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{{Short description|Chess opening}}
{{Infobox chess opening
{{Infobox chess opening
| openingname = Sokolsky Opening
| openingname = Sokolsky Opening
| image = {{Chess diagram|=||
| image = {{Chess diagram||
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
⚫
|=
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|=
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |=
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |=
| |pl| | | | | |
| |pl| | | | | | |=
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |=
|pl| |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|pl| |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|=
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
⚫
}}
⚫
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
⚫
| moves = 1. b4
⚫
|}}
⚫
| ECO = A00
⚫
|moves = 1. b4
⚫
| birth =
⚫
|ECO = A00
⚫
| nameorigin = [[Alexei Sokolsky|Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky]]
⚫
|birth =
| AKA = Polish Opening<br />Orangutan
⚫
|nameorigin = [[Alexei Sokolsky|Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky]]
⚫
| chessgid = 370842&move=1.5&moves=b4
|parentopening = [[Irregular chess opening]]
|AKA = Orangutan Opening<br />Polish Opening <br />Hunt Opening
⚫
|chessgid = 370842&move=1.5&moves=b4
}}
}}


The '''Sokolsky Opening''' (also known as the '''Orangutan''', '''Polish''', or '''Hunt Opening''') is an uncommon [[chess opening]] that begins with the move:
The '''Sokolsky Opening''', also known as the '''Orangutan''' and the ''' Polish Opening''', is an uncommon [[chess opening]] that begins with the move:
⚫
: 1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. b4|b4]]


⚫
According to various databases, out of the twenty possible first moves from White, the move 1.b4 ranks ninth in popularity.<ref>See for example [http://www.chesslive.de/ ChessBase] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228183643/http://www.chesslive.de/ |date=2009-02-28 }}, [http://www.365chess.com/opening.php 365chess opening explorer], and [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer ChessGames.com opening explorer]</ref> It is considered an [[Irregular chess openings|irregular opening]], so it is classified under the A00 code in the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]''.
⚫
:1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. b4|b4]]
⚫
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}


==Origins==
⚫
According to various databases, out of the twenty possible first moves from White, the move 1.b4 ranks ninth in popularity.<ref>See for example [http://www.chesslive.de/ ChessBase], [http://www.365chess.com/opening.php 365chess opening explorer], and [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer ChessGames.com opening explorer]</ref> It is considered an [[Irregular chess openings|irregular opening]], so it is classified under the A00 code in the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' (ECO).
One of the earliest opening plays of b4 was by [[Bernhard Fleissig]] playing against [[Carl Schlechter]] in 1893, although Fleissig was handily defeated in just 18 moves.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/SamCopeland/schlechter-wins-an-immortal-vs-1-b4-best-of-the-pre-1900s-fleissig-vs-schlechter-1893 |title=Schlechter Wins An Immortal vs. 1.b4 - Best of the pre-1900s - Fleissig vs. Schlechter, 1893 |last=Copeland |first=Sam |date=August 20, 2022 |website=[[Chess.com]] }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lapshun|Conticello|2008|p=5}} Sources conflict on the date; some say the game was in 1895.</ref> [[Nikolai Bugaev]] defeated former world champion [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] with it in a [[Simultaneous exhibition|simul exhibition game]], and later published an analysis of the opening in 1903 in a Russian magazine article. [[Savielly Tartakower]] defeated [[Richard Réti]] using b4 in a match in 1919 when both were top-level players,<ref>{{harvnb|Lapshun|Conticello|2008|pp=12–13}}</ref> and Reti himself defeated [[Abraham Speijer]] in [[Scheveningen]] 1923 using the opening.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Reti vs Abraham Speijer |publisher=Chessgames.com |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1279671 |accessdate=September 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="danelishen" />
⚫
{{chess notation|pos=toc}}


