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{{Short description|Large species of freshwater crayfish which is native to the United States}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rusty Crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) - Guelph, Ontario 2020-04-08 (06).jpg
⚫
|image_alt=Orconectes rusticus
| image_alt =
|image_caption=''Orconectes rusticus''
| image_caption = Rusty crayfish (''Faxonius rusticus'') in Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| image = Orconectes rusticus (23755522911).jpg
| image2 = Faxonius rusticus-male dorsal.jpg
| image2_caption = Rusty spots on sides of carapace
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = {{r|iucn}}
⚫
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite journal | author = S. Adams | author2 = G. A. Schuster | author3 = C. A. Taylor | last-author-amp = yes | title = ''Orconectes rusticus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T153835A4551760 | date = 2010 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/153835/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153835A4551760.en | access-date = 9 January 2018}}</ref>
|genus = Orconectes
| genus = Faxonius
| species = rusticus
| species = rusticus
|authority = ([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1852)
| authority = ([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1852)
| synonyms = {{Species list
| Cambarus rusticus | Girard, 1852
⚫
| Orconectes rusticus | (Girard, 1852)
}}
| synonyms_ref = {{r|crandall2017}}<ref>{{GBIF |id=8979506 |taxon=Faxonius rusticus |accessdate=2022-03-24}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''rusty crayfish''' (''Orconectes rusticus'') is a large, aggressive species of freshwater [[crayfish]] which is native to the [[United States]]. Its range is rapidly expanding in [[North America]], displacing native crayfishes in the process:<ref name="Gunderson, 2001"/> it is known to have reached [[New England]], [[Ontario]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], [[Ohio]],
The '''rusty crayfish''' ('''''Faxonius rusticus''''') is a large, aggressive species of freshwater [[crayfish]] which is native to the United States, in the [[Ohio River]] Basin in parts of [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Indiana]].{{r|crandall2017}}{{r|gisd}}{{r|invspinfo}} Its range is rapidly expanding across much of eastern North America, displacing native crayfishes in the process.<ref name="Gunderson, 2001"/>{{r|invading}} The rusty crayfish was first captured in Illinois in 1973, and has been collected at over 20 locations in the northern portion of the state.{{r|taylor1996}} In 2005, ''F. rusticus'' was found for the first time west of the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]], in the [[John Day River]], [[Oregon]], which runs into the [[Columbia River]].{{r|olden2009}}
⚫
[[Colorado]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Maryland]], and even [[Manitoba]]. It was first spotted in the mid 1960s{{where?|date=March 2019}}. The rusty crayfish was first captured in Illinois in 1973, and has been collected at over 20 locations in the northern portion of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/an_report/94_95/CBD.html#crayfish |title=Exotic crayfish |author=C. Taylor |publisher=[[Illinois Natural History Survey]]}}</ref> In 2005, ''O. rusticus'' was found for the first time west of the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]], in the [[John Day River]], [[Oregon]], which runs into the [[Columbia River]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Julian D. Olden Jeffrey W. Adams |author2=Eric R. Larson |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009 |title=First record of ''Orconectes rusticus'' (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) west of the Great Continental Divide in North America |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=82 |issue=10 |pages=1347–1351 |doi=10.1163/156854009X448934 |url=http://www.fish.washington.edu/research/oldenlab/pdf/2009/Crustaceana_2009.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702084044/http://fish.washington.edu/research/oldenlab/pdf/2009/Crustaceana_2009.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-02 |df= }}</ref>


