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{{Short description|Historical princely state in India}}
{{Short description|Historical principality in India}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{About|the princely state during the British Raj|the dynasty|Holkar}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{coord|22.7252|N|75.8655|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = ''Indūra rājya'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Indore State
| conventional_long_name = State of Indore
|common_name = Indore
| common_name = Indore
| stat_area1 = 25,646
|era =
| stat_year1 = 1931
⚫
|year_start = 1732
| stat_pop1 = 13,25,089
⚫
|date_start = 29 July
| era =
⚫
|event_start= Established
⚫
| year_start = 1732
|year_end = 1950
⚫
| date_start = 29 July
⚫
|date_end = 1 January
⚫
| event_start = Established
|event_end = [[Instrument of Accession|Accession]] to<br>Dominion of India
| status = State Within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1731–1818) <br/> [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1818–1857) <br/> [[Princely State]] of the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947)<br />State of the [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1948)
|event1 =
| year_end = 1948
⚫
|date_event1 =
⚫
| date_end = 1 January
|p1 = Maratha Empire
|s1 = Dominion of India
| event_end = [[Instrument of Accession|Accession]] to<br/> Dominion of India
| event1 =
⚫
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
⚫
| date_event1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| p1 = Maratha Confederacy
⚫
|image_flag = Indore_Flag.svg
| s1 = Dominion of India
⚫
|flag_caption = Top: Flag (1732–1818)<br>Bottom: Flag (1818–1950)
⚫
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
⚫
|image_map = IndoreKart.jpg
| border_p1 = no
⚫
|image_map_caption = Map of the territories of Indore State, some forming [[enclave]]s in neighbouring [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] and [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] states
|today = [[Madhya Pradesh]],<br>[[Republic of India]]
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
⚫
| image_flag = Indore_Flag.svg
⚫
|capital = [[Indore]]
| flag_border = no
⚫
|image_coat=Arms of the Indore State, 1908.jpg|image_flag2=Flag of Indore.svg}}
⚫
| flag_caption = Top: Flag (1732–1818)<br/>Bottom: Flag (1818–1950)
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[[File:The Rajawada (Old Palace) in Indore, MP (5102818067).jpg|thumb|280px|The Rajawada (Old Palace) of Indore]]
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| image_map = IndoreKart.jpg
⚫
| image_map_caption = Map of the territories of Indore State, some forming [[enclave]]s in neighbouring [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] and [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] states
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| year_leader1 = 1732–1766 <small>(first)</small>
| leader1 = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
| year_leader2 = 1926–1948 <small>(last)</small>
| leader2 = [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]]
| today = [[India]]<br /> '''∟''' [[Madhya Pradesh]]
⚫
| capital = [[Indore]]
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name2 =
⚫
| image_coat = Arms of the Indore State, 1908.jpg
| image_flag2 = Flag of Indore.svg
}}
⚫
'''Indore State''' was a kingdom within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] ruled by the [[Maratha]] [[Holkar|Holkar dynasty]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Indore |volume=14 |pages=500–501 |first=James Sutherland |last=Cotton}}</ref> After 1857, [[Indore]] became a 19-[[Salute state|gun salute]] [[princely state]] within the [[Central India Agency]] of the [[Indian Empire (1876–1947)|Indian Empire]] under British protection.

⚫
Indore State was located in the present-day Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], with its capital at the city of [[Indore]]. The state had an area of 24,605&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]], [[Khargone]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Mehidpur]], [[Barwaha]], and [[Bhanpura]]; there were a total of 3,368 villages.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>

⚫
[[File:The Rajawada (Old Palace) in Indore, MP (5102818067).jpg|thumb|280px|The [[Rajwada|Rajawada]] (Old Palace) of Indore]]
[[File:SukhnivasPalace.JPG|thumb|280px|The Sukhnivas Palace]]
[[File:SukhnivasPalace.JPG|thumb|280px|The Sukhnivas Palace]]
[[File:HolkarElephant.jpg|thumb|280px|The Maharaja of Indore on his state elephant]]
[[File:HolkarElephant.jpg|thumb|280px|The Maharaja of Indore on his state elephant]]
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[[File:Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja of Indore Tukojirao Holkar III.jpg|thumb|Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja [[Tukojirao Holkar III]] of Indore]]
[[File:Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja of Indore Tukojirao Holkar III.jpg|thumb|Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja [[Tukojirao Holkar III]] of Indore]]
[[File:Investiture of his Highness Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar Bahadur of Indore 9th May 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Yashwantrao Holkar II]]]]
[[File:Investiture of his Highness Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar Bahadur of Indore 9th May 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Yashwantrao Holkar II]]]]