⚫
The most famous use came in a game between Tartakower and [[Géza Maróczy]] at the [[New York 1924 chess tournament]] on March 21, 1924.<ref>{{cite web |title=Savielly Tartakower vs Geza Maroczy |publisher=Chessgames.com |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094341 |accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> The name "The Orangutan" originates from that game: the players visited the [[Bronx Zoo]] the previous day,<ref>Some sources indicate it was the [[Central Park Zoo]] instead. Tartakower simply said the "New York Zoo" in his book, leaving the matter unclear. Sources indicating it was specifically the Central Park Zoo include {{harvnb|Lapshun|Conticello|2008|p=6}} and {{harvnb|Hansen|2021|loc=History of the Orangutan Opening}}.</ref> where Tartakower consulted an [[orangutan]] named Susan. She somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4. Also, Tartakower was impressed with the climbing skills of the orangutan, and thought that the "climb" of the b-pawn was similar. In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was ultimately drawn.<ref>Weinreb, Michael. "Kings of New York". Gotham Books. 2007</ref><ref name="danelishen">Danelishen, Gary; M. "The Final Theory of Chess". Phillidore Press 2008 {{ISBN|978-0981567709}}. pp. 15-16.</ref>
⚫
==Details==
The opening has never been popular at the top level, though a number of prominent players have employed it on occasion (for example, [[Richard Réti]] against Abraham Speijer in [[Scheveningen]] 1923 and [[Boris Spassky]] against [[Vasily Smyslov]] in the 1960 Moscow–[[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] match). [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] player [[Alexey Sokolsky|Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky]] (1908–69) wrote a monograph on this opening in 1963, ''Debyut 1 b2–b4''.


The opening received sporadic play in the decades that followed. Tartakower had more success in 1926 when he used it against [[Edgard Colle]] for a victory.<ref name="lapshun14">{{harvnb|Lapshun|Conticello|2008|pp=14–15}}</ref> One of the most notable proponents was the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] player [[Alexey Sokolsky|Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky]] (1908–1969), who often used it in high-level play. Sokolsky wrote a monograph on the opening in 1963, ''Debyut 1 b2–b4'', which would lead to the opening being called the "Sokolsky Opening". Sokolsky's work defended the viability of the opening even at the highest levels of professional play.<ref name="lapshun14" />
⚫
Perhaps its most famous use came in the game [[Savielly Tartakower|Tartakower]] versus [[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], in the [[New York 1924 chess tournament]] on March 21, 1924.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094341 |title=Savielly Tartakower vs Geza Maroczy |accessdate=2008-01-20 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=Chessgames.com}}</ref> The name "Orangutan Opening" originates from that game: the players visited the [[Bronx Zoo]] the previous day, where Tartakower consulted an [[orangutan]] named Susan, and she somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4. Also Tartakower noted that the climbing movement of the pawn to b5 reminded him of the orangutan. In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was drawn.<ref>Weinreb, Michael. "Kings of New York". Gotham Books. 2007</ref><ref>Danelishen, Gary; M. “The Final Theory of Chess”. Phillidore Press 2008 ISBN 978-0981567709</ref> Alekhine, who played in the tournament and wrote a book on it, said that 1.b4 was an old move, and that the problem is that it reveals White’s intentions, before White knows what Black’s intentions are.<ref>Alekhine, Alexander. “New York 1924”. Russell Enterprises, Inc. 2009 p. 64 ISBN 978-1888690484</ref>


The final term, and the one used in contemporary books and chess websites such as [[Chess.com]] and [[Lichess]], is the Polish Opening. This is by analogy to the [[Polish Defense]] (1. d4 b5), where Black's Queen's Knight pawn is advanced two spaces.<ref name="danelishen" />
⚫
The opening is largely based upon tactics on the [[queenside]] or the f6- and g7-squares. Black can respond in a variety of ways: For example, Black can make a claim on the centre (which White's first move ignores) with 1...d5 (possibly followed by 2.Bb2 Qd6, attacking b4 and supporting e7–e5),<ref>{{Cite web | last=Martin | first=Andrew | title=How To Meet The Polish & Grob | year=2004 | url=http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_bits_pieces/041001_h_t_,mt_plsh_grb.html | publisher=www.jeremysilman.com | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> 1...e5 or 1...f5. Less ambitious moves like 1...Nf6, 1...c6 (called the Outflank Variation, preparing ...Qb6 or ...a5), and 1...e6 are also reasonable. Rarer attempts have been made with 1...a5 or 1...c5. Black's reply 1...e6 is usually followed by ...d5, ...Nf6 and an eventual ...c5. After 1.b4 e5 it is normal for White to ignore the attack on the b-pawn and play 2.Bb2, when 2...d6, 2...f6, and 2...Bxb4 are all playable. After 1...a5 White will most likely play 2.b5 and take advantage of Black's queenside weakness. Black's 1...c5 is much sharper and more aggressive and is normally used to avoid theory. After the capture Black will generally place pressure on the c5-square and will develop an attack against White's weak queenside structure.

