumbia on November 22, 1874, damaging or destroying about a third of the town and killing 14 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |title=Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events |date=1993 |publisher=Environmental Films |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont |isbn=1-879362-03-1 |page=581}}</ref>
A [[tornado]], estimated at F4 intensity on the [[Fujita scale]], struck Tuscumbia on November 22, 1874, damaging or destroying about a third of the town and killing 14 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |title=Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events |date=1993 |publisher=Environmental Films |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont |isbn=1-879362-03-1 |page=581}}</ref>


In April 1894, three African Americans accused of planning to commit arson were taken from the Tuscumbia jail by a mob of 200 men and [[Lynching in the United States|lynched]], hanged from the bridge over the Tennessee River.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Triple Lynching at Tuscumbia|date = 23 April 1894|journal = The Atlanta Constitution}}</ref> The turn of the century period was the nadir of race relations in the South, with frequent violence by whites against African Americans to maintain white supremacy.
In April 1894, three African Americans accused of planning to commit arson were taken from the Tuscumbia jail by a mob of 200 men and [[Lynching in the United States|lynched]], hanged from the bridge over the Tennessee River.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Triple Lynching at Tuscumbia|date = April 23, 1894|journal = The Atlanta Constitution}}</ref> The turn of the century period was the nadir of race relations in the South, with frequent violence by whites against African Americans to maintain white supremacy.


===21st century===
===21st century===
Line 117: Line 111:


==Geography==
==Geography==
Tuscumbia is located northeast of the center of Colbert County at {{Coord|34|43|51|N|87|42|10|W|type:city}} (34.730839, -87.702854).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> It is bordered to the north by the city of [[Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield]] and to the northeast by the city of [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama|Muscle Shoals]]. The [[Tennessee River]] is {{convert|1|mi}} to the northwest.
Tuscumbia is located northeast of the center of Colbert County at {{Coord|34|43|51|N|87|42|10|W|type:city}} (34.730839, -87.702854).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> It is bordered to the north by the city of [[Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield]] and to the northeast by the city of [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama|Muscle Shoals]]. The [[Tennessee River]] is {{convert|1|mi}} to the northwest.


According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|22.8|sqkm|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|22.7|sqkm|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|0.1|sqkm|order=flip}}, or 0.50%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0177280| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212162247/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0177280| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tuscumbia city, Alabama| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref>
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|22.8|sqkm|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|22.7|sqkm|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|0.1|sqkm|order=flip}}, or 0.50%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0177280| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212162247/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0177280| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tuscumbia city, Alabama| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 9, 2014}}</ref>


===Climate===
===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate classification]], Tuscumbia has a [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical climate]] (abbreviated ''Cfa'').
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Tuscumbia has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (abbreviated ''Cfa'').


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Tuscumbia, 1991–2020 simulated normals (479 ft elevation)
|location = Tuscumbia, 1991–2020 simulated normals (479 ft elevation)
|collapsed =
|collapsed =
|single line = y
|single line = y
|precipitation colour =green
|precipitation colour =green
Line 220: Line 214:
===2020 census===
===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tuscumbia racial composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0177280&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=2021-12-13|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
|+Tuscumbia racial composition<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0177280&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 13, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Race
!Num.
!Num.
Line 252: Line 246:


===2010 census===
===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2010, there were 8,423 people, 3,704 households, and 2,279 families residing in the city.<ref name="2010census" /> The [[population density]] was {{convert|1076.3|PD/sqmi}}. There were 4,120 housing units at an average density of {{convert|520.7|/sqmi}}. The racial makeup of the city was 75.91% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 21.16% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.39% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.33% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.48% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.70% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.<ref name="2010census" />
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2010, there were 8,423 people, 3,704 households, and 2,279 families residing in the city.<ref name="2010census">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet- Tuscumbia city, Alabama |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=tuscumbia&_cityTown=tuscumbia&_state=04000US01&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212053156/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=tuscumbia&_cityTown=tuscumbia&_state=04000US01&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=January 21, 2010 |work=American Fast Facts |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[population density]] was {{convert|1076.3|PD/sqmi}}. There were 4,120 housing units at an average density of {{convert|520.7|/sqmi}}. The racial makeup of the city was 75.91% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 21.16% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.39% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.33% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.48% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.70% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.<ref name="2010census" />