⚫
'''Indore State''', also known as '''Holkar State''',<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref> was a kingdom in [[India]]. Its rulers belonged to the [[Holkar|Holkar dynasty]] of [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Indore |volume=14 |pages=500–501 |first=James Sutherland |last=Cotton}}</ref> After 1857, [[Indore]] became a 19-[[Salute state|gun salute]] [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[princely state]] (a rare high rank) under the [[British Raj]].

⚫
Indore state was located in the present-day Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The capital of the state was the city of [[Indore]]. The state had an area of 24,605&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]], [[Khargone]], [[Maheshwar]], [[Mehidpur]], [[Barwaha]], and [[Bhanpura]]; there were a total of 3,368 villages.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{See also|Dewas Junior|Dewas Senior|Dhar State|Gwalior State}}
{{See also|Dewas Junior|Dewas Senior|Dhar State|Gwalior State}}


By 1720, the headquarters of the local ''pargana'' (an Indian local administrative unit) was transferred from Kampel to Indore due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. On 18 May 1724, the ''Nizam'' accepted the rights of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I to collect ''chauth'' (taxes) from the area. In 1733, the ''[[Peshwa]]'' assumed full control of Malwa and appointed his commander [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] as the ''Subhedar'' (Governor) of the province.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}
By 1720, the headquarters of the local [[pargana]] was transferred from [[Kampel, Indore|Kampel]] to Indore due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. On 18 May 1724, the ''Nizam'' accepted the rights of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I to collect [[chauth]] (taxes) from the area. In 1733, the [[Peshwa]] assumed full control of Malwa and appointed his commander [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] as the [[subahdar]] of the province.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}


On 29 July 1732, Bajirao Peshwa-I granted Holkar State by merging 28 and a half ''parganas'' to Malhar Rao Holkar, the founding ruler of the Holkar dynasty. His daughter-in-law [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] moved the state's capital to [[Maheshwar]] in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military centre.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}
On 29 July 1732, Bajirao Peshwa-I granted Holkar State by granting 28 and a half parganas to Malhar Rao Holkar, the founding ruler of the Holkar dynasty. His daughter-in-law [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] moved the state's capital to [[Maheshwar]] in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military centre.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}


After the defeat of the Holkar rulers in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], an agreement was signed on 6 January 1818 with the [[British Empire|British]] and the Indore State became a [[British protectorate]]. The Holkar dynasty was able to continue to rule Indore as a [[princely state]] mainly owing to the efforts of ''Dewan'' (chief minister) Tatya Jog.
After the defeat of the Holkar rulers in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], an agreement was signed on 6 January 1818 with the [[British Empire|British]] and the Indore State became a [[British protectorate]]. The Holkar dynasty was able to continue to rule Indore as a [[princely state]] mainly owing to the efforts of [[Dewan]] Tatya Jog.


The capital was moved from [[Maheshwar]] to Indore on 3 November 1818 and the [[Indore Residency]], a political [[Residencies of British India|residency]] with a British resident, was established in the city. Later, Indore would be established as the headquarters of the British [[Central India Agency]]. In 1906, electrical infrastructure was installed in the city while a fire brigade was established in 1909. By 1918, the first master plan of the city was drawn by architect and town planner [[Patrick Geddes]].
The capital was moved from [[Maheshwar]] to Indore on 3 November 1818 and the [[Indore Residency]], a political [[Residencies of British India|residency]] with a British resident, was established in the city. Later, Indore would be established as the headquarters of the British [[Central India Agency]]. In 1906, electrical infrastructure was installed in the city while a fire brigade was established in 1909. By 1918, the first master plan of the city was drawn by architect and town planner [[Patrick Geddes]].
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After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Indore State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to India. [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]], the last ruler of the state, signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1950. The territories of the state became part of the new Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]].
After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Indore State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to India. [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]], the last ruler of the state, signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 1 January 1950. The territories of the state became part of the new Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]].


