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'''Kalinga''' ({{IPA-tl|kaliŋɡa|IPA}}) is a [[dialect continuum]] of [[Kalinga Province]] in the Philippines, spoken by the [[Kalinga people]], alongside [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring [[Itneg languages]].
'''Kalinga''' ({{IPA|tl|ka'liŋɡa|IPA}}) is a [[dialect continuum]] of [[Kalinga Province]] in the Philippines, spoken by the [[Kalinga people]], alongside [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring [[Itneg languages]].


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
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[[Ethnologue]] reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.
[[Ethnologue]] reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.


*'''Butbut Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]]: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat; [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in [[Rizal, Kalinga|Rizal]]: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Butbut |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kyb |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> 1,000 [[Monolingualism|monoglots]]. <ref name=":0" />
*'''Butbut Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]]: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat; [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in [[Rizal, Kalinga|Rizal]]: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Butbut |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kyb |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> 1,000 [[Monolingualism|monoglots]].<ref name=":0" />
*'''Limos Kalinga''' (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], north to border) and [[Conner, Apayao|Conner]] municipality, [[Apayao Province]]. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmk}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Limos Kalinga''' (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], north to border) and [[Conner, Apayao|Conner]] municipality, [[Apayao Province]]. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmk}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Lubuagan Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Lubuagan, Kalinga|Lubuagan]] and [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]]). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Lubuagan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/knb |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>, Language status is 5 (developing). <ref name=":1" />
*'''Lubuagan Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Lubuagan, Kalinga|Lubuagan]] and [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]]). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Lubuagan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/knb |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Language status is 5 (developing).<ref name=":1" />
*'''Mabaka Valley Kalinga''' (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in [[Conner, Apayao|Conner]] municipality, [[Apayao Province]], as well as western [[Abra (province)|Abra]] and northern [[Kalinga Province]].
*'''Mabaka Valley Kalinga''' (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in [[Conner, Apayao|Conner]] municipality, [[Apayao Province]], as well as western [[Abra (province)|Abra]] and northern [[Kalinga Province]].
*'''Majukayang Kalinga''' (Madukayang): spoken in [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], [[Kalinga Province]] and in [[Paracelis, Mountain Province|Paracelis]] municipality, [[Mountain Province]]. 1,500 speakers as of 1990. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Majukayang |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmd |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>, Language status is 6a. (Vigorous). <ref name=":2" />
*'''Majukayang Kalinga''' (Madukayang): spoken in [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]], [[Kalinga Province]] and in [[Paracelis, Mountain Province|Paracelis]] municipality, [[Mountain Province]]. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Majukayang |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmd |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).<ref name=":2" />
*'''Southern Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Lubuagan, Kalinga|Lubuagan]] municipality; some also in [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]]) and [[Mountain Province]] (13 villages of [[Sadanga, Mountain Province|Sadanga]] and [[Sagada, Mountain Province|Sagada]] municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/24585 |title=A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |date=1980 |location=Greenhills, Metro Manila |pages=iv}}</ref> Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ksc}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Southern Kalinga''': spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Lubuagan, Kalinga|Lubuagan]] municipality; some also in [[Tabuk, Kalinga|Tabuk City]]) and [[Mountain Province]] (13 villages of [[Sadanga, Mountain Province|Sadanga]] and [[Sagada, Mountain Province|Sagada]] municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/24585 |title=A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |date=1980 |location=Greenhills, Metro Manila |pages=iv}}</ref> Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ksc}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Tanudan Kalinga''' (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the [[Tanudan, Kalinga|Tanudan]] valley in southern [[Kalinga Province]]. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 [[Monolingualism|monoglots]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Tanudan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kml |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Tanudan Kalinga''' (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the [[Tanudan, Kalinga|Tanudan]] valley in southern [[Kalinga Province]]. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 [[Monolingualism|monoglots]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Tanudan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kml |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Banao Itneg''' (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Balbalan, Kalinga|Balbalan]] and [[Pasil, Kalinga|Pasil]] municipalities) and [[Abra (province)|Abra]] ([[Daguioman, Abra|Daguioman]] and [[Malibcong, Abra|Malibcong]] municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Vanaw |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjx |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
*'''Banao Itneg''' (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in [[Kalinga Province]] ([[Balbalan, Kalinga|Balbalan]] and [[Pasil, Kalinga|Pasil]] municipalities) and [[Abra (province)|Abra]] ([[Daguioman, Abra|Daguioman]] and [[Malibcong, Abra|Malibcong]] municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga, Vanaw |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bjx |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|m}}
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|n}}
|
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|({{IPA link|ə}})
|{{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
/a/ can also have an allophone of [ə].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gieser |first=C. Richard |title=Kalinga sequential discourse |year=1972 |location=Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3 |pages=15–33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gieser |first=C. Richard |title=The phonemes of Kalinga |year=1958 |location=In Studies in Philippine linguistics |pages=10–23}}</ref>