==Identification==
==Description==
[[File:Rusty crayfish.JPG|thumb|Measurement of a rusty crayfish.]]
[[File:Rusty crayfish.JPG|thumb|Measurement of a rusty crayfish]]
Adult rusty crayfish can reach lengths of over 10 centimeters (4 inches), although they reach maturity at about 4.4&nbsp;cm (1.7&nbsp;in),<ref name= "Pappas, J. 2002">Pappas, Janice. [http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orconectes_rusticus/ ''Orconectes rusticus''], [[Animal Diversity Web]].</ref> and can range in color from greenish grey, to reddish brown,<ref name="Bovbjerg 1952">{{cite journal|author=Bovbjerg, Richard V. |title=Comparative Ecology and Physiology of the Crayfish, ''Orconectes propinquus'' and ''Cambarus fodiens'' |jstor=30160911| journal=Physiological Zoology|volume=25|issue=1 |year=1952|pages=34–56 }}</ref><ref name= "Pintor 2009">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9367-2|author=Pintor, Lauren M. and Sih, Andrew |title=Differences in Growth and Foraging Behavior of Native and Introduced Populations of an Invasive Crayfish|journal=Biological Invasions |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1895–1902 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref name= "Rabalais 2006">{{cite journal|author=Rabalais, M. R., and Magoulick, D. D. |title=Influence of an Invasive Crayfish Species on Diurnal Habitat Use and Selection by a Native Crayfish Species in an Ozark Stream|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=155|issue=2|pages=295–306|jstor=4094645|doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[295:IOAICS]2.0.CO;2|year=2006}}</ref> They can be easily recognized by two "rusty", reddish colored spots on the sides of their back and their large front claws with blank bands around the tips.<ref name= "Minnesota Sea Grant">Jensen, Doug (26 July 2013). [http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/rustycrayfish#id "Rusty Crayfish"]. Minnesota Sea Grant.</ref> Male rusty crayfish have small hook-like features on their first pair of hind legs that they use to hold onto a female while mating.<ref name="Gunderson, 2001">Gunderson, Jeffrey. [http://www.nicerweb.com/sketches/crayfish/rusty/rusty_sex.html "Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification."] Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification.</ref>
Adult rusty crayfish can reach 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length, although they reach maturity at about 4.4&nbsp;cm (1.7&nbsp;in),<ref name="Pappas, J. 2002">Pappas, Janice. [http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orconectes_rusticus/ ''Orconectes rusticus''], [[Animal Diversity Web]].</ref> and can range in color from greenish grey, to reddish brown,<ref name="Bovbjerg 1952">{{cite journal|author=Bovbjerg, Richard V. |title=Comparative Ecology and Physiology of the Crayfish, ''Orconectes propinquus'' and ''Cambarus fodiens'' |jstor=30160911|journal=Physiological Zoology|volume=25|issue=1 |year=1952|pages=34–56 |doi=10.1086/physzool.25.1.30160911 |s2cid=87913861 }}</ref><ref name="Pintor 2009">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10530-008-9367-2|author=Pintor, Lauren M. and Sih, Andrew |title=Differences in Growth and Foraging Behavior of Native and Introduced Populations of an Invasive Crayfish|journal=Biological Invasions |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1895–1902 |year=2008 |s2cid=19550240 }}</ref><ref name="Rabalais 2006">{{cite journal|author=Rabalais, M. R., and Magoulick, D. D. |title=Influence of an Invasive Crayfish Species on Diurnal Habitat Use and Selection by a Native Crayfish Species in an Ozark Stream|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=155|issue=2|pages=295–306|jstor=4094645|doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[295:IOAICS]2.0.CO;2|year=2006|s2cid=85898164 }}</ref> They can be easily recognized by two "rusty", reddish colored spots on the sides of their back and their large front claws with black bands around the tips.<ref name="Minnesota Sea Grant">Jensen, Doug (26 July 2013). [http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/rustycrayfish#id "Rusty Crayfish"]. Minnesota Sea Grant.</ref> Male rusty crayfish have small hook-like features on their first pair of hind legs that they use to hold onto a female while mating.<ref name="Gunderson, 2001">Gunderson, Jeffrey. [http://www.nicerweb.com/sketches/crayfish/rusty/rusty_sex.html "Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification."] Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification.</ref>