==Rulers==
== List of Rulers ==
The kings of Indore held the title of '[[Maharaja]]' Holkar. The rulers of the state were entitled to a 19 [[salute state|gun salute]] by the British authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |title=Indore Princely State (19 gun salute) |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606041013/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The kings of Indore held the title of '[[Maharaja]]' Holkar. The rulers of the state were entitled to a 19 [[salute state|gun salute]] by the British authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |title=Indore Princely State (19 gun salute) |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606041013/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/indore.html |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Holkar State [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] (Court) was composed of many [[Jagirdar]]s, [[Sardar]]s, Istamuradars, [[Mankari]]s and [[Zamindar]]s.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|author=Madan, T.N.|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA129|page=129|access-date=2015-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdIBAAAAMAAJ&q=Mankari+being+primarily+a+title+applied+to+Maratha+noblemen%2C+who+held+an+official+position+at+court |title = Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces|last1 = Russell|first1 = Robert Vane|year = 1916}}</ref>
The Holkar State [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] (Court) was composed of many [[Jagirdar]]s, [[Sardar]]s, Istamuradars, [[Mankari]]s and [[Zamindar]]s.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont|author=Madan, T.N.|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA129|page=129|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdIBAAAAMAAJ&q=Mankari+being+primarily+a+title+applied+to+Maratha+noblemen%2C+who+held+an+official+position+at+court |title=Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces |last1=Russell |first1=Robert Vane |year=1916}}</ref>


===Maharajas===
===Maharajas===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Reign
! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Reign
|-
|-
| Malhar Rao Holkar I || 1694 || 1766 || 1731 – 20 May 1766
| [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao Holkar I]]|| 1694 || 1766 || 1731 – 20 May 1766
|-
|-
| Male Rao Holkar II || 1745 || 1767 || 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767
| [[Male Rao Holkar|Male Rao Holkar II]] || 1745 || 1767 || 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767
|-
|-
| [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilya Bai Holkar]] (III)(f), regent || 1725 || 1795 || April 1767 – 13 August 1795
| [[Ahilyabai Holkar|Ahilya Bai Holkar]] (III)(f), regent and then ruling queen || 1725 || 1795 || April 1767 – 13 August 1795
|-
|-
| Tukoji Rao I Holkar IV || 1723 || 1797 || 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797<br />(also listed as co-ruler from April 1767)
| [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Rao I Holkar IV]] || 1723 || 1797 || 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797<br />(also listed as co-ruler from April 1767)
|-
|-
| Kashi Rao Holkar V || ? || 1808 || 29 January 1797 – January 1799
| [[Kashi Rao Holkar|Kashi Rao Holkar V]] || ? || 1808 || 29 January 1797 – January 1799
|-
|-
| Khande Rao I Holkar VI || 1798 || 1806 || January 1799 – 1806
| [[Khande Rao Holkar|Khande Rao I Holkar VI]] || 1798 || 1806 || January 1799 – 1806
|-
|-
| Yashwant Rao I Holkar || 1776 || 1811 || 1806 – 27 October 1811<br />(regent from January 1799)
| [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Yashwant Rao I Holkar]] || 1776 || 1811 || 1806 – 27 October 1811<br />(regent from January 1799)
|-
|-
| Malhar Rao III Holkar VII || 1801 || 1833 || November 1811 – 27 October 1833
| [[Malhar Rao Holkar III|Malhar Rao III Holkar VII]] || 1801 || 1833 || November 1811 – 27 October 1833
|-
|-
| Maharani [[Tulsi Bai Holkar|Tulsi Bai]] (f), regent || ? || 1817 || November 1811 – 20 December 1817
| [[Tulsi Bai Holkar|Maharani Tulsi Bai]] (f), regent || ? || 1817 || November 1811 – 20 December 1817
|-
|-
| [[Martand Rao Holkar VIII]] || 1830 || 1849 || 27 October 1833 – 2 February 1834
| [[Martand Rao Holkar VIII]] || 1830 || 1849 || 27 October 1833 – 2 February 1834
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| [[Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII]]<br />(knighted 1 January 1918) || 1890 || 1978 || 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926
| [[Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII]]<br />(knighted 1 January 1918) || 1890 || 1978 || 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926
|-
|-
| Yashwant Rao II Holkar XIV<br />(knighted [[1935 New Year Honours|1 January 1935]]) || 1908 || 1961 || 26 February 1926 – 15 August 1947
| [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II|Yashwant Rao II Holkar XIV]]<br />(knighted [[1935 New Year Honours|1 January 1935]]) || 1908 || 1961 || 26 February 1926 – 15 August 1947
|-
|-
| Usha Devi Holkar || 1961 || present ||
| Usha Devi Holkar || 1961 || present ||
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*1841 – 1842?: the ruler
*1841 – 1842?: the ruler
*1842? – 1848: Bhao Rao Phanse (2nd time)
*1842? – 1848: Bhao Rao Phanse (2nd time)
*1848 – 1849?: Ram Rao Palshikar
*1848 – 1849: Ram Rao Palshikar
*1852 – 1872: Bhawani Singh Dube<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Laurd |first=C. E. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281568 |title=Indore State Gazetteer Vol II |date=1908 |year=1908 |location=Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing |pages=43}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35875 |title=Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India |date=1935 |pages=24}}</ref>
*1852 – 1872: Bhawani Singh Dube<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Laurd |first=C. E. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281568 |title=Indore State Gazetteer Vol II |year=1908 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |pages=43}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35875 |title=Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India |date=1935 |pages=24}}</ref>
*1872<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> – 1875: Sir [[T. Madhava Rao]] (1828–1891)
*1872<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> – 1875: Sir [[T. Madhava Rao]] (1828–1891)
*1875 – 1881: [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] (1st time) (1831–1912)
*1875 – 1881: [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] (1st time) (1831–1912)
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*4 April 1913 – October 1914: Narayan Ganesh Chandravarkar
*4 April 1913 – October 1914: Narayan Ganesh Chandravarkar
*1914 – 1916: ....
*1914 – 1916: ....
*1916 – 1921: Ram Prasad Dube (1st time. Nephew of Bhawani Singh Dube<ref name=":0" />.)
*1916 – 1921: Ram Prasad Dube (1st time. Nephew of Bhawani Singh Dube.<ref name=":0" />)
*November 1921 – 1923?: Chettur Sankaran Nair (1857–1934)
*November 1921 – 1923?: Chettur Sankaran Nair (1857–1934)
*1923 – 1926: Ram Prasad Dube (2nd time)
*1923 – 1926: Ram Prasad Dube (2nd time)


