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{{short description|Lebanese politician}}
{{short description|Lebanese politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ibrahim|Eddé|lang=Lebanese}}
{{Infobox office holder
{{Infobox officeholder
|caption = Portrait of Émile Eddé
| caption = Official portrait of Émile Eddé
⚫
| name = Émile Eddé
| native_name = {{nobold|إميل إدّه}}
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
⚫
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of Merit (Lebanon)|OM]], [[National Order of the Cedar|ONC]]
⚫
| name = Émile Eddé
| image = Émile Eddé Official portrait.jpg
⚫
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of Merit (Lebanon)|OM]], [[National Order of the Cedar|ONC]]
⚫
| office1 = [[President of Lebanon]]
|image = [[File:Émile Eddé 2.png|200px]]
⚫
| office1 = [[President of Lebanon]]
| term_start2 = 20 January 1936
| term_start2 = 20 January 1936
| term_end2 = 4 April 1941
| term_end2 = 4 April 1941
| predecessor2 = [[Habib Pacha Saad]]
| predecessor2 = [[Habib Pacha Saad]]
| successor2 = [[Alfred Georges Naccache]]
| successor2 = [[Alfred Georges Naccache]]
| primeminister2 = [[Khayreddin al-Ahdab]]<br/>[[Khaled Chehab]]<br/>[[Abdallah Yafi]]<br/>[[Abdallah Beyhum]]
| primeminister2 = [[Khayreddin al-Ahdab]]<br/>[[Khaled Chehab]]<br/>[[Abdallah Yafi]]<br/>[[Abdallah Beyhum]]
| status1 = Disputed
| status1 =
| term_start1 = 11 November 1943
| term_start1 = 11 November 1943
| term_end1 = 22 November 1943
| term_end1 = 22 November 1943
| predecessor1 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| successor1 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| successor1 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| office3 = [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]
| office3 = [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]
| term_start3 = 11 October 1929
| term_start3 = 11 October 1929
| term_end3 = 25 March 1930
| term_end3 = 25 March 1930
| predecessor3 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| predecessor3 = [[Bechara El Khoury]]
| successor3 = [[Auguste Adib Pacha]]
| successor3 = [[Auguste Adib Pacha]]
| president3 = [[Charles Debbas]]
| president3 = [[Charles Debbas]]
| office4 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon]]
| office4 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon]]
| term_start4 = 21 October 1924
| term_start4 = 21 October 1924
| term_end4 = 13 January 1925
| term_end4 = 13 January 1925
| predecessor4 = [[Naum Labaki]]
| predecessor4 = [[Naoum Labaki]]
| successor4 = [[Moussa Namour]]
| successor4 = [[Moussa Namour]]
| president4 = [[Charles Debbas]]
| president4 = [[Charles Debbas]]
| prime_minister4 =
| prime_minister4 =
| citizenship = [[Ottoman Empire]] (1883–1918)<br>[[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] (1918–1920)<br>[[Greater Lebanon]] (1920–1943)<br>[[Lebanon]] (1943–1949)
| citizenship = [[Ottoman Empire]] (1883–1918)<br>[[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] (1918–1920)<br>[[Greater Lebanon]] (1920–1943)<br>[[Lebanon]] (1943–1949)
| birth_name = Émile Ibrahim Eddé
|birth_date = 5 May 1883
| birth_date = 5 May 1883
|birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria Vilayet]]
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Ottoman Syria]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
|death_place = [[Sawfar]], Lebanon
| death_place = [[Sawfar]], Lebanon
|death_date = 27 September 1949
| death_date = 27 September 1949
|children = 3, including [[Raymond Eddé|Raymond]]
| children = 3, including [[Raymond Eddé|Raymond]]
|residence= [[Alexandria]] (1915–1918)
| residence = [[Alexandria]] (1915–1918)
|party = [[National Bloc (Lebanon)|National Bloc]]
| party = [[National Bloc (Lebanon)|National Bloc]]
|education = [[Saint Joseph University]]<br>[[Aix-Marseille University]] (PhD in law)
| education = [[Saint Joseph University]]<br>[[Aix-Marseille University]] (PhD in law)
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
}}
'''Émile Ibrahim Eddé''' ({{lang-ar|إميل إبراهيم إدّه|translit=Īmeel Ibrāhīm Īddei}}; 5 May 1886 – 28 September 1949) was a Lebanese Maronite Christian lawyer and politician who served as the [[President of Lebanon]] from 1943 to 1952.
'''Émile Eddé''' ({{langx|ar|إميل إدّه|translit=Imīl Iddah}}; 5 May 1886 – 28 September 1949) was a Lebanese lawyer and politician who served twice as the [[President of Lebanon]].