There were 3,704 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65&nbsp;years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.81.<ref name="2010census" />
There were 3,704 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65&nbsp;years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.81.<ref name="2010census" />
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==Education==
==Education==
[[Tuscumbia City Schools]] and the Colbert County Board of Education provide public education for Tuscumbia. The following public schools are located in Tuscumbia:
[[Tuscumbia City Schools]] and the Colbert County Board of Education provide public education for Tuscumbia. The following public schools are located in Tuscumbia:
*Deshler Area Vocational Center (grades 9 through 12)
* Deshler Area Vocational Center (grades 9 through 12)
*Deshler High School (grades 9 through 12)
* Deshler High School (grades 9 through 12)
*Colbert Heights High School (grades 7 through 12)
* Colbert Heights High School (grades 7 through 12)
*Deshler Middle School (grades 6 through 8)
* Deshler Middle School (grades 6 through 8)
*Colbert Heights Elementary School (grades K through 6)
* Colbert Heights Elementary School (grades K through 6)
*New Bethel Elementary (grades K through 6)
* New Bethel Elementary (grades K through 6)
*R. E. Thompson Intermediate School (grades 3 through 5)
* R. E. Thompson Intermediate School (grades 3 through 5)
*G. W. Trenholm Primary School (grades K through 2)
* G. W. Trenholm Primary School (grades K through 2)


Private schools in Tuscumbia include Covenant Christian School (grades K through 12).
Private schools in Tuscumbia include Covenant Christian School (grades K through 12).
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==Media==
==Media==
Radio stations:
Radio stations:
*[[WVNA (AM)|WVNA]] 1590 AM ([[All-news radio|News]]/[[Talk radio|Talk]])
* [[WVNA (AM)|WVNA]] 1590 AM ([[All-news radio|News]]/[[Talk radio|Talk]])
*[[WZZA]] 1410 AM ([[Urban contemporary]])
* [[WZZA]] 1410 AM ([[Urban contemporary]])


==Major highways==
==Transportation==
===Major highways===
⚫
*[[Image:US 43.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 43]]
*[[Image:US 72.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 72]]
* [[Image:US 43.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 43]]
⚫
* [[Image:US 72.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 72]]

===Transit===
There is no fixed-route transit service in Tuscumbia. However, the Northwest Alabama Council of Local Governments operates a [[dial-a-ride]] transit service known as NACOLG Transit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nacolg.org/public-transit|title=NACOLG Transit|access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref>


== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==
*[[Cynthia Bailey]], model, actress, entrepreneur, and cast member of ''[[The Real Housewives of Atlanta]]''
* [[Cynthia Bailey]], model, actress, entrepreneur, and cast member of ''[[The Real Housewives of Atlanta]]''
*[[Beverly Barton]], [[novelist]]
* [[Beverly Barton]], novelist
*[[Deion Belue]], [[American football]] [[cornerback]]
* [[Deion Belue]], American football [[cornerback]]
*[[Archibald Hill Carmichael]], politician and U.S. Representative from 1933 to 1937
* [[Archibald Hill Carmichael]], politician and U.S. Representative from 1933 to 1937
*[[Mike Cooley (musician)|Mike Cooley]], guitarist for the [[alt-country]]/[[rock music|rock]] band [[Drive-By Truckers]]
* [[Mike Cooley (musician)|Mike Cooley]], guitarist for the alt-country/rock band [[Drive-By Truckers]]
*[[James Deshler]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]] during the [[American Civil War]]
* [[James Deshler]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Brigadier General (CSA)|brigadier general]] during the American Civil War
*[[Al Gamble]], [[session musician]]
* [[Al Gamble]], [[session musician]]
*[[Howell Thomas Heflin]], [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from Alabama (1979–97), [[Alabama Supreme Court]] Chief Justice (1971–77)
* [[Howell Thomas Heflin]], U.S. senator from Alabama (1979–97), [[Alabama Supreme Court]] Chief Justice (1971–77)
*[[Richard H. Jackson]], former four-star [[admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]]
* [[Richard H. Jackson]], former four-star admiral in the United States Navy
*[[Helen Keller]], [[deafblindness|deafblind]] author, [[activist]], [[lecturer]], and [[socialist]]
* [[Helen Keller]], [[deafblindness|deafblind]] author, activist, lecturer, and [[socialist]]
*[[Robert B. Lindsay]], 22nd [[Governor of Alabama]]
* [[Robert B. Lindsay]], 22nd [[Governor of Alabama]]
*[[Frank Manush]], former [[Major League Baseball]] [[third baseman]] for the [[Philadelphia Athletics]]
* [[Frank Manush]], former Major League Baseball [[third baseman]] for the [[Philadelphia Athletics]]
*[[Heinie Manush]], professional baseball player, elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]<ref name="The Baseball Encyclopedia">{{cite book |editor= Reichler, Joseph L. |title= The Baseball Encyclopedia |orig-year= 1969 |edition= 4th |year= 1979 |publisher= Macmillan Publishing |location= New York |isbn= 0-02-578970-8 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop00reic }}</ref>
* [[Heinie Manush]], professional baseball player, elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]<ref name="The Baseball Encyclopedia">{{cite book |editor= Reichler, Joseph L. |title= The Baseball Encyclopedia |orig-year= 1969 |edition= 4th |year= 1979 |publisher= Macmillan Publishing |location= New York |isbn= 0-02-578970-8 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/baseballencyclop00reic }}</ref>
*[[Jimmy Orr]], former [[National Football League]] [[wide receiver]]
* [[Jimmy Orr]], former National Football League [[wide receiver]]
*[[Margaret Pellegrini]], played one of the Munchkins in the movie ''The Wizard of Oz''
* [[Margaret Pellegrini]], played one of the Munchkins in the movie ''The Wizard of Oz''
*[[Billy Pettinger]], songwriter, painter and author
* [[Billy Pettinger]], songwriter, painter and author
*[[Will Reynolds]], [[mass murder]]er
* [[Will Reynolds]], mass murderer
*[[William Henry Sawtelle]], [[United States federal judge]] from 1931 to 1934
* [[William Henry Sawtelle]], [[United States federal judge]] from 1931 to 1934
*[[William H. Steele (judge)|William H. Steele]], member of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama]]
* [[William H. Steele (judge)|William H. Steele]], member of the [[U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama]]
*[[Larry Stutts]], [[State Senator]] whose patient's death inspired "Rose's Law"
* [[Larry Stutts]], State Senator whose patient's death inspired "Rose's Law"
* [[Bubba Underwood]], mayor of Tuscumbia and member of the [[Alabama House of Representatives]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerry Underwood |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kerry_Underwood |access-date=September 29, 2023 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Wilson D. Watson]], [[United States Marine Corps]] private who received the [[Medal of Honor]] for his actions on [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] during [[World War II]]
* [[Wilson D. Watson]], United States Marine Corps private who received the Medal of Honor for his actions on [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] during World War II