===Prime ministers===
===Prime ministers===
• 1879 -1884: Bakshi Khuman Singh (C.S.I.) <blockquote></blockquote>

*1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen
*1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen
*February 1926 – 1939: Siremal Bapna (s.a.)
*February 1926 – 1939: Siremal Bapna (s.a.)
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*1899–1902: Robert Henry Jennings
*1899–1902: Robert Henry Jennings
*1902–1903: Francis Younghusband (1863–1942)
*1902–1903: Francis Younghusband (1863–1942)
*1903–1907: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (1st time) (1866–1933)
*1903–1907: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (1st time) (1866–1933)
*1907–1909: [[James Kaye (cricketer)|James Levett Kaye]] (1861–1917)
*1907–1909: [[James Kaye (cricketer)|James Levett Kaye]] (1861–1917)
*1909–1910: Charles Beckford Luard
*1909–1910: Charles Beckford Luard
*1910–1916: Charles Lennox Russell
*1910–1916: Charles Lennox Russell
*1916–1919: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1916–1919: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1919?–1921: Francis Granville Beville
*1919?–1921: Francis Granville Beville
*1921–1924: Denys Brooke Blakeway (1870–1933)
*1921–1924: Denys Brooke Blakeway (1870–1933)
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*1910–1912: Michael Francis O'Dwyer (1864–1910)
*1910–1912: Michael Francis O'Dwyer (1864–1910)
*1912–1913: John B. Wood
*1912–1913: John B. Wood
*1913–1916: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (s.a.)
*1913–1916: [[Oswald Bosanquet|Oswald Vivian Bosanquet]] (s.a.)
*1916–1944: the British Residents in Indore
*1916–1944: the British Residents in Indore
*1944–1946: Walter Campbell
*1944–1946: Walter Campbell
*1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (1898–1973)
*1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (1898–1973)

