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Coordinates: 18°36′00″N 83°58′00″E / 18.6000°N 83.9667°E / 18.6000; 83.9667
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{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukhalingam
| name = Mukhalingam
| other_name = Srimukhalingam
| native_name =
| nickname =
| native_name_lang = or-te
| settlement_type = Village
| other_name = Srimukhalingam
| image_skyline = Mukhalingeshwara temple , srimukhalingam srikakulam.jpg
| nickname =
| image_alt =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_caption = Srimukhalingam temple
| image_skyline = Mukhalingeshwara temple , srimukhalingam srikakulam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_map = {{infobox mapframe|zoom=14}}
| image_caption = Srimukhalingam temple
| map_alt = Dynamic map
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Dynamic map
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6000|N|83.9667|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6000|N|83.9667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| established_date =
| founder =
| founder =
| named_for =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Jalumuru]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Jalumuru]]
| government_type =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,204
| population_total = 3,204
| population_as_of =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532428
| postal_code = 532428
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]]<br /> AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| website =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Mukhalingam''', also known as '''Srimukhalingam''' or '''Mukhalinga''', is a village panchayat in [[Jalumuru]] mandal of [[Srikakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Historically known as Kalinganagari, Mukhalingam served as the capital of Eastern Ganga Dynasty from 6th century AD to 12th century AD. Emperor Sri Ananthavarma Chodaganga Devara conquered Utkala in 1122 AD and shifted the capital from Kalinganagari to Caudwara kataka<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=History of Gangas|publisher=Superintendent of Museum, Orissa , Bhubaneswar|year=1972|series= History of Ganga |volume=Part 2|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-gangas-ii| pages=39 |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref>
'''Mukhalingam''', also known as '''Srimukhalingam''' or '''Mukhalinga''' is a village panchayat in [[Jalumuru]] mandal of [[Srikakulam district]] in indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Mukhalingam is derived from an [[Odia]] word ''Muhalinga'' which is the corrupt form of "Madhukalinga", a linga formed by madhuka tree. Before 1936 it was under undivided [[Ganjam District]]. It was the erstwhile capital of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] dynasty , and later the capital of Khemundi Gangas of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Purnachandra |title=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |publisher=Siddhanta |year=2010 |series=Paralakhemundi Itihasa |volume=1|location=Paralakhemundi, Odisha |chapter=No 5-29 -Kalingara Rajadhani katakaku Sthanantarana parabarti abasthare khemundi o Kalinga Nagara |author-link=Purnachandra Mahapatra}}</ref>It is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Murthy|first=K. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA65|title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-226-0|pages=71|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Ronald M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA342|title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement|date=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1991-7|pages=342|language=en}}</ref> The village is located on the left bank of [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]] river at a distance of 31km from [[Paralakhemundi]] town and 48 km from [[Srikakulam]] town. The main temple of Sri mukhalingam was built by [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] King '''Kamaranava deva II''', great grand father of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] Deva of [[Kalinga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|year=1986|series= Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |volume=4 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |pages=148 |chapter=No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12709005 |title=Hindu temple art of Orissa |date=1985-1987 |publisher=New York |isbn=90-04-07173-3 |location=Leiden |pages=143 |oclc=12709005}}</ref>
The village is located on the left bank of [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]] river at a distance of 48&nbsp;km from [[Srikakulam]] town( nearest rail head ) and 160 &nbsp;km from [[Visakhapatnam]] ( nearest airport).<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://aptourism.gov.in/destinations/41/srimukhalingam
|title=Srimukhalingam
|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism Authority
|date=2015-03-12
|website=Andhra Pradesh Tourism
|access-date=2023-04-20}}</ref>

Mukhalingam is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA65 |title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-226-0 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA342 |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7 |pages=342 |language=en}}</ref> Mukhalingam was the erstwhile capital of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] dynasty. The main temple of Sri Mukhalingam was built by Eastern Ganga King Kamaranaba Deva II, great-grand father of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].

<!-- [[File:A Portrait of Kamarnaba Deba by Bibhu Patnaik.jpg|thumb|A Portrait of Emperor Kamarnaba Deba 2nd, the founder of Srimukhalingam Madhukeswara Temple, art inspired by direct stone carving of the temple Gumuta]] -->

== Etymology ==
Various views by have been put forward for the origin of the name Mukhalingam. It states that "Mukhalingam" is a corruption of "Mohalingam", which is the [[Prakrit]] form of "Madhu[ka]linga".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n242/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 4 |editor1-last=Hultzsch |editor1-first=E. |location=Calcutta |page=188 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Another view states that the [[Lingam|linga]] at the Madhukeswara shrine is a faceted one and therefore the shrine and the town were termed as [[Mukhalinga]] with "Mukha" meaning face in [[Sanskrit]]/[[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxnfNSalih4C&dq=Mukhalingam+word&pg=PA65 |title=Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-226-0 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> It as also been posited that "Mukhalingam" is derived from "Mudu-Kalingam" which is the Telugu translation of the Sanskrit word "Tri-kalinga".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=Putcha Vasudeva Parabrahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPZAAAAMAAJ&q=Mukhalingam+Mudu+Kalingam |title=Rural Studies in Early Andhra |date=1996 |publisher=V.R. Publication |pages=20 |language=en |author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mukhalingam was the main city in the region of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], also known in the ancient period as Tri-Kalinga because it was divided into three regions.<ref name=":2" />