<gallery mode="packed">
==Invasive behavior==
File:Faxonius rusticus-male ventral.jpg|Male in [[Morton Arboretum|Illinois]]
⚫
The larger size and aggressive nature of rusty crayfish that have been introduced to a body of water makes it harder for them to be preyed upon by native species of fish, which are not accustomed to crayfish fighting them back.<ref name= "Hein, 2006">{{cite journal|title=Fish Predation and Trapping for Rusty Crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'') Control: A Whole-lake Experiment|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=63|issue=2|pages=383|doi=10.1139/f05-229|year=2006|last1=Hein|first1=Catherine L|last2=Roth|first2=Brian M|last3=Ives|first3=Anthony R|last4=Zanden|first4=M Jake Vander}}</ref> Instead of running away like the native crayfish species do when they come in contact with a predator, the rusty crayfish will take an attack stance with its claws raised above its head, which will generally scare away most predatory fish. Additionally, adult rusty crayfish can be too large for some fish to consume.<ref name= "Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species, 2008">[http://limnology.wisc.edu/personnel/jakevz/ais/rustycrayfish.html "Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species."] wisc.edu</ref> Because the rusty crayfish are able to avoid predators fairly well, their population in these new aquatic ecosystems was able to grow extremely quickly and within twenty years the rusty crayfish population had exploded and become an invasive species in the [[Northern United States]] and parts of [[Canada]].<ref name= "Olden et. all, 2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10530-005-7854-2|title=The rapid spread of rusty crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'') with observations on native crayfish declines in Wisconsin (U.S.A.) over the past 130 years|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=8|issue=8|pages=1621|year=2006|last1=Olden|first1=Julian D.|last2=McCarthy|first2=Julia M.|last3=Maxted|first3=Jeffrey T.|last4=Fetzer|first4=William W.|last5=Vander Zanden|first5=M. Jake|citeseerx=10.1.1.546.4281}}</ref> Because these rusty crayfish populations have basically taken over the natives species' habitats and forced them out of their homes, many populations of native crayfish have experienced drastic decline over the past fifty years and the rusty crayfish has become the dominant species in much of the [[Midwestern United States]].<ref name="Pintor 2009"/>
</gallery>


==Behavior==
==Intraspecies behavior==
[[File:Crayfish Fight.jpg|thumb|Two adult male rusty crayfish fighting for dominance.]]
[[File:Crayfish Fight.jpg|thumb|Two adult male rusty crayfish fighting for dominance.]]
Many species of [[vertebrates]] that live in communities together utilize a [[dominance hierarchy]] to establish order, and studies have shown that some species of [[invertebrates]] do the same thing.<ref name= "Alexander 1961">{{cite journal|author=Alexander, R. D.|title= Aggressiveness, territoriality, and sexual behavior in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)|journal= Behaviour|volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 130–223|jstor=4532972|doi=10.1163/156853961X00042|year= 1961}}</ref><ref name= "Courchesne & Barlow 1971">{{cite journal|author=Courchesne, E. & Barlow, G. W. |title= Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, ''Pagurus samuelis''|journal= Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie|volume= 75|pages= 32–48|doi=10.1007/BF00335136|year= 1971}}</ref> It is now known that the dominance hierarchy is an important aspect of a crayfish’s biology and behavior. Crayfish in general tend to form dominance hierarchies with the other members of their population in a particular environment. The largest male will generally demonstrate the most dominance over the others by being the most aggressive, and picking fights with the other, smaller crayfish. The crayfish that wins the most fights is placed at the top of the hierarchy with the other members generally ranking in descending order based on size and sex.<ref name= "Copp, 1986 ">{{cite journal|author=Copp, Newton H. |title=Dominance Hierarchies in the Crayfish ''Procambarus clarkii'' (Girard, 1852) and the Question of Learned Individual Recognition (Decapoda, Astacidea)|journal=Crustaceana|volume=51|issue=1|pages=9–24|jstor=20104160|doi=10.1163/156854086X00025|year=1986}}</ref> Studies have suggested that the largest determining factor in the formation of dominance hierarchies is size rather than nibber. That means that female rusty crayfish can rank higher in the dominance hierarchy than male rusty crayfish if they are larger than them.<ref name="Copp, 1986 "/>
Many species of [[vertebrate]]s that live in communities together utilize a [[dominance hierarchy]] to establish order, and studies have shown that some species of [[invertebrate]]s do as well.<ref name="Alexander 1961">{{cite journal|author=Alexander, R. D.|title=Aggressiveness, territoriality, and sexual behavior in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)|journal=Behaviour|volume=17|issue=2|pages=130–223|jstor=4532972|doi=10.1163/156853961X00042|year=1961}}</ref><ref name="Courchesne & Barlow 1971">{{cite journal|author=Courchesne, E. & Barlow, G. W. |title=Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, ''Pagurus samuelis''|journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie|volume=75|pages=32–48|doi=10.1007/BF00335136|year=1971|s2cid=13459037 }}</ref> The dominance hierarchy is an important aspect of a crayfish's biology and behavior. Crayfish tend to form dominance hierarchies with the other members of their population in a particular environment. The largest male will generally demonstrate the most dominance over the others by being the most aggressive, and picking fights with the other, smaller crayfish. The crayfish that wins the most fights is placed at the top of the hierarchy with the other members generally ranking in descending order based on size and sex.<ref name="Copp, 1986 ">{{cite journal|author=Copp, Newton H. |title=Dominance Hierarchies in the Crayfish ''Procambarus clarkii'' (Girard, 1852) and the Question of Learned Individual Recognition (Decapoda, Astacidea)|journal=Crustaceana|volume=51|issue=1|pages=9–24|jstor=20104160|doi=10.1163/156854086X00025|year=1986}}</ref> Studies have suggested that the largest determining factor in the formation of dominance hierarchies is size rather than sex. That means that female rusty crayfish can rank higher in the dominance hierarchy than male rusty crayfish if they are larger than them.<ref name="Copp, 1986 "/>


