Encope emarginata: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of echinoderm}} |
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| image = Encope emarginata |
| image = Encope emarginata by Lucas Lopes - 398448422.jpeg |
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| genus = Encope |
| genus = Encope |
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| species = emarginata |
| species = emarginata |
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[[File:Anatomy_of_Encope_emarginata.png|thumb|Basic anatomy of ''E. emarginata''|center]] |
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| ⚫ | ''Encope emarginata'' has a thick test, or shell, that often remains intact and preserved.<ref name="Coppard-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Coppard |first1=Simon E. |last2=Lessios |first2=H. A. |date=2017-09-14 |title=Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Encope: implications regarding the Central American Isthmus and rates of molecular evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11520 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11875-w |pmid=28912431 |pmc=5599539 |bibcode=2017NatSR...711520C |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Tests are oval-shaped, centrally domed, typically greenish-brown colored, and have 6 lunules, or notches, as well as large bowed petaloids <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encope emarginata - Plazi TreatmentBank |url=http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B094E14FFC4FF551ECAFCADFC86 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=treatment.plazi.org |language=en}}</ref> Young ''E. emarginata'' can be mistaken for its sibling, ''E. michelini'', because of the presence of open lunules as juveniles, although closed as adults.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francisco |first1=V. |last2=Pauls |first2=S. M. |date=2008 |title=Especies del Orden Clypeasteroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de las costas de Venezuela |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44920273011 |journal=[[Revista de Biología Tropical]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=215–228 |issn=0034-7744}}</ref> |
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[[File:Anatomy_of_Encope_emarginata.png|thumb|Basic anatomy of ''E. emarginata''|center]][[File:Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) derivate 2013.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the species by [[Ernst Haeckel]] published in 1904.|center]] |
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| ⚫ | Mostly found in subtropical and tropical waters of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and southwestern Atlantic Ocean, ''E. emarginata'' ranges from Belize to Argentina.<ref name=" |
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| ⚫ | Mostly found in subtropical and tropical waters of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and southwestern Atlantic Ocean, ''E. emarginata'' ranges from Belize to Argentina.<ref name="Ventura-2004">{{Citation |last1=Ventura |first1=C |title=Morphological dimensional differences in two geographically separated populations of Encope emarginata (Leske) from the coast of Brazil |date=2004-12-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203970881.ch45 |work=Echinoderms: Munchen |pages=261–265 |access-date=2023-02-20 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |last2=Hopkins |first2=T |last3=Kuhajda |first3=B|doi=10.1201/9780203970881.ch45 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-11 |isbn=978-0-415-36481-2 }}</ref> Common on the South America Atlantic coastline, they are one of the only extant echinoids found on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul (the other being ''[[Mellita quinquiesperforata]]'') and the only one south of the La Plata river.<ref name="Lopes-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lopes |first=Renato Pereira |date=2011-12-30 |title=Fossil sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida) from the Southern Brazilian coast |journal=[[Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.4072/rbp.2011.3.01 |issn=1519-7530|doi-access=free }}</ref> Area inhibited by ''Encope emarginata'' is below the action of the normal wave regime, thus the fossils of this species is only truly disturbed during extreme coastal weather.<ref name="Lopes-2011" /> |
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''Encope emarginata'' inhabits sandy, muddy sediments of coastal waters.<ref name="Ventura-2004" /> Although a marine species,<ref name="www.marinespecies.org">{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=513255 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.marinespecies.org |language=en}}</ref> they have also been found in estuaries and river mouths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brustolin |first1=Marco C. |last2=Thomas |first2=Micheli C. |last3=Mafra |first3=Luiz L. |last4=da Cunha Lana |first4=Paulo |date=2016-05-20 |title=Bioturbation by the sand dollar Encope emarginata (Echinoidea, Mellitidae) changes the composition and size structure of microphytobenthic assemblages |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2815-6 |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=779 |issue=1 |pages=183–192 |doi=10.1007/s10750-016-2815-6 |s2cid=254554493 |issn=0018-8158}}</ref> The waters they live in are typically shallow, as deep as 20 meters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biología Tropical |first=Revista de |title=Indice y Creditos |date=2015-06-01 |journal=[[Revista de Biología Tropical]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=1 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v63i2.18577 |issn=2215-2075|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Taxonomy == |
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These sand dollars were originally named ''Echinodiscus emarginatus,''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN573613834 |title=Jacobi Theodorie Klein naturalis dispositio Echinodermatum |publisher=Gleditsch}}</ref> but have since been transferred to the ''[[Encope]]'' genus within the [[Mellitidae]] family.<ref name=" |