==Orders of chivalry==
The Royal House of Indore awards the Order of Ahilya Holkar Sultanat, which is awarded in three classes. It was founded on November 22, 1900 by [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Maharaja Sir Tukojirao III Holkar XIII]].<ref name="Anmol1996">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |page=104|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 207: Line 224:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Indore State}}
{{Commons category|Indore State}}
*[http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html Santa Ana's Richest Resident, The Maharajah of Indore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112045002/http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html |date=12 November 2017 }}
*[http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html Santa Ana's Richest Resident, The Maharajah of Indore]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112045002/http://www.santaanahistory.com/articles/maharajah.html |date=12 November 2017 }}.
*[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.210243039005436.60929.192610050768735&type=3 Royal Family of Indore]
*[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.210243039005436.60929.192610050768735&type=3 Royal Family of Indore]


Latest revision as of 16:09, 11 November 2024

State of Indore
Indūra rājya (Marathi)
1732–1948
Flag of Indore
Top: Flag (1732–1818)
Bottom: Flag (1818–1950)
Coat of arms of Indore
Coat of arms
Map of the territories of Indore State, some forming enclaves in neighbouring Gwalior and Bhopal states
Map of the territories of Indore State, some forming enclaves in neighbouring Gwalior and Bhopal states
StatusState Within the Maratha Confederacy (1731–1818)
Protectorate of the East India Company (1818–1857)
Princely State of the British Raj (1857–1947)
State of the Dominion of India (1947–1948)
CapitalIndore
Maharaja 
• 1732–1766 (first)
Malhar Rao Holkar
• 1926–1948 (last)
Yashwant Rao Holkar II
History 
• Established
29 July 1732
• Accession to
Dominion of India
1 January 1948
Area
193125,646 km2 (9,902 sq mi)
Population
• 1931
13,25,089
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Maratha Confederacy
Dominion of India
Today part ofIndia
∟ Madhya Pradesh

Indore State was a kingdom within the Maratha Confederacy ruled by the Maratha Holkar dynasty.[1] After 1857, Indore became a 19-gun salute princely state within the Central India Agency of the Indian Empire under British protection.

Indore State was located in the present-day Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, with its capital at the city of Indore. The state had an area of 24,605 km2 and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were Rampura, Khargone, Maheshwar, Mehidpur, Barwaha, and Bhanpura; there were a total of 3,368 villages.[2]

The Rajawada (Old Palace) of Indore
The Sukhnivas Palace
The Maharaja of Indore on his state elephant
Yashwant Rao Holkar and Ranjit Singh in 1805
Sir Kashirao (Dada Saheb) Holkar, KCSI, KIH, Raja Of Indore.
Maharaja Tukojirao Holkar II
Tukojirao Holkar III, Maharaja of Indore
Maharani Shrimant Chandravati Bai Sahib Holkar, First Wife of Maharaja Tukojirao Holkar III of Indore
Yashwantrao Holkar II

History

[edit]
See also: Dewas Junior, Dewas Senior, Dhar State, and Gwalior State

By 1720, the headquarters of the local pargana was transferred from Kampel to Indore due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. On 18 May 1724, the Nizam accepted the rights of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I to collect chauth (taxes) from the area. In 1733, the Peshwa assumed full control of Malwa and appointed his commander Malhar Rao Holkar as the subahdar of the province.[citation needed]

On 29 July 1732, Bajirao Peshwa-I granted Holkar State by granting 28 and a half parganas to Malhar Rao Holkar, the founding ruler of the Holkar dynasty. His daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar moved the state's capital to Maheshwar in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military centre.[citation needed]

After the defeat of the Holkar rulers in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, an agreement was signed on 6 January 1818 with the British and the Indore State became a British protectorate. The Holkar dynasty was able to continue to rule Indore as a princely state mainly owing to the efforts of Dewan Tatya Jog.

The capital was moved from Maheshwar to Indore on 3 November 1818 and the Indore Residency, a political residency with a British resident, was established in the city. Later, Indore would be established as the headquarters of the British Central India Agency. In 1906, electrical infrastructure was installed in the city while a fire brigade was established in 1909. By 1918, the first master plan of the city was drawn by architect and town planner Patrick Geddes.