== Early years ==
==Early life and education==
Eddé is a member of a family that originates from [[Beirut]] which participated in the Lebanese politics mainly during the [[Ma'n dynasty|Ma'anids]] and [[Shihab dynasty|Shihabs]] rule. He was born in Damascus, where his father, Ibrahim Eddé, was working as a translator in the French Consulate. He attended [[Saint Joseph University]], and moved to France to study law in Aix-en-Provence, in 1902, and graduated three years later. Because of his father's health conditions, he was forced to return to Beirut in 1909, before submitting his doctoral thesis. In 1912, he was appointed as a lawyer for the French Consulate in Beirut.
Émile Eddé was a member of a [[Maronite]] Christian family that originated from [[Beirut]] which participated in the Lebanese politics mainly during the [[Ma'n dynasty|Ma'anids]] and [[Shihab dynasty|Shihabs]] rule. He was born in Damascus, where his father, Ibrahim Eddé, was working as a translator in the French Consulate. He attended [[Saint Joseph University]], and moved to France to study law in Aix-en-Provence, in 1902, and graduated three years later. Because of his father’s health conditions, he was forced to return to Beirut in 1909, before submitting his doctoral thesis. In 1912, he was appointed as a lawyer for the French Consulate in Beirut.


Before the First World War, he sought to separate Mount Lebanon from the Ottoman Empire, for which he was sentenced to death. However, Edde was able to escape and took refuge in Alexandria. He participated in the establishment of the Eastern Unit in the French Army, which consisted of Lebanese and Syrian volunteers. During this period, he maintained contacts, with the French authorities, via his brother Joseph, residing in France.
Before the First World War, he sought to separate Mount Lebanon from the Ottoman Empire, for which he was sentenced to death. However, Edde was able to escape and took refuge in Alexandria. He participated in the establishment of the Eastern Unit in the French Army, which consisted of Lebanese and Syrian volunteers. During this period, he maintained contacts, with the French authorities, via his brother Joseph, residing in France.


== Politial career ==
== Political career ==
He was elected as a member of the first Lebanese delegation to the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] that was formed on 9 October 1918, and was also appointed to the third Lebanese delegation formed in January 1920 under the chairmanship of Bishop Abdullah Khoury. The workmanship he demonstrated enabled him to make historical achievements on the level of the Lebanese national entity. Eddé urged the board of directors in Mount Lebanon – on the eve of the second delegation's departure, headed by [[Elias Peter Hoayek|Patriarch Elias Hoayek]] – to issue a decision demanding the recovery of territories taken from Lebanon. Émile Eddé signed memoranda and petitions in the framework of his activity within the third delegation, and faced the French current calling for Syrian federalism after the Faisal - Clemenceau agreement and the Zionists’ demands in a meeting attended by the third delegation under the chairmanship of Archbishop Abdullah Khoury and Weizmann, saying that Zionism aims to annex southern Lebanon up to the Litani to Palestine, which is rejected by the Lebanese people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=قانون الإنتخابات |url=https://www.nationalbloc.org/electoral_law |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=الكتلة الوطنية |language=ar}}</ref> Eddé served as the [[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon|speaker of the Parliament]] from October 1924 to January 1925,<ref name="lbparliament">{{in lang|ar}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801045413/https://www.lp.gov.lb/CustomPage.aspx?id=40&masterId=1 Republic of Lebanon – House of Representatives History]</ref>
During the period of the French Mandate in which the Republic of Lebanon functioned under the authority of a French High Commissioner, Eddé served as the [[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon|speaker of the Parliament]] from October 1924 to January 1925,<ref name="lbparliament">{{in lang|ar}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801045413/https://www.lp.gov.lb/CustomPage.aspx?id=40&masterId=1 Republic of Lebanon - House of Representatives History]</ref> [[prime minister of Lebanon]] from 11 October 1929 to 25 March 1930 and as the [[president of Lebanon]] from 1936 to 1941. On 11 November 1943, following the act of the Lebanese legislature in abolishing the Mandate, the High Commissioner installed Eddé as President. Ten days later, however, under pressure from France's other Allies in World War II, the French removed Eddé from office and restored the government of [[Bechara El Khoury]] on 21 November. <ref> [[James Barr (author)|James Barr]], ''A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) pp244-250 </ref>, and briefly in 1943.<ref name=Ghhgbjlwire25may>{{cite news|title=Profiles of Lebanon's presidents since independence|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/0805MLN/08052502AGC.asp|accessdate=21 March 2013|newspaper=Lebanon Wire|date=25 May 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120060845/http://lebanonwire.com/0805MLN/08052502AGC.asp|archivedate=20 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also founded and led the [[Lebanese National Bloc]] party. He was succeeded as party leader by his son [[Raymond Eddé]].