== References ==
== References ==
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* [http://immersiveimagingsolutions.com/tuscumbia.html Virtual Tour of Tuscumbia]
* [http://immersiveimagingsolutions.com/tuscumbia.html Virtual Tour of Tuscumbia]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/hh:@field(SUBJ+@od1(ALABAMA--Colbert+County--Tuscumbia)) American Memory's Built in America Collection] which has drawings, photographs, and descriptions of old homes and buildings in Tuscumbia
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/hh:@field(SUBJ+@od1(ALABAMA--Colbert+County--Tuscumbia)) American Memory's Built in America Collection] which has drawings, photographs, and descriptions of old homes and buildings in Tuscumbia
* [http://www.tuscumbia.k12.al.us/ Tuscumbia City Schools]


{{Colbert County, Alabama}}
{{Colbert County, Alabama}}
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{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


[[Category:Tuscumbia, Alabama|*]]
[[Category:Cities in Alabama]]
[[Category:Cities in Alabama]]
[[Category:Cities in Colbert County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Cities in Colbert County, Alabama]]

Revision as of 05:19, 11 November 2024

Not to be confused with Tuskegee, Alabama or Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Tuscumbia
City
Colbert County Courthouse in Tuscumbia
Colbert County Courthouse in Tuscumbia
Official seal of Tuscumbia
Seal
Nickname: 
"The Charm of the Shoals"
Location of Tuscumbia in Colbert County, Alabama.
Location of Tuscumbia in Colbert County, Alabama.
Coordinates: 34°43′51″N 87°42′10″W / 34.73083°N 87.70278°W / 34.73083; -87.70278
CountryUnited States
StateAlabama
CountyColbert
Settled1815
Incorporated (town)December 20, 1820[1]
Named forChief Tuscumbia
Government
 • TypeMayor-City Council
 • MayorKerry L. Underwood
Area
[2]
 • Total
9.26 sq mi (23.98 km2)
 • Land9.22 sq mi (23.87 km2)
 • Water0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2)
Elevation
[3]
427 ft (130 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
9,054
 • Density982.42/sq mi (379.30/km2)
DemonymTuscumbian
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
35674
Area codes256, 938
FIPS code01-77280
GNIS feature ID2405616[3]
Websitewww.cityoftuscumbia.org

Tuscumbia is a city in, and the county seat of, Colbert County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,054.[4] The city is part of The Shoals metropolitan area.

Tuscumbia was the hometown of Helen Keller, who lived at Ivy Green. Several sites in the city are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, especially in the Tuscumbia Historic District. The city is also the site of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.