During the period of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II (1852–86), efforts were made for the planned development and industrial development of Indore. During the reigns of Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar, Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III, and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar, business flourished thanks to the railways that had been introduced in the state in 1875.

In 1926, Maharaja Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII abdicated after being implicated in a murder case involving a court dancer and her lover.[3]

After the independence of India in 1947, Indore State, along with a number of neighbouring princely states, acceded to India. Yashwant Rao Holkar II, the last ruler of the state, signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1950. The territories of the state became part of the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat.

List of Rulers

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The kings of Indore held the title of 'Maharaja' Holkar. The rulers of the state were entitled to a 19 gun salute by the British authorities.[4] The Holkar State Darbar (Court) was composed of many Jagirdars, Sardars, Istamuradars, Mankaris and Zamindars.[5][6]

Maharajas

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Name Birth Death Reign
Malhar Rao Holkar I 1694 1766 1731 – 20 May 1766
Male Rao Holkar II 1745 1767 20 May 1766 – 5 April 1767
Ahilya Bai Holkar (III)(f), regent and then ruling queen 1725 1795 April 1767 – 13 August 1795
Tukoji Rao I Holkar IV 1723 1797 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797
(also listed as co-ruler from April 1767)
Kashi Rao Holkar V ? 1808 29 January 1797 – January 1799
Khande Rao I Holkar VI 1798 1806 January 1799 – 1806
Yashwant Rao I Holkar 1776 1811 1806 – 27 October 1811
(regent from January 1799)
Malhar Rao III Holkar VII 1801 1833 November 1811 – 27 October 1833
Maharani Tulsi Bai (f), regent ? 1817 November 1811 – 20 December 1817
Martand Rao Holkar VIII 1830 1849 27 October 1833 – 2 February 1834
Hari Rao Holkar IX 1795 1843 2 February 1834 – 24 October 1843
Khande Rao II Holkar X 1828 1844 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844
Maharani Maji (f), first regency ? 1849 24 October 1843 – 17 February 1844
Tukoji Rao II Holkar XI
(knighted 25 June 1861)		 1835 1886 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886
Maharani Maji (f), second regency (s.a.) ? 1849 27 June 1844 – September 1849
Shivaji Rao Holkar XII
(knighted 30 June 1887)		 1859 1908 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903
Tukoji Rao III Holkar XIII
(knighted 1 January 1918)		 1890 1978 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926
Yashwant Rao II Holkar XIV
(knighted 1 January 1935)		 1908 1961 26 February 1926 – 15 August 1947
Usha Devi Holkar 1961 present

Diwans of Indore

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  • c. 1808 – 1811: Bala Ram Seth
  • 1811 – December 1817: Ganpal Rao
  • 1818 – April 1826: Tantia Jog (Tatya Jog) (died 1826)
  • April 1826 – 1827?: Raoji Trimbak
  • 1827: Daji Bakhshi
  • 1827? – 1829: Appa Rao Krishna
  • 1829 – 1834?: Madhav Rao Phadnis
  • April 1834 – November 1836: Sardar Revaji Rao Phanse
  • 1836 – 1839?: Abbaji Ballal (or Bhawani Bin)
  • 1839? – 1840?: Bhao Rao Phanse (1st time)
  • 1840? – October 1841: Narayan Rao Palshikar
  • 1841 – 1842?: the ruler
  • 1842? – 1848: Bhao Rao Phanse (2nd time)
  • 1848 – 1849: Ram Rao Palshikar
  • 1852 – 1872: Bhawani Singh Dube[7][8]
  • 1872[7][8] – 1875: Sir T. Madhava Rao (1828–1891)
  • 1875 – 1881: R. Raghunatha Rao (1st time) (1831–1912)
  • 1881? – 1884?: Shahamat Ali
  • 1884 – 1886: Nana Moroji Trilokekar
  • 1886 – 1888: R. Raghunatha Rao (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • c. 1890s: Balkrishna Atmaram Gupte
  • 1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen (as First Prime Minister Of State)
  • 4 April 1913 – October 1914: Narayan Ganesh Chandravarkar
  • 1914 – 1916: ....
  • 1916 – 1921: Ram Prasad Dube (1st time. Nephew of Bhawani Singh Dube.[7])
  • November 1921 – 1923?: Chettur Sankaran Nair (1857–1934)
  • 1923 – 1926: Ram Prasad Dube (2nd time)

Prime ministers

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• 1879 -1884: Bakshi Khuman Singh (C.S.I.)