==Notable later usage==
In general, the opening is not popular at the top level. [[Alexander Alekhine]], who played in the same 1924 New York tournament as Tartakower and the Orangutan game, wrote that the problem is that it reveals White's intentions before White knows what Black's intentions are.<ref>Alekhine, Alexander. "New York 1924". Russell Enterprises, Inc. 2009 p. 64 {{ISBN|978-1888690484}}</ref> That said, it still sees sporadic use among top level grandmasters. [[Boris Spassky]] used it against [[Vasily Smyslov]] in a 1960 match, albeit having to settle for a draw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boris Spassky vs Vasily Smyslov |publisher=Chessgames.com |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1125892 |accessdate=September 23, 2023}}</ref> In May 2021, world champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] essayed the opening against GMs [[Hikaru Nakamura]] and [[Wesley So]] in the online [[Champions Chess Tour 2021#FTX Crypto Cup|FTX Crypto Cup]] rapid tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/magnus-carlsen-wins-absolutely-insane-ftx-crypto-cup-final |title=Magnus Carlsen wins "absolutely insane" FTX Crypto Cup final|publisher=[[Chess24]]|accessdate=2021-06-01}}</ref>

⚫
==Details==
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
⚫
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd| |nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |bl| | |
| |bd| | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl| |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
⚫
|rl|nl| |ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|After 1.b4 e5 2. Bb2 Bxb4 3. Bxe5 (Exchange variation)
}}
⚫
The opening is largely based upon tactics on the {{chessgloss|queenside}} or the f6- and g7-squares. Black can respond in a variety of ways: For example, a common response is for Black to make a claim on the {{chessgloss|centre}}, which White's first move ignores, with 1...e5 (it is normal for White to ignore the attack on the b-pawn and play 2.Bb2, where 2...d6, 2...f6, and 2...Bxb4 are all playable), 1...d5 (possibly followed by 2.Bb2 Qd6, attacking b4 and supporting ...e7–e5),<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=How To Meet The Polish & Grob |publisher=www.jeremysilman.com |url=http://jeremysilman.com/chess_bits_pieces/041001_h_t_,mt_plsh_grb.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419182118/http://jeremysilman.com/chess_bits_pieces/041001_h_t_,mt_plsh_grb.html |archivedate=2012-04-19}}</ref> or 1...f5. Less ambitious moves like 1...Nf6, 1...c6 (called the Outflank Variation, preparing ...Qb6 or ...a5), and 1...e6 are also reasonable. Rarer attempts have been made with 1...a5 or 1...c5. Black's reply 1...e6 is usually followed by ...d5, ...Nf6 and an eventual ...c5. After 1...a5 White will most likely play 2.b5 and take advantage of Black's queenside weakness. Black's 1...c5 is much sharper and more aggressive and is normally used to avoid theory. After the capture Black will generally place pressure on the c5-square and will develop an attack against White's weak queenside structure at the cost of an inferior central position.

==Named variations==
* 1…b5 (Symmetrical Variation)
** 2.a4 (Queen's Knight's Gambit)
* 1...c5 (Birmingham Gambit)
* 1...c6 (Outflank Variation)
* 1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4 (Schuhler Gambit)
* 1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4 (Myers Variation)
* 1...d5 2.Bb2 Qd6 3.a3 e5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Nd4 Nf6 6.c4! dxc4 7.e3 Be7 8.Bxc4 O-O 9.Nc3 (German Defense)
* 1...e5 2.a3 (Bugayev Attack)
* 1...e5 2.Bb2 c5 (Wolferts Gambit)
* 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (Tartakower Gambit)
* 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 4.Bc4 Nc6 5.f4 Qe7 6.f5 g6 (Brinckmann Variation)
* 1...Na6 (Bucker Defense Kingsley Variation)
* 1...Nc6 (Grigorian Variation)
* 1...Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4 (Polish Spike)
* 1...Nh6 (Karniewski Variation)


==See also==
==See also==
Line 40: Line 76:


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}
'''Notes'''
⚫
{{reflist|40em}}