==Geography==
==Geography==
Line 62: Line 78:
== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==


Srimukhalingam is well connected by road ways. Andhra Pradesh State Highway 106 passes through Srimukhalingam village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Jarjangi+Pindruvada+Rd&ludocid=7993193475640551717&lsig=AB86z5XNEHmriZGwTgm3BVhDOa5S |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>


[[APSRTC]] operates several buses from [[Srikakulam]] bus stand to [[Srimukhalingam]] village. Many of autos, taxis and cabs are also available from [[Challavanipeta]] village to Srimukhalingam village. The village is also very near to [[Paralakhemundi]] town, district Headquarter of [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state. Auto, taxi, bus, cabs facilities are there from the town.


Andhra Pradesh SH106 Connects [[Jarjangi]], [[Challavanipeta]], [[Jalumuru]], Budithi, Komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri Mukhalingam village.
[[Srimukhalingam]] is well Connected by road ways. Andhrapradesh State Highway 106<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=APq-WBtTMTXyZw50OOyN7UvtI1G2L7uqFQ:1645871529804&q=Jarjangi+Pindruvada+Rd&ludocid=7993193475640551717&gsas=1&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&lsig=AB86z5XNEHmriZGwTgm3BVhDOa5S&kgs=3125c6d31427d2e7&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local/2&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local|access-date=2022-02-26|website=www.google.com}}</ref> passes through Srimukhalingam village.

The village is also very near to [[Paralakhemundi]] town , district Headquarter of [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state. Auto , taxi, bus , cabs facilities are there from the town.

[[APSRTC]] operates Several buses from [[srikakulam]] bus stand to [[Srimukhalingam]] village. Many of Autos , Taxis and cabs are also available from [[Challavanipeta]] village to Srimukhalingam village.



[[Andhrapradesh]] SH106 Connects [[Jarjangi]], [[Challavanipeta]], [[Jalumuru]], Budithi , komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri mukhalingam village.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
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== Culture ==
== Culture ==
The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Linda|first = Mary F.|date = 1990-01-01|title = Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga|jstor = 3250071|journal = Artibus Asiae|volume = 50|issue = 3/4|pages = 232–262|doi = 10.2307/3250071}}</ref> The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncL8Ve9FqNwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA4967|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-273-7|pages=4967|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=M. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA147|title=Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-102-3|pages=151|language=en}}</ref> Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. The tample's first daily avisheka happens on the name of present [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] ruler of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] as Dharmakata of the temple.
The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Linda|first = Mary F.|date = 1990-01-01|title = Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga|jstor = 3250071|journal = Artibus Asiae|volume = 50|issue = 3/4|pages = 232–262|doi = 10.2307/3250071}}</ref> The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncL8Ve9FqNwC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA4967|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-273-7|pages=4967|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=M. Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaAGpGNbAC&dq=mukhalingam&pg=PA147|title=Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-102-3|pages=151|language=en}}</ref> Later in 17th century Maharaja of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] renovated this temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |year=1986 |series=Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa |volume=4 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |pages=148 |chapter=No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12709005 |title=Hindu temple art of Orissa |date=1985–1987 |publisher=New York |isbn=90-04-07173-3 |location=Leiden |pages=143 |oclc=12709005}}</ref> Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. Before 1936 it was under undivided [[Ganjam District]].


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]


{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:42, 11 November 2024

For a Hindu icon related to the linga, see Mukhalinga.

Mukhalingam
Srimukhalingam
Village
Srimukhalingam temple
Srimukhalingam temple
Map
Dynamic map
Mukhalingam is located in Andhra Pradesh
Mukhalingam
Mukhalingam
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates: 18°36′00″N 83°58′00″E / 18.6000°N 83.9667°E / 18.6000; 83.9667
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictSrikakulam
TalukasJalumuru
Population
 • Total
3,204
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
532428
Vehicle RegistrationAP30 (Former)
AP39 (from 30 January 2019)[1]

Mukhalingam, also known as Srimukhalingam or Mukhalinga, is a village panchayat in Jalumuru mandal of Srikakulam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Historically known as Kalinganagari, Mukhalingam served as the capital of Eastern Ganga Dynasty from 6th century AD to 12th century AD. Emperor Sri Ananthavarma Chodaganga Devara conquered Utkala in 1122 AD and shifted the capital from Kalinganagari to Caudwara kataka[2]

The village is located on the left bank of Vamsadhara river at a distance of 48 km from Srikakulam town( nearest rail head ) and 160  km from Visakhapatnam ( nearest airport).[3]

Mukhalingam is home to a group of three Śiva temples - Madhukeswara, Someswara, Bhimeswara - which have been variously dated by historians from late eighth century to early eleventh century CE.[4][5] Mukhalingam was the erstwhile capital of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The main temple of Sri Mukhalingam was built by Eastern Ganga King Kamaranaba Deva II, great-grand father of Anantavarman Chodaganga of Kalinga.