  • 1890–1913: Sir Shri Rai Bhadhur Nanak Chand Ji Airen
  • February 1926 – 1939: Siremal Bapna (s.a.)
  • 1939 – 1942?: Sardar Dina Nath
  • 1942 – 1947: Raja Gyannath Madan
  • 1947: R.G. Horton
  • 1 September 1947 – 3 January 1948: E.P. Menon
  • January 1948: N.C. Mehta
  • 26 January 1948 – March 1948: M.V. Bhide

British Residents

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British Residents of the Indore Residency.[9]

  • 1840–1844: Sir Claude Martin Wade (1794–1861)
  • 1845–1859: Robert North Collie Hamilton (1802–1887)
  • 1859–1861: Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespear (1812–1861)
  • 1861–1869: Richard John Meade (1821–1899)
  • 1869–1881: Henry D. Daly
  • 1881–1888: Henry Lepel-Griffin (1838–1908)
  • 1888–1890: P.F. Henvey
  • 1890–1894: R.J. Crosthwaite
  • 1894–1899: David W.K. Barr
  • 1899–1902: Robert Henry Jennings
  • 1902–1903: Francis Younghusband (1863–1942)
  • 1903–1907: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (1st time) (1866–1933)
  • 1907–1909: James Levett Kaye (1861–1917)
  • 1909–1910: Charles Beckford Luard
  • 1910–1916: Charles Lennox Russell
  • 1916–1919: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 1919?–1921: Francis Granville Beville
  • 1921–1924: Denys Brooke Blakeway (1870–1933)
  • 1924–1929: Sir Reginald Glancy
  • March 1927 – October 1927: Edward Herbert Kealy (acting for Glancy)
  • 1929–1930: H.R.N. Pritchard
  • 1930–1931: Frederick Bailey
  • 1931–1932: G.M. Ogilvie
  • 1933 – 21 March 1935: Rawdon James MacNabb (1883–1935)
  • 1935–1940: Kenneth Samuel Fitze (1887–1960)
  • 1940–1942: Gerald Thomas Fisher
  • 1942–1946: Walter F. Campbell
  • 1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (b. 1898 – d. 1973)

British Agents

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HH Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior State, General Sir Henry Daly (Founder of The Daly College), with British officers and Maratha nobility (Sardars, Jagirdars & Mankaris) in Indore, Holkar State, c. 1879.

Agents to the Governor-General for the Central India Agency. The headquarters of the agent were at Indore.

  • 1845–1854: Robert North Collie Hamilton (s.a.)
  • 1854–1899: the British Residents in Indore
  • 1899–1900: David W.K. Barr
  • Mar 1900–1905: Charles S. Bayley
  • 1905–1910: Hugh Daly
  • 1910–1912: Michael Francis O'Dwyer (1864–1910)
  • 1912–1913: John B. Wood
  • 1913–1916: Oswald Vivian Bosanquet (s.a.)
  • 1916–1944: the British Residents in Indore
  • 1944–1946: Walter Campbell
  • 1946–1947: Henry Mortimer Poulton (1898–1973)

Orders of chivalry

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The Royal House of Indore awards the Order of Ahilya Holkar Sultanat, which is awarded in three classes. It was founded on November 22, 1900 by Maharaja Sir Tukojirao III Holkar XIII.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cotton, James Sutherland (1911). "Indore" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 500–501.
  2. ^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
  3. ^ Jhala, Angma Dey (2016). Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India ("The Body, Gender and Culture") by. London New York: Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-1138663640. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  4. ^ "Indore Princely State (19 gun salute)". Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  5. ^ Madan, T.N. (1988). Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. ISBN 9788120805279. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  6. ^ Russell, Robert Vane (1916). "Pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces".
  7. ^ a b c Laurd, C. E. (1908). Indore State Gazetteer Vol II. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing. p. 43.
  8. ^ a b Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India. 1935. p. 24.
  9. ^ Princely States of India
  10. ^ Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India. Anmol Publications. 1996. p. 104. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
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