==Writing system==
==Writing system==
===Lubuagan Kalinga===
===Lubuagan Kalinga===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Lubuagan Kalinga alphabet{{sfn|Summer Institute of Linguistics|2005}}
|+ Lubuagan Kalinga alphabet{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
| a || b || by || k || ch || e || g || h || i || l || m || n || ng || o || p || s || t || u || [[ɏ]] || w || y
| a || b || by || k || ch || e || g || h || i || l || m || n || ng || o || p ||r || s || t || u || [[ɏ]] || w || y
|}
|}


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* {{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/25798 |title=Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts |last=Brainard |first=Sherri |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=1985 |series=Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/25798 |title=Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts |last=Brainard |first=Sherri |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=1985 |series=Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25954 |title=Guinaang Kalinga texts |last=Gieser |first=C. Richard |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=1987 |series=Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25954 |title=Guinaang Kalinga texts |last=Gieser |first=C. Richard |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |year=1987 |series=Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4 |location=Manila}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Olson |first=Kenneth S. |last2=Machlan |first2=Glenn |last3=Amangao |first3=Nelson |date=2008 |title=Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=2 |issue=1 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/1772}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kenneth S. |last2=Machlan |first2=Glenn |last3=Amangao |first3=Nelson |date=2008 |title=Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=2 |issue=1 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/1772}}


{{IgorotTribesmall}}
{{IgorotTribesmall}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}


[[Category:Languages of Kalinga (province)]]
[[Category:Languages of Kalinga (province)]]

Latest revision as of 15:07, 11 November 2024

Kalinga
Native toPhilippines
Regionmost parts of Kalinga, northern parts of Mountain Province, eastern parts of Abra and southern parts of Apayao, Luzon
Native speakers
(110,000 cited 1998–2008)[1]
No estimate for Mabaka Valley
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
bjx – Banao Itneg
tis – Masadiit Itneg
ity – Moyadan Itneg
kyb – Butbut Kalinga
kmk – Limos Kalinga
kml – Tanudan Kalinga
knb – Lubuagan Kalinga
kkg – Mabaka Valley Kalinga
kmd – Madukayang Kalinga
ksc – Southern Kalinga (Bangad)
Glottologkali1311
Area where the Kalinga dialect continuum is spoken according to Ethnologue

Kalinga (IPA: [ka'liŋɡa]) is a dialect continuum of Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the Kalinga people, alongside Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring Itneg languages.

Dialects

[edit]

Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.[2]

Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative s
Lateral l
Approximant w j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid (ə) o
Open a

/a/ can also have an allophone of [ə].[11][12]

Writing system

[edit]

Lubuagan Kalinga

[edit]
Lubuagan Kalinga alphabet[citation needed]
a b by k ch e g h i l m n ng o p r s t u ɏ w y

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Banao Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Masadiit Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Moyadan Itneg at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Butbut Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Limos Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Tanudan Kalinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. ^ Himes, Ronald S. (1997). "Reconstructions in Kalinga-Itneg". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (1): 102–134. doi:10.2307/3623072. JSTOR 3623072.
  3. ^ a b "Kalinga, Butbut". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
  4. ^ "Ethnologue".(subscription required)
  5. ^ a b "Kalinga, Lubuagan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
  6. ^ a b "Kalinga, Majukayang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
  7. ^ A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga. Greenhills, Metro Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1980. pp. iv.
  8. ^ "Ethnologue".(subscription required)
  9. ^ "Kalinga, Tanudan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
  10. ^ "Kalinga, Vanaw". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29.(subscription required)
  11. ^ Gieser, C. Richard (1972). Kalinga sequential discourse. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3. pp. 15–33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Gieser, C. Richard (1958). The phonemes of Kalinga. In Studies in Philippine linguistics. pp. 10–23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

[edit]
  • Ferreirinho, Naomi (1993). Selected topics in the grammar of Limos Kalinga, the Philippines. Pacific Linguistics Series B-109. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B109. hdl:1885/145804. ISBN 978-0-85883-419-4.
  • Brainard, Sherri (1985). Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Gieser, C. Richard (1987). Guinaang Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Olson, Kenneth S.; Machlan, Glenn; Amangao, Nelson (2008). "Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form". Language Documentation & Conservation. 2 (1). hdl:10125/1772.


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