'''Bibliography'''
==Bibliography==
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Dunnington |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Dunnington |year=2000 |title=Winning Unorthodox Openings |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=978-1-85744-285-4}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | authorlink=David Vincent Hooper|last=Hooper|first=David |coauthors=Kenneth Whyld | title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]] | publisher=Oxford University | year=1996 | isbn=0-19-280049-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Carsten |year=2021 |title=Play the Orangutan 1.b4! |publisher=CarstenChess |isbn=978-87-93812-64-2}}
⚫
*[[Jerzy Konikowski|Konikowski, Jerzy]]; Soszynski, Marek: ''The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 in Theory & Practice''. Russell Enterprises, Milford USA 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-888690-65-1}}
⚫
*{{Cite book | last=Dunnington | first=Angus | author-link=Angus Dunnington | year=2000 | title=Winning Unorthodox Openings | publisher=Everyman Chess | isbn=978-1-85744-285-4 | postscript=<!--None--> }}
*{{cite book | author=[[Eric Schiller]] | year=2002 | edition=Second | title=Unorthodox Chess Openings | publisher=Cardoza | isbn=1-58042-072-9 }} p.&nbsp;354-357
*{{cite book |last1=Lapshun |first1=Yury |last2=Conticello |first2=Nick |year=2008 |title=Play 1b4!: Shock your opponents with the Sokolsky |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=978-1-85744-560-2}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book | author=Yury Lapshun | coauthors=Nick Conticello | title=Play 1b4!: Shock your opponents with the Sokolsky | publisher=Everyman Chess | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-85744-560-2}}
|last=Schiller
⚫
*[[Jerzy Konikowski]] und Marek Soszynski: ''The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 in Theory & Practice''. Russell Enterprises, Milford USA 2009, ISBN 978-1-888690-65-1
|first=Eric
{{refend}}
|authorlink=Eric Schiller
|year=2002
|title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |edition=Second
|publisher=[[Avery Cardoza#Cardoza Publishing|Cardoza Publishing]]
|isbn=1-58042-072-9
|pages=354–57}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. b4|Sokolsky Opening}}
{{wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. b4|Sokolsky Opening}}
* [http://www.b2b4.eu 1. b4 variations and games by Marek Trokenheim (Marek's 1.b4 Encyclopaedia)]
*[http://www.365chess.com/eco/A00_Polish_(Sokolsky)_opening ECO A00: Polish (Sokolsky) opening]
* [https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/1b4b5.html "The Chess Moves 1 b4 and 1...b5"] by Edward Winter
*[http://www.algonet.se/~marek/system-algonet.htm 1. b4 variations and games]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/home/bstjean/sokolsky/ Sokolsky]
* [https://www.angelfire.com/home/bstjean/sokolsky/ Sokolsky] a web site dedicated to the Sokolsky opening

*[http://studimonetari.org/edg/birmingham.html Opening Report. Birmingham Gambit: 1.b4 c5 (148 games)]
{{White's twenty opening moves in chess}}
*[http://studimonetari.org/edg/orangutang.html Opening Report. Tartakower Gambit: 1.b4 e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (783 games)]


[[Category:Chess openings]]
[[Category:Chess openings]]

Latest revision as of 06:14, 11 November 2024

Sokolsky Opening
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
e7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
b4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
e2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white king
f1 white bishop
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Moves1. b4
ECOA00
Named afterAlexei Pavlovich Sokolsky
Synonym(s)Polish Opening
Orangutan

The Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Orangutan and the Polish Opening, is an uncommon chess opening that begins with the move:

1. b4

According to various databases, out of the twenty possible first moves from White, the move 1.b4 ranks ninth in popularity.[1] It is considered an irregular opening, so it is classified under the A00 code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

Origins

[edit]

One of the earliest opening plays of b4 was by Bernhard Fleissig playing against Carl Schlechter in 1893, although Fleissig was handily defeated in just 18 moves.[2][3] Nikolai Bugaev defeated former world champion Wilhelm Steinitz with it in a simul exhibition game, and later published an analysis of the opening in 1903 in a Russian magazine article. Savielly Tartakower defeated Richard Réti using b4 in a match in 1919 when both were top-level players,[4] and Reti himself defeated Abraham Speijer in Scheveningen 1923 using the opening.[5][6]

The most famous use came in a game between Tartakower and Géza Maróczy at the New York 1924 chess tournament on March 21, 1924.[7] The name "The Orangutan" originates from that game: the players visited the Bronx Zoo the previous day,[8] where Tartakower consulted an orangutan named Susan. She somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4. Also, Tartakower was impressed with the climbing skills of the orangutan, and thought that the "climb" of the b-pawn was similar. In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was ultimately drawn.[9][6]

The opening received sporadic play in the decades that followed. Tartakower had more success in 1926 when he used it against Edgard Colle for a victory.[10] One of the most notable proponents was the Soviet player Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky (1908–1969), who often used it in high-level play. Sokolsky wrote a monograph on the opening in 1963, Debyut 1 b2–b4, which would lead to the opening being called the "Sokolsky Opening". Sokolsky's work defended the viability of the opening even at the highest levels of professional play.[10]

The final term, and the one used in contemporary books and chess websites such as Chess.com and Lichess, is the Polish Opening. This is by analogy to the Polish Defense (1. d4 b5), where Black's Queen's Knight pawn is advanced two spaces.[6]

Notable later usage

[edit]