==As an invasive species==
⚫
==Control efforts==
⚫
The larger size and aggressive nature of rusty crayfish that have been introduced to a body of water makes it harder for them to be preyed upon by native species of fish, which are not accustomed to crayfish fighting them back.<ref name="Hein, 2006">{{cite journal|title=Fish Predation and Trapping for Rusty Crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'') Control: A Whole-lake Experiment|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=63|issue=2|pages=383|doi=10.1139/f05-229|year=2006|last1=Hein|first1=Catherine L|last2=Roth|first2=Brian M|last3=Ives|first3=Anthony R|last4=Zanden|first4=M Jake Vander}}</ref> Instead of running away like the native crayfish species do when they come in contact with a predator, the rusty crayfish will take an attack stance with its claws raised above its head, which will generally scare away most predatory fish. Additionally, adult rusty crayfish can be too large for some fish to consume.<ref name="Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species, 2008">[http://limnology.wisc.edu/personnel/jakevz/ais/rustycrayfish.html "Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species."] wisc.edu</ref> Because the rusty crayfish are able to avoid predators fairly well, their population in these new aquatic ecosystems was able to grow extremely quickly and within twenty years the rusty crayfish population had exploded and become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Northern United States]] and parts of [[Canada]].<ref name="Olden et. all, 2006">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10530-005-7854-2|title=The rapid spread of rusty crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'') with observations on native crayfish declines in Wisconsin (U.S.A.) over the past 130 years|journal=Biological Invasions|volume=8|issue=8|pages=1621|year=2006|last1=Olden|first1=Julian D.|last2=McCarthy|first2=Julia M.|last3=Maxted|first3=Jeffrey T.|last4=Fetzer|first4=William W.|last5=Vander Zanden|first5=M. Jake|citeseerx=10.1.1.546.4281|s2cid=11304533 }}</ref> Because these rusty crayfish populations have basically taken over the natives species' habitats and forced them out of their homes, many populations of native crayfish have experienced drastic decline over the past fifty years and the rusty crayfish has become the dominant species in much of the [[Midwestern United States]].<ref name="Pintor 2009"/>
⚫
There are some chemicals that will selectively kill only crayfish that have not been registered or labeled for crayfish control. Unfortunately, the chemicals do kill all species of crayfish, and are not specific to rusty crayfish.<ref name= "in.gov">[http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/RUSTY_CRAYFISH.pdf "Rusty Crayfish."] in.gov.</ref> Manual harvest for human consumption is an effective control strategy due to the large size of rusty crayfish. However, this strategy is only useful in reducing the adult population. Once a population of rusty crayfish is introduced to a body of water, it is very difficult to completely eradicate them. Therefore, the best control strategy is to try to prevent any further spread of the rusty crayfish. The best ways to prevent invasive species spread is to learn to identify the invasive species, and not use the species as bait or transport the species to bodies of water where it is not already present.<ref name="Minnesota Sea Grant"/>