Emile Eddé was [[1936 Lebanese presidential election|elected President]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Semaan |first=Eid |title=Raymond Edde: A Conscience that will not die |pages=43}}</ref> of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese Republic]] in 1936 and signed during his term the [[Lebanese Independence Day|Franco-Lebanese Treaty]] which provides for granting Lebanon its independence 5 years after ratifying the same. Nonetheless, the French government refused to ratify it thereafter.

He also developed during his presidential term the currently prevailing practice of nominating a Muslim [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] as Lebanese Prime Minister.

He ran in the [[1943 Lebanese general election|elections of 1943]] against the list of Sheikh [[Bechara El Khoury]], and issued an electoral statement on 9 August 1943, which became as a program for the Lebanese National Bloc. It was summarized in several points, chief among which are Lebanon's full democratic independence, Lebanon's attachment to the [[United Nations]]’ cause (which will replace the [[League of Nations]]), closer friendly ties with fraternal countries on the basis of mutual respect and full sovereignty, respect for all religions, equality between the Lebanese in terms of civil and political rights, equitable representation in public office based on competency, reform of the State's public administration, dissemination and mainstreaming of education, development of agriculture, industry and trade, safeguarding the Lebanese expatriates’ interests, bringing together all the Lebanese regardless of their different sects in a united nation – the Lebanese homeland. During that period, incidents succeeded each other and dangers exacerbated, rendering it necessary for Émile Eddé to establish a party that takes charge of defending Lebanon and conveying his ideas. Therefore, three deputies from his bloc: Amin Al Saad, Asaad Al Bustani and George Akl filed, on 15 May 1946, an application in order to be duly provided with a statement of notification from the Minister of Interior, and on the same day, they received the Minister of Interior's approval under No. 7582. Hence, the Lebanese National Bloc party was officially founded and was based on a program and an internal system. After that, Kesrouan El Khazen was elected President of the Party.<ref name="Ghhgbjlwire25may">{{cite news |date=25 May 2008 |title=Profiles of Lebanon’s presidents since independence |url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/0805MLN/08052502AGC.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120060845/http://lebanonwire.com/0805MLN/08052502AGC.asp |archivedate=20 January 2013 |accessdate=21 March 2013 |newspaper=Lebanon Wire}}</ref><ref>[[James Barr (author)|James Barr]], ‘’A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948’’ (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) pp. 244–250</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of political families in Lebanon]]
* [[National Bloc (Lebanon)]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Saint Joseph University alumni]]
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[[Category:Aix-Marseille University alumni]]
[[Category:Lebanese Maronites]]
[[Category:Lebanese Maronites]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Lebanon]]
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Revision as of 13:17, 11 November 2024

In this Lebanese name, the father's name is Ibrahim and the family name is Eddé.
His Excellency
Émile Eddé
OM, ONC
إميل إدّه
Official portrait of Émile Eddé
President of Lebanon
In office
11 November 1943 – 22 November 1943
Preceded byBechara El Khoury
Succeeded byBechara El Khoury
In office
20 January 1936 – 4 April 1941
Prime MinisterKhayreddin al-Ahdab
Khaled Chehab
Abdallah Yafi
Abdallah Beyhum
Preceded byHabib Pacha Saad
Succeeded byAlfred Georges Naccache
Prime Minister of Lebanon
In office
11 October 1929 – 25 March 1930
PresidentCharles Debbas
Preceded byBechara El Khoury
Succeeded byAuguste Adib Pacha
Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon
In office
21 October 1924 – 13 January 1925
PresidentCharles Debbas
Preceded byNaoum Labaki
Succeeded byMoussa Namour
Personal details
Born
Émile Ibrahim Eddé

5 May 1883
Damascus, Ottoman Syria, Ottoman Empire
Died27 September 1949
Sawfar, Lebanon
CitizenshipOttoman Empire (1883–1918)
Arab Kingdom of Syria (1918–1920)
Greater Lebanon (1920–1943)
Lebanon (1943–1949)
Political partyNational Bloc
Children3, including Raymond
ResidenceAlexandria (1915–1918)
EducationSaint Joseph University
Aix-Marseille University (PhD in law)

Émile Eddé (Arabic: إميل إدّه, romanized: Imīl Iddah; 5 May 1886 – 28 September 1949) was a Lebanese lawyer and politician who served twice as the President of Lebanon.