History

When the Michael Dixon family arrived about 1816, they were the first European Americans to settle here. It was traditional territory of the Chickasaw people. The settlers traded with Chief Tucumseh for the Tuscumbia Valley and built their home at the head of the big spring. Other settlers joined them and there developed a village known as the Big Spring Community. The men of the community requested that the state legislature incorporate them as a city.[5] The town was incorporated in 1820 as Ococoposa, a Chickasaw word meaning 'dry watermelon'.[1] It is one of Alabama's oldest towns. In 1821, its name was changed to Big Spring[6] and on December 22, 1822, to Tuscumbia, after the Chief Rainmaker of the Chickasaw.[5][7][8]

Although shoals on the nearby Tennessee River made the river nearly impassable, a federal road completed in 1820 provided the area with good access to markets. Tuscumbia soon became the center for agriculture in northern Alabama.[8] A line to the town on the Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad was completed in 1832, and by 1850 Tuscumbia was a major railroad hub for train traffic throughout the South.[8]

From 1826 to the 1860s, the Tuscumbia Female Academy operated in Tuscumbia.[9] It was one of a number of private schools[citation needed] founded by planters and others wealthy enough to pay for the education of their sons and daughters. A public city school system was not established until 1855.[10]

During the Civil War, the railroad hub made Tuscumbia a target of the Union Army, which destroyed the railroad shops and other parts of the town. The Civil War resulted in the permanent closure of the Tuscumbia Female Academy.[9]

Tuscumbia was designated as the county seat for Colbert County in 1867.[11]

A tornado, estimated at F4 intensity on the Fujita scale, struck Tuscumbia on November 22, 1874, damaging or destroying about a third of the town and killing 14 people.[12]

In April 1894, three African Americans accused of planning to commit arson were taken from the Tuscumbia jail by a mob of 200 men and lynched, hanged from the bridge over the Tennessee River.[13] The turn of the century period was the nadir of race relations in the South, with frequent violence by whites against African Americans to maintain white supremacy.

21st century

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic resulted in the temporary closure of two tourist destinations: The Alabama Music Hall of Fame and Ivy Green at the beginning of the month of April 2020 to reduce social contact and help curb the spread of COVID-19.[14][15]

Geography

Tuscumbia is located northeast of the center of Colbert County at 34°43′51″N 87°42′10″W / 34.73083°N 87.70278°W / 34.73083; -87.70278 (34.730839, -87.702854).[16] It is bordered to the north by the city of Sheffield and to the northeast by the city of Muscle Shoals. The Tennessee River is 1 mile (1.6 km) to the northwest.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.8 km2), of which 8.8 square miles (22.7 km2) is land and 0.039 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.50%, is water.[17]

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Tuscumbia has a humid subtropical climate (abbreviated Cfa).

Climate data for Tuscumbia, 1991–2020 simulated normals (479 ft elevation)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 50.7
(10.4) 		55.0
(12.8) 		63.7
(17.6) 		72.9
(22.7) 		80.2
(26.8) 		87.3
(30.7) 		90.0
(32.2) 		89.8
(32.1) 		84.7
(29.3) 		74.7
(23.7) 		62.8
(17.1) 		53.6
(12.0) 		72.1
(22.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 40.8
(4.9) 		44.6
(7.0) 		52.2
(11.2) 		61.0
(16.1) 		69.4
(20.8) 		76.6
(24.8) 		79.9
(26.6) 		79.0
(26.1) 		73.2
(22.9) 		62.1
(16.7) 		50.7
(10.4) 		43.5
(6.4) 		61.1
(16.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 31.1
(−0.5) 		34.0
(1.1) 		40.8
(4.9) 		49.1
(9.5) 		58.6
(14.8) 		66.0
(18.9) 		69.8
(21.0) 		68.4
(20.2) 		61.9
(16.6) 		49.6
(9.8) 		38.8
(3.8) 		33.4
(0.8) 		50.1
(10.1)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.27
(133.78) 		5.28
(134.13) 		5.43
(137.96) 		5.24
(132.97) 		4.97
(126.14) 		4.82
(122.53) 		4.98
(126.47) 		4.24
(107.75) 		4.07
(103.26) 		3.66
(93.08) 		4.14
(105.14) 		6.08
(154.32) 		58.18
(1,477.53)
Average dew point °F (°C) 32.4
(0.2) 		35.1
(1.7) 		40.6
(4.8) 		49.3
(9.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		66.6
(19.2) 		70.3
(21.3) 		69.1
(20.6) 		63.1
(17.3) 		52.0
(11.1) 		41.4
(5.2) 		35.8
(2.1) 		51.2
(10.7)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[18]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18701,214—
18801,36912.8%
18902,49182.0%
19002,348−5.7%
19103,32441.6%
19203,85516.0%
19304,53317.6%
19405,51521.7%
19506,73422.1%
19608,99433.6%
19708,828−1.8%
19809,1373.5%
19908,413−7.9%
20007,856−6.6%
20108,4237.2%
20209,0547.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[19]