⚫
===Control efforts===
==References==
⚫
There are some chemicals that will selectively kill only crayfish that have not been registered or labeled for crayfish control, but kill all species of crayfish and are not specific to rusty crayfish.<ref name="in.gov">[http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/RUSTY_CRAYFISH.pdf "Rusty Crayfish."] in.gov.</ref> Manual harvest for human consumption is an effective control strategy due to the large size of rusty crayfish. However, this strategy is only useful in reducing the adult population. Once a population of rusty crayfish is introduced to a body of water, it is very difficult to completely eradicate them. Therefore, the best control strategy is to try to prevent any further spread of the rusty crayfish. The best ways to prevent invasive species spread is to learn to identify the invasive species, and not use the species as bait or transport the species to bodies of water where it is not already present.<ref name="Minnesota Sea Grant"/>
⚫
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Further reading==
==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|refs=
*{{cite journal |author=Alan P. Covich‌ |author2=Margaret A. Palmer‌ & Todd A. Crowl |year=1999 |title=The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems: zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=119–127 |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/bisi.1999.49.2.119 |doi= 10.2307/1313537|jstor=1313537 }}
<ref name=crandall2017>{{cite journal|author-link1=Keith A. Crandall |last1=Crandall |first1=Keith |last2=De Grave |first2=Sammy |title=An updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the world, with a complete species list |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |date=2017 |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=615–653 |doi=10.1093/jcbiol/rux070|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=gisd>[http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=217 Global Invasive Species Database]</ref>
==External links==
⚫
<ref name=invading>[http://www.invadingspecies.com/rusty-crayfish/ www.invadingspecies.com] Partnership between the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters</ref>
{{Commons category|Orconectes rusticus|''Orconectes rusticus''}}
⚫
<ref name=invspinfo>[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/rusty-crayfish Species Profile - Rusty Crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]</ref>
⚫
*[http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=4 www.invadingspecies.com] Partnership between the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
⚫
<ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |author=S. Adams |author2=G. A. Schuster |author3=C. A. Taylor |name-list-style=amp |title=''Orconectes rusticus'' |volume=2010 |page=e.T153835A4551760 |date=2010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153835A4551760.en|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
*http://www.crayfishontario.ca/
⚫
<ref name=olden2009>{{cite journal |author=Julian D. Olden Jeffrey W. Adams |author2=Eric R. Larson |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=First record of ''Orconectes rusticus'' (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) west of the Great Continental Divide in North America |journal=[[Crustaceana]] |volume=82 |issue=10 |pages=1347–1351 |doi=10.1163/156854009X448934 |url=http://www.fish.washington.edu/research/oldenlab/pdf/2009/Crustaceana_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702084044/http://fish.washington.edu/research/oldenlab/pdf/2009/Crustaceana_2009.pdf |archivedate=2010-07-02 }}</ref>
*http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=217
<ref name=taylor1996>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Christopher A. |last2=Redmer |first2=Michael |title=Dispersal of the Crayfish ''Orconectes rusticus'' in Illinois, with Notes on Species Displacement and Habitat Preference |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |date=1996 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=547–551 |doi=10.2307/1548745 |jstor=1548745 |issn=0278-0372}}</ref>
*http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Orconectes_rusticus.html
}}
⚫
* [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/rustycray.shtml Species Profile- Rusty Crayfish (''Orconectes rusticus'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3933598}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q59712751|from2=Q3933598}}