Early life and education

Émile Eddé was a member of a Maronite Christian family that originated from Beirut which participated in the Lebanese politics mainly during the Ma'anids and Shihabs rule. He was born in Damascus, where his father, Ibrahim Eddé, was working as a translator in the French Consulate. He attended Saint Joseph University, and moved to France to study law in Aix-en-Provence, in 1902, and graduated three years later. Because of his father’s health conditions, he was forced to return to Beirut in 1909, before submitting his doctoral thesis. In 1912, he was appointed as a lawyer for the French Consulate in Beirut.

Before the First World War, he sought to separate Mount Lebanon from the Ottoman Empire, for which he was sentenced to death. However, Edde was able to escape and took refuge in Alexandria. He participated in the establishment of the Eastern Unit in the French Army, which consisted of Lebanese and Syrian volunteers. During this period, he maintained contacts, with the French authorities, via his brother Joseph, residing in France.

Political career

He was elected as a member of the first Lebanese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference that was formed on 9 October 1918, and was also appointed to the third Lebanese delegation formed in January 1920 under the chairmanship of Bishop Abdullah Khoury. The workmanship he demonstrated enabled him to make historical achievements on the level of the Lebanese national entity. Eddé urged the board of directors in Mount Lebanon – on the eve of the second delegation's departure, headed by Patriarch Elias Hoayek – to issue a decision demanding the recovery of territories taken from Lebanon. Émile Eddé signed memoranda and petitions in the framework of his activity within the third delegation, and faced the French current calling for Syrian federalism after the Faisal - Clemenceau agreement and the Zionists’ demands in a meeting attended by the third delegation under the chairmanship of Archbishop Abdullah Khoury and Weizmann, saying that Zionism aims to annex southern Lebanon up to the Litani to Palestine, which is rejected by the Lebanese people.[1] Eddé served as the speaker of the Parliament from October 1924 to January 1925,[2]

Emile Eddé was elected President[3] of the Lebanese Republic in 1936 and signed during his term the Franco-Lebanese Treaty which provides for granting Lebanon its independence 5 years after ratifying the same. Nonetheless, the French government refused to ratify it thereafter.

He also developed during his presidential term the currently prevailing practice of nominating a Muslim Sunni as Lebanese Prime Minister.

He ran in the elections of 1943 against the list of Sheikh Bechara El Khoury, and issued an electoral statement on 9 August 1943, which became as a program for the Lebanese National Bloc. It was summarized in several points, chief among which are Lebanon's full democratic independence, Lebanon's attachment to the United Nations’ cause (which will replace the League of Nations), closer friendly ties with fraternal countries on the basis of mutual respect and full sovereignty, respect for all religions, equality between the Lebanese in terms of civil and political rights, equitable representation in public office based on competency, reform of the State's public administration, dissemination and mainstreaming of education, development of agriculture, industry and trade, safeguarding the Lebanese expatriates’ interests, bringing together all the Lebanese regardless of their different sects in a united nation – the Lebanese homeland. During that period, incidents succeeded each other and dangers exacerbated, rendering it necessary for Émile Eddé to establish a party that takes charge of defending Lebanon and conveying his ideas. Therefore, three deputies from his bloc: Amin Al Saad, Asaad Al Bustani and George Akl filed, on 15 May 1946, an application in order to be duly provided with a statement of notification from the Minister of Interior, and on the same day, they received the Minister of Interior's approval under No. 7582. Hence, the Lebanese National Bloc party was officially founded and was based on a program and an internal system. After that, Kesrouan El Khazen was elected President of the Party.[4][5]

See also

References

  1. ^ "قانون الإنتخابات". الكتلة الوطنية (in Arabic). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  2. ^ (in Arabic)Republic of Lebanon – House of Representatives History
  3. ^ Semaan, Eid. Raymond Edde: A Conscience that will not die. p. 43.
  4. ^ "Profiles of Lebanon's presidents since independence". Lebanon Wire. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  5. ^ James Barr, ‘’A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948’’ (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012) pp. 244–250
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