2020 census

Tuscumbia racial composition[4]
Race Num. Perc.
White (non-Hispanic) 6,375 70.41%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 1,991 21.99%
Native American 28 0.31%
Asian 16 0.18%
Other/Mixed 416 4.59%
Hispanic or Latino 228 2.52%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 9,054 people, 3,304 households, and 2,207 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the census[20] of 2010, there were 8,423 people, 3,704 households, and 2,279 families residing in the city.[21] The population density was 1,076.3 inhabitants per square mile (415.6/km2). There were 4,120 housing units at an average density of 520.7 per square mile (201.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.91% White, 21.16% Black or African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[21]

There were 3,704 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.81.[21]

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.64% under the age of 18, 6.20% from 18 to 24, 30.15% from 25 to 44, 19.50% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.6 males.[21]

The median income for a household in the city was $28,793, and the median income for a family was $39,831. Males had a median income of $32,159 versus $18,860 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,302. About 11.1% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 19.92% of those age 65 or over.[21]

Education

Tuscumbia City Schools and the Colbert County Board of Education provide public education for Tuscumbia. The following public schools are located in Tuscumbia:

  • Deshler Area Vocational Center (grades 9 through 12)
  • Deshler High School (grades 9 through 12)
  • Colbert Heights High School (grades 7 through 12)
  • Deshler Middle School (grades 6 through 8)
  • Colbert Heights Elementary School (grades K through 6)
  • New Bethel Elementary (grades K through 6)
  • R. E. Thompson Intermediate School (grades 3 through 5)
  • G. W. Trenholm Primary School (grades K through 2)

Private schools in Tuscumbia include Covenant Christian School (grades K through 12).

Media

Radio stations:

Transportation

Major highways

Transit

There is no fixed-route transit service in Tuscumbia. However, the Northwest Alabama Council of Local Governments operates a dial-a-ride transit service known as NACOLG Transit.[22]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b Acts Passed at the Second Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama. Ococoposa, Chickasaw which means dry watermelon Begun and held in the Town of Cahawba, on the first Monday in November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty (1820). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers in 1820. Page 94. "An Act to incorporate the town of Ococoposo in the County of Franklin...Approved, December 20, 1820."
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tuscumbia, Alabama
  4. ^ a b "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Deshler High School Yearbook, Tiger's Roar 1996, Volume LXVI, 175 Years Ago by John McWilliams. pg. 51
  6. ^ Acts Passed at the Called Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama Begun and Held in the Town of Cahawba, on the First Monday in June, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty One (1821). Cahawba, Alabama: Printed by Allen & Brickell, State Printers. Reprint by Statute Law Book Co., Washington, D.C. Nov. 1913. Page 40. "To change the name of Ococoposa, and for other purposes...Approved, June 14, 1821" Archived December 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Acts Passed at the Fourth Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, Begun and Held at the Town of Cahawba, On the third Monday of November, one thousand eight hundred and twenty two (1822). Cahawba, Alabama. Printed by William B. Allen and Co., Printers to the State. Jan. 1823. Page 131. "Act - Changing the name of Big-Spring in Franklin County...Approved, Dec. 31, 1822."
  8. ^ a b c Thornton, Linda (December 10, 2009). "Tuscumbia". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  9. ^ a b I. M. E. Blandin, History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860, (New York: Washington, Neale Pub. Co., 1909), pp. 64–65.
  10. ^ "About Us". Tuscambia City School District. Finalsite. 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  11. ^ "Our History". City of Tuscumbia Web site. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  12. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. p. 581. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  13. ^ "Triple Lynching at Tuscumbia". The Atlanta Constitution. April 23, 1894.
  14. ^ "Alabama Music Hall of Fame closed during pandemic". WAFF. April 11, 2020.
  15. ^ "Popular Tuscumbia tourist attraction closed during COVID-19 pandemic". WAFF. April 5, 2020.
  16. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  17. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tuscumbia city, Alabama". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  18. ^ "PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University". Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering (NACSE), based at Oregon State University. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  19. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  20. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Fact Sheet- Tuscumbia city, Alabama". American Fast Facts. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  22. ^ "NACOLG Transit". Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  23. ^ Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) [1969]. The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-578970-8.
  24. ^ "Kerry Underwood". Ballotpedia. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
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