These sand dollars were originally named ''Echinodiscus emarginatus,''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN573613834 |title=Jacobi Theodorie Klein naturalis dispositio Echinodermatum |publisher=Gleditsch}}</ref> but have since been transferred to the ''[[Encope]]'' genus within the [[Mellitidae]] family.<ref name="www.marinespecies.org" /> ''Encope'' is thought to be the most diverse genus among sand dollars, containing 7 extant species.<ref name="Coppard-2017" /> Fossils can be dated back to the [[Pliocene]] or [[Pleistocene]], up to 5 million years ago.<ref name="Coppard-2017" /> |
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There is ongoing research suggesting that two populations of E. emarginata may emerge as separate species as a result of a barrier created by [[upwelling]], a process known as [[allopatric speciation]].<ref name=" |
There is ongoing research suggesting that two populations of E. emarginata may emerge as separate species as a result of a barrier created by [[upwelling]], a process known as [[allopatric speciation]].<ref name="Ventura-2004" /> |
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== Bioturbation == |
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=== Bioturbation<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brustolin |first=Marco C. |last2=Thomas |first2=Micheli C. |last3=Mafra |first3=Luiz L. |last4=Lana |first4=Paulo da Cunha |date=2014-08-01 |title=Does Encope emarginata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) affect spatial variation patterns of estuarine subtidal meiofauna and microphytobenthos? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110114000677 |journal=Journal of Sea Research |language=en |volume=91 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1016/j.seares.2014.03.006 |issn=1385-1101}}</ref> === |
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''Encope emarginata'' is well-known for its [[bioturbation]] within the sediment, especially its effect on the spatial distributions of [[phytoplankton]] and other small benthic organisms. Moving at a maximum rate of 15 cm per hour, these sand dollars typically work through surface-layer sediments. ''E. emarginata'' has shown to have significant impacts on the concentrations of [[Chlorophyll a|Chlorophyll-a]] within the sediment, as well as causing a greater variance in microphytobethic and meiofaunal populations due to the sand dollars' foraging behaviors. The bioturbation of this echinoid is thought to create top-down effects, enhancing sediment heterogeneity and maintaining benthic biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brustolin |first1=Marco C. |last2=Thomas |first2=Micheli C. |last3=Mafra |first3=Luiz L. |last4=Lana |first4=Paulo da Cunha |date=2014-08-01 |title=Does Encope emarginata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) affect spatial variation patterns of estuarine subtidal meiofauna and microphytobenthos? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110114000677 |journal=Journal of Sea Research |language=en |volume=91 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1016/j.seares.2014.03.006 |bibcode=2014JSR....91...70B |issn=1385-1101}}</ref> |
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[[File:Tu - Encope emarginata - 1.jpg|thumb|230x230px|E. emarginata in the Natural History Museum in London, England]] |
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== Relationship with [[Ectosymbiosis|ectosymbiotic]] crabs == |
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Genus ''[[Dissodactylus]]'' are commensal or parasitic crabs found to live on the bodies of irregular echinoids, such as ''E. emarginata''. There is ongoing debate whether the size of ''E.emarginata'' influences the number of crabs found on it, where one study found a positive correlation<ref name="Martinelli Filho-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Martinelli Filho |first1=José Eduardo |last2=dos Santos |first2=Ronan Brito |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Caio Cesar |date=2014-07-01 |title=Host selection, host-use pattern and competition in Dissodactylus crinitichelis and Clypeasterophilus stebbingi (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-014-0292-0 |journal=Symbiosis |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=99–110 |doi=10.1007/s13199-014-0292-0 |bibcode=2014Symbi..63...99M |s2cid=256075356 |issn=1878-7665}}</ref> and another found no relationship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guilherme |first1=Pablo D. B. |last2=Brustolin |first2=Marco C. |last3=Bueno |first3=Maristela de L. |last4=Guilherme |first4=Pablo D. B. |last5=Brustolin |first5=Marco C. |last6=Bueno |first6=Maristela de L. |date=June 2015 |title=Distribution patterns of ectosymbiont crabs and their sand dollar hosts in a subtropical estuarine sandflat |url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-77442015000600209&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=[[Revista de Biología Tropical]] |language=en |volume=63 |pages=209–220 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23155 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=0034-7744}}</ref> The crabs are thought to consume the spines of the sand dollar, but additional research is necessary to determine if the ''Dissodactylus'' are truly parasitic.<ref name="Martinelli Filho-2014" /> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Echinoidea-stub}} |
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[[Category:Animals described in 1778]] |
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[[Category:Echinoderms of Brazil]] |
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{{Improve categories|date=February 2022}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:57, 11 November 2024
| Encope emarginata | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Clypeasteroida |
| Family: | Mellitidae |
| Genus: | Encope |
| Species: | E. emarginata
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| Binomial name | |
| Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)
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Encope emarginata, a notched sand dollar, is a marine echinoid ranging the western Atlantic ocean. They are best known for their bioturbation in the sediment, relationship with crabs, and their widespread distribution.