Etymology

[edit]

Various views by have been put forward for the origin of the name Mukhalingam. It states that "Mukhalingam" is a corruption of "Mohalingam", which is the Prakrit form of "Madhu[ka]linga".[6] Another view states that the linga at the Madhukeswara shrine is a faceted one and therefore the shrine and the town were termed as Mukhalinga with "Mukha" meaning face in Sanskrit/Telugu.[7] It as also been posited that "Mukhalingam" is derived from "Mudu-Kalingam" which is the Telugu translation of the Sanskrit word "Tri-kalinga".[8][7] Mukhalingam was the main city in the region of Kalinga, also known in the ancient period as Tri-Kalinga because it was divided into three regions.[7]

Geography

[edit]

Mukhalingam is located at 18°35′39″N 83°57′49″E / 18.5943°N 83.9635°E / 18.5943; 83.9635.[9] It has an average elevation of 28 metres (92 ft).

Transportation

[edit]

Srimukhalingam is well connected by road ways. Andhra Pradesh State Highway 106 passes through Srimukhalingam village.[10]

APSRTC operates several buses from Srikakulam bus stand to Srimukhalingam village. Many of autos, taxis and cabs are also available from Challavanipeta village to Srimukhalingam village. The village is also very near to Paralakhemundi town, district Headquarter of Gajapati District of Odisha state. Auto, taxi, bus, cabs facilities are there from the town.

Andhra Pradesh SH106 Connects Jarjangi, Challavanipeta, Jalumuru, Budithi, Komanapalli and Pindruvada villages with Sri Mukhalingam village.

Demographics

[edit]

According to the 2011 Census of India, the demographic details of Mukhalingam are as follows:[11]

  • Total Population: 3,022 in 837 Households
  • Male Population: 1,504 and Female Population: 1,518
  • Children under six years of age: 265 (Boys - 139 and Girls - 126)
  • Literacy rate: 63.58%

Culture

[edit]

The dating of the temples has been contested among historians. The temples have been variously dated from late eighth century to eleventh century CE.[4][5][12] The earliest among them was constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century and the latest one dates to early eleventh century.[13][14] Later in 17th century Maharaja of Paralakhemundi Estate renovated this temple.[15][16] Every year famous Chakratirtha Snana (holy bath) is taken by pilgrims. Lakhs of pilgrims visit from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on the auspicious day to take the holy bath and take blessings of Lord Shiva. Before 1936 it was under undivided Ganjam District.

[edit]
  • A relief of Trimurti on a dome at Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
    A relief of Trimurti on a dome at Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
  • View of a dome at Sri Mukhalingam Temple complex
    View of a dome at Sri Mukhalingam Temple complex
  • A relief carved out on walls for a drain at Sri Mukhalingam
    A relief carved out on walls for a drain at Sri Mukhalingam
  • A Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex
    A Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  2. ^ Rajguru, Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana (1972). History of Gangas. History of Ganga. Vol. Part 2. Superintendent of Museum, Orissa , Bhubaneswar. p. 39.
  3. ^ "Srimukhalingam". Andhra Pradesh Tourism. Andhra Pradesh Tourism Authority. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-7017-226-0.
  5. ^ a b Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 342. ISBN 978-81-208-1991-7.
  6. ^ Hultzsch, E. (ed.). Epigraphia Indica Vol 4. Calcutta. p. 188. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. p. 65. ISBN 978-81-7017-226-0.
  8. ^ Sastry, Putcha Vasudeva Parabrahma (1996). Rural Studies in Early Andhra. V.R. Publication. p. 20.
  9. ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Mukhalingam, India". www.fallingrain.com. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Mukhalingam Village Population - Jalumuru - Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  12. ^ Linda, Mary F. (1 January 1990). "Nārāyaṇapuram: A Tenth Century Site in Kaliṅga". Artibus Asiae. 50 (3/4): 232–262. doi:10.2307/3250071. JSTOR 3250071.
  13. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Meya-National Congress. Cosmo Publications. p. 4967. ISBN 978-81-7755-273-7.
  14. ^ Kumari, M. Krishna (1990). Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra. Discovery Publishing House. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-7141-102-3.
  15. ^ Rajguru, Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana (1986). "No 3 - Ganga o Gajapati Shashanare Samaja Sikhya Dharma kala o Sanskruti". Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa. Odisha Ra Sanskrutika Itihasa. Vol. 4. Cuttack, Odisha: Orissa Sahitya Akademi. p. 148.
  16. ^ Donaldson, Thomas E. (1985–1987). Hindu temple art of Orissa. Leiden: New York. p. 143. ISBN 90-04-07173-3. OCLC 12709005.
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