[[Category:Cambaridae]]
[[Category:Cambaridae]]
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[[Category:Freshwater crustaceans of North America]]
[[Category:Freshwater crustaceans of North America]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1852]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1852]]
[[Category:Endemic crustaceans of the United States]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Faxonius rusticus -->

Latest revision as of 17:39, 11 November 2024

Rusty crayfish
Rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) in Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Rusty spots on sides of carapace
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Cambaridae
Genus: Faxonius
Species:
F. rusticus
Binomial name
Faxonius rusticus
(Girard, 1852)
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Cambarus rusticus Girard, 1852
  • Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852)

The rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) is a large, aggressive species of freshwater crayfish which is native to the United States, in the Ohio River Basin in parts of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana.[2][4][5] Its range is rapidly expanding across much of eastern North America, displacing native crayfishes in the process.[6][7] The rusty crayfish was first captured in Illinois in 1973, and has been collected at over 20 locations in the northern portion of the state.[8] In 2005, F. rusticus was found for the first time west of the Continental Divide, in the John Day River, Oregon, which runs into the Columbia River.[9]

Description

[edit]
Measurement of a rusty crayfish

Adult rusty crayfish can reach 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length, although they reach maturity at about 4.4 cm (1.7 in),[10] and can range in color from greenish grey, to reddish brown,[11][12][13] They can be easily recognized by two "rusty", reddish colored spots on the sides of their back and their large front claws with black bands around the tips.[14] Male rusty crayfish have small hook-like features on their first pair of hind legs that they use to hold onto a female while mating.[6]

Behavior

[edit]
Two adult male rusty crayfish fighting for dominance.

Many species of vertebrates that live in communities together utilize a dominance hierarchy to establish order, and studies have shown that some species of invertebrates do as well.[15][16] The dominance hierarchy is an important aspect of a crayfish's biology and behavior. Crayfish tend to form dominance hierarchies with the other members of their population in a particular environment. The largest male will generally demonstrate the most dominance over the others by being the most aggressive, and picking fights with the other, smaller crayfish. The crayfish that wins the most fights is placed at the top of the hierarchy with the other members generally ranking in descending order based on size and sex.[17] Studies have suggested that the largest determining factor in the formation of dominance hierarchies is size rather than sex. That means that female rusty crayfish can rank higher in the dominance hierarchy than male rusty crayfish if they are larger than them.[17]

As an invasive species

[edit]

The larger size and aggressive nature of rusty crayfish that have been introduced to a body of water makes it harder for them to be preyed upon by native species of fish, which are not accustomed to crayfish fighting them back.[18] Instead of running away like the native crayfish species do when they come in contact with a predator, the rusty crayfish will take an attack stance with its claws raised above its head, which will generally scare away most predatory fish. Additionally, adult rusty crayfish can be too large for some fish to consume.[19] Because the rusty crayfish are able to avoid predators fairly well, their population in these new aquatic ecosystems was able to grow extremely quickly and within twenty years the rusty crayfish population had exploded and become an invasive species in the Northern United States and parts of Canada.[20] Because these rusty crayfish populations have basically taken over the natives species' habitats and forced them out of their homes, many populations of native crayfish have experienced drastic decline over the past fifty years and the rusty crayfish has become the dominant species in much of the Midwestern United States.[12]

Control efforts

[edit]

There are some chemicals that will selectively kill only crayfish that have not been registered or labeled for crayfish control, but kill all species of crayfish and are not specific to rusty crayfish.[21] Manual harvest for human consumption is an effective control strategy due to the large size of rusty crayfish. However, this strategy is only useful in reducing the adult population. Once a population of rusty crayfish is introduced to a body of water, it is very difficult to completely eradicate them. Therefore, the best control strategy is to try to prevent any further spread of the rusty crayfish. The best ways to prevent invasive species spread is to learn to identify the invasive species, and not use the species as bait or transport the species to bodies of water where it is not already present.[14]