Description
[edit]Encope emarginata has a thick test, or shell, that often remains intact and preserved.[1] Tests are oval-shaped, centrally domed, typically greenish-brown colored, and have 6 lunules, or notches, as well as large bowed petaloids [2] Young E. emarginata can be mistaken for its sibling, E. michelini, because of the presence of open lunules as juveniles, although closed as adults.[3]
_derivate_2013.jpg)
Habitat and distribution
[edit]
Mostly found in subtropical and tropical waters of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and southwestern Atlantic Ocean, E. emarginata ranges from Belize to Argentina.[4] Common on the South America Atlantic coastline, they are one of the only extant echinoids found on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul (the other being Mellita quinquiesperforata) and the only one south of the La Plata river.[5] Area inhibited by Encope emarginata is below the action of the normal wave regime, thus the fossils of this species is only truly disturbed during extreme coastal weather.[5]
Encope emarginata inhabits sandy, muddy sediments of coastal waters.[4] Although a marine species,[6] they have also been found in estuaries and river mouths.[7] The waters they live in are typically shallow, as deep as 20 meters.[8]
Taxonomy
[edit]These sand dollars were originally named Echinodiscus emarginatus,[9] but have since been transferred to the Encope genus within the Mellitidae family.[6] Encope is thought to be the most diverse genus among sand dollars, containing 7 extant species.[1] Fossils can be dated back to the Pliocene or Pleistocene, up to 5 million years ago.[1]
There is ongoing research suggesting that two populations of E. emarginata may emerge as separate species as a result of a barrier created by upwelling, a process known as allopatric speciation.[4]
Bioturbation
[edit]Encope emarginata is well-known for its bioturbation within the sediment, especially its effect on the spatial distributions of phytoplankton and other small benthic organisms. Moving at a maximum rate of 15 cm per hour, these sand dollars typically work through surface-layer sediments. E. emarginata has shown to have significant impacts on the concentrations of Chlorophyll-a within the sediment, as well as causing a greater variance in microphytobethic and meiofaunal populations due to the sand dollars' foraging behaviors. The bioturbation of this echinoid is thought to create top-down effects, enhancing sediment heterogeneity and maintaining benthic biodiversity.[10]
Relationship with ectosymbiotic crabs
[edit]Genus Dissodactylus are commensal or parasitic crabs found to live on the bodies of irregular echinoids, such as E. emarginata. There is ongoing debate whether the size of E.emarginata influences the number of crabs found on it, where one study found a positive correlation[11] and another found no relationship.[12] The crabs are thought to consume the spines of the sand dollar, but additional research is necessary to determine if the Dissodactylus are truly parasitic.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Coppard, Simon E.; Lessios, H. A. (2017-09-14). "Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Encope: implications regarding the Central American Isthmus and rates of molecular evolution". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11520. Bibcode:2017NatSR...711520C. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11875-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5599539. PMID 28912431.
- ^ "Encope emarginata - Plazi TreatmentBank". treatment.plazi.org. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ Francisco, V.; Pauls, S. M. (2008). "Especies del Orden Clypeasteroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de las costas de Venezuela". Revista de Biología Tropical. 56 (3): 215–228. ISSN 0034-7744.
- ^ a b c Ventura, C; Hopkins, T; Kuhajda, B (2004-12-15), "Morphological dimensional differences in two geographically separated populations of Encope emarginata (Leske) from the coast of Brazil", Echinoderms: Munchen, Taylor & Francis, pp. 261–265, doi:10.1201/9780203970881.ch45 (inactive 2024-11-11), ISBN 978-0-415-36481-2, retrieved 2023-02-20
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b Lopes, Renato Pereira (2011-12-30). "Fossil sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida) from the Southern Brazilian coast". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 14 (3): 201–214. doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.3.01. ISSN 1519-7530.
- ^ a b "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ Brustolin, Marco C.; Thomas, Micheli C.; Mafra, Luiz L.; da Cunha Lana, Paulo (2016-05-20). "Bioturbation by the sand dollar Encope emarginata (Echinoidea, Mellitidae) changes the composition and size structure of microphytobenthic assemblages". Hydrobiologia. 779 (1): 183–192. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2815-6. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 254554493.
- ^ Biología Tropical, Revista de (2015-06-01). "Indice y Creditos". Revista de Biología Tropical. 63 (2): 1. doi:10.15517/rbt.v63i2.18577. ISSN 2215-2075.
- ^ Jacobi Theodorie Klein naturalis dispositio Echinodermatum. Gleditsch.
- ^ Brustolin, Marco C.; Thomas, Micheli C.; Mafra, Luiz L.; Lana, Paulo da Cunha (2014-08-01). "Does Encope emarginata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) affect spatial variation patterns of estuarine subtidal meiofauna and microphytobenthos?". Journal of Sea Research. 91: 70–78. Bibcode:2014JSR....91...70B. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.03.006. ISSN 1385-1101.
- ^ a b Martinelli Filho, José Eduardo; dos Santos, Ronan Brito; Ribeiro, Caio Cesar (2014-07-01). "Host selection, host-use pattern and competition in Dissodactylus crinitichelis and Clypeasterophilus stebbingi (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)". Symbiosis. 63 (3): 99–110. Bibcode:2014Symbi..63...99M. doi:10.1007/s13199-014-0292-0. ISSN 1878-7665. S2CID 256075356.
- ^ Guilherme, Pablo D. B.; Brustolin, Marco C.; Bueno, Maristela de L.; Guilherme, Pablo D. B.; Brustolin, Marco C.; Bueno, Maristela de L. (June 2015). "Distribution patterns of ectosymbiont crabs and their sand dollar hosts in a subtropical estuarine sandflat". Revista de Biología Tropical. 63: 209–220. doi:10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23155 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 0034-7744.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)