In general, the opening is not popular at the top level. Alexander Alekhine, who played in the same 1924 New York tournament as Tartakower and the Orangutan game, wrote that the problem is that it reveals White's intentions before White knows what Black's intentions are.[11] That said, it still sees sporadic use among top level grandmasters. Boris Spassky used it against Vasily Smyslov in a 1960 match, albeit having to settle for a draw.[12] In May 2021, world champion Magnus Carlsen essayed the opening against GMs Hikaru Nakamura and Wesley So in the online FTX Crypto Cup rapid tournament.[13]

Details

[edit]
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
e5 white bishop
b4 black bishop
a2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
e2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
d1 white queen
e1 white king
f1 white bishop
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
After 1.b4 e5 2. Bb2 Bxb4 3. Bxe5 (Exchange variation)

The opening is largely based upon tactics on the queenside or the f6- and g7-squares. Black can respond in a variety of ways: For example, a common response is for Black to make a claim on the centre, which White's first move ignores, with 1...e5 (it is normal for White to ignore the attack on the b-pawn and play 2.Bb2, where 2...d6, 2...f6, and 2...Bxb4 are all playable), 1...d5 (possibly followed by 2.Bb2 Qd6, attacking b4 and supporting ...e7–e5),[14] or 1...f5. Less ambitious moves like 1...Nf6, 1...c6 (called the Outflank Variation, preparing ...Qb6 or ...a5), and 1...e6 are also reasonable. Rarer attempts have been made with 1...a5 or 1...c5. Black's reply 1...e6 is usually followed by ...d5, ...Nf6 and an eventual ...c5. After 1...a5 White will most likely play 2.b5 and take advantage of Black's queenside weakness. Black's 1...c5 is much sharper and more aggressive and is normally used to avoid theory. After the capture Black will generally place pressure on the c5-square and will develop an attack against White's weak queenside structure at the cost of an inferior central position.

Named variations

[edit]
  • 1…b5 (Symmetrical Variation)
    • 2.a4 (Queen's Knight's Gambit)
  • 1...c5 (Birmingham Gambit)
  • 1...c6 (Outflank Variation)
  • 1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4 (Schuhler Gambit)
  • 1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4 (Myers Variation)
  • 1...d5 2.Bb2 Qd6 3.a3 e5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Nd4 Nf6 6.c4! dxc4 7.e3 Be7 8.Bxc4 O-O 9.Nc3 (German Defense)
  • 1...e5 2.a3 (Bugayev Attack)
  • 1...e5 2.Bb2 c5 (Wolferts Gambit)
  • 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (Tartakower Gambit)
  • 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 4.Bc4 Nc6 5.f4 Qe7 6.f5 g6 (Brinckmann Variation)
  • 1...Na6 (Bucker Defense Kingsley Variation)
  • 1...Nc6 (Grigorian Variation)
  • 1...Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4 (Polish Spike)
  • 1...Nh6 (Karniewski Variation)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ See for example ChessBase Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, 365chess opening explorer, and ChessGames.com opening explorer
  2. ^ Copeland, Sam (August 20, 2022). "Schlechter Wins An Immortal vs. 1.b4 - Best of the pre-1900s - Fleissig vs. Schlechter, 1893". Chess.com.
  3. ^ Lapshun & Conticello 2008, p. 5 Sources conflict on the date; some say the game was in 1895.
  4. ^ Lapshun & Conticello 2008, pp. 12–13
  5. ^ "Richard Reti vs Abraham Speijer". Chessgames.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Danelishen, Gary; M. "The Final Theory of Chess". Phillidore Press 2008 ISBN 978-0981567709. pp. 15-16.
  7. ^ "Savielly Tartakower vs Geza Maroczy". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  8. ^ Some sources indicate it was the Central Park Zoo instead. Tartakower simply said the "New York Zoo" in his book, leaving the matter unclear. Sources indicating it was specifically the Central Park Zoo include Lapshun & Conticello 2008, p. 6 and Hansen 2021, History of the Orangutan Opening.
  9. ^ Weinreb, Michael. "Kings of New York". Gotham Books. 2007
  10. ^ a b Lapshun & Conticello 2008, pp. 14–15
  11. ^ Alekhine, Alexander. "New York 1924". Russell Enterprises, Inc. 2009 p. 64 ISBN 978-1888690484
  12. ^ "Boris Spassky vs Vasily Smyslov". Chessgames.com. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  13. ^ "Magnus Carlsen wins "absolutely insane" FTX Crypto Cup final". Chess24. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  14. ^ Martin, Andrew (2004). "How To Meet The Polish & Grob". www.jeremysilman.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

Bibliography

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The Wikibook Chess Opening Theory has a page on the topic of: Sokolsky Opening
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