References

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  1. ^ S. Adams; G. A. Schuster & C. A. Taylor (2010). "Orconectes rusticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T153835A4551760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153835A4551760.en. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b Crandall, Keith; De Grave, Sammy (2017). "An updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea) of the world, with a complete species list". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 37 (5): 615–653. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/rux070.
  3. ^ "Faxonius rusticus". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  4. ^ Global Invasive Species Database
  5. ^ Species Profile - Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library
  6. ^ a b Gunderson, Jeffrey. "Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification." Rusty Crayfish Gender Identification.
  7. ^ www.invadingspecies.com Partnership between the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
  8. ^ Taylor, Christopher A.; Redmer, Michael (1996). "Dispersal of the Crayfish Orconectes rusticus in Illinois, with Notes on Species Displacement and Habitat Preference". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 16 (3): 547–551. doi:10.2307/1548745. ISSN 0278-0372. JSTOR 1548745.
  9. ^ Julian D. Olden Jeffrey W. Adams & Eric R. Larson (2009). "First record of Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) west of the Great Continental Divide in North America" (PDF). Crustaceana. 82 (10): 1347–1351. doi:10.1163/156854009X448934. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-02.
  10. ^ Pappas, Janice. Orconectes rusticus, Animal Diversity Web.
  11. ^ Bovbjerg, Richard V. (1952). "Comparative Ecology and Physiology of the Crayfish, Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus fodiens". Physiological Zoology. 25 (1): 34–56. doi:10.1086/physzool.25.1.30160911. JSTOR 30160911. S2CID 87913861.
  12. ^ a b Pintor, Lauren M. and Sih, Andrew (2008). "Differences in Growth and Foraging Behavior of Native and Introduced Populations of an Invasive Crayfish". Biological Invasions. 11 (8): 1895–1902. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9367-2. S2CID 19550240.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Rabalais, M. R., and Magoulick, D. D. (2006). "Influence of an Invasive Crayfish Species on Diurnal Habitat Use and Selection by a Native Crayfish Species in an Ozark Stream". The American Midland Naturalist. 155 (2): 295–306. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[295:IOAICS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094645. S2CID 85898164.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Jensen, Doug (26 July 2013). "Rusty Crayfish". Minnesota Sea Grant.
  15. ^ Alexander, R. D. (1961). "Aggressiveness, territoriality, and sexual behavior in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)". Behaviour. 17 (2): 130–223. doi:10.1163/156853961X00042. JSTOR 4532972.
  16. ^ Courchesne, E. & Barlow, G. W. (1971). "Effect of isolation on components of aggressive and other behavior in the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis". Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie. 75: 32–48. doi:10.1007/BF00335136. S2CID 13459037.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Copp, Newton H. (1986). "Dominance Hierarchies in the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) and the Question of Learned Individual Recognition (Decapoda, Astacidea)". Crustaceana. 51 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1163/156854086X00025. JSTOR 20104160.
  18. ^ Hein, Catherine L; Roth, Brian M; Ives, Anthony R; Zanden, M Jake Vander (2006). "Fish Predation and Trapping for Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Control: A Whole-lake Experiment". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (2): 383. doi:10.1139/f05-229.
  19. ^ "Wisconsin Aquatic Invasive Species." wisc.edu
  20. ^ Olden, Julian D.; McCarthy, Julia M.; Maxted, Jeffrey T.; Fetzer, William W.; Vander Zanden, M. Jake (2006). "The rapid spread of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) with observations on native crayfish declines in Wisconsin (U.S.A.) over the past 130 years". Biological Invasions. 8 (8): 1621. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.546.4281. doi:10.1007/s10530-005-7854-2. S2CID 11304533.
  21. ^ "Rusty Crayfish." in.gov.
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