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{{Short description|Light wheeled armored military vehicle, purpose-built and used for passive reconnaissance}}
[[File:BRDM-2 (1964) owned by James Stewart pic7.JPG|thumb|The most prolific example of a modern scout car, the Soviet [[BRDM-2]].]]
[[File:BRDM-2 (1964) owned by James Stewart pic7.JPG|thumb|A Soviet [[BRDM-2]], the most common modern scout car]]
A '''scout car''' is a [[Armored car (military)|wheeled light armored vehicle]] utilized for passive [[reconnaissance]].<ref name=Green>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Michael|title=Allied Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the Second World War|date=2017|page=17|publisher=Pen & Sword Military Press|location=Barnsley|isbn=978-1473872370}}</ref> Scout cars are either unarmed or lightly armed for self-defense and do not carry large caliber weapons systems.<ref name=Green/> This differentiates them from armored cars carrying heavier armament or wheeled [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s, both of which may also be used in the reconnaissance role.{{refn|Advances in recoil technology have permitted many modern wheeled reconnaissance vehicles to carry large caliber weapons systems, such as the [[AMX-10RC]] and the [[EE-9 Cascavel]].<ref name="Dougherty">{{cite book | first = Martin J.| last = Dougherty| authorlink = | title = Modern Weapons: Compared and Contrasted: Armored Fighting Vehicles|edition= 2012|pages= 34–36| publisher = Rosen Central| isbn= 978-1448892440}}</ref> In the traditional definition of the word, these vehicles would not be considered scout cars.<ref name=Green/>|name=ASK|group=note}} Scout cars are usually restricted in terms of doctrine to carrying out observation tasks while remaining undetected.<ref name="Knox1">{{cite journal| last = Van Oosbree| first = Gerard| title = Dutch and Germans Agree to Build “Fennek” Light Reconnaissance Vehicle| journal = [[Armor magazine]]| page = 34| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1999}}</ref> Armies which adopted the concept were likelier to place an emphasis on reconnaissance by stealth, unlike others which preferred more heavily armed reconnaissance vehicles designed to fight for information if necessary.<ref name="Knox1"/>
A '''scout car''' is a light [[Armored car (military)|wheeled armored military vehicle]], purpose-built and used for passive [[reconnaissance]].<ref name=Green>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Michael |title=Allied Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the Second World War |date=2017 |page=17 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military Press |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1473872370}}</ref> Scout cars are either unarmed or lightly armed for self-defense, and do not carry large-caliber weapons systems.<ref name=Green/> This differentiates them from other [[reconnaissance vehicle]]s and wheeled [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s that may fulfill a similar mission but also possess much heavier armament.{{refn|Advances in recoil technology have permitted many modern wheeled reconnaissance vehicles to carry large caliber weapons, such as the [[AMX-10RC]] and the [[EE-9 Cascavel]].<ref name="Dougherty">{{cite book | first = Martin J.| last = Dougherty| title = Modern Weapons: Compared and Contrasted: Armored Fighting Vehicles|edition= 2012|pages= 34–36| publisher = Rosen Central| isbn= 978-1448892440}}</ref> In the traditional definition of the word, these vehicles would not be considered scout cars.<ref name=Green/>|name=ASK|group=note}} Scout cars are designed for carrying out observation and remaining undetected, while avoiding contact with the enemy.<ref name="Knox1">{{cite journal| last = Van Oosbree| first = Gerard| title = Dutch and Germans Agree to Build "Fennek" Light Reconnaissance Vehicle| journal = [[Armor magazine]]| page = 34| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1999}}</ref> Armies which adopted the concept were likelier to place an emphasis on reconnaissance by stealth, unlike others which preferred more heavily [[armoured reconnaissance]] vehicles, designed to fight to obtain information if necessary.<ref name="Knox1"/>


==History==
==History==


The term "scout car" first entered widespread use in the 1930s as an official [[United States Army]] designation for any wheeled armored vehicle developed specifically for the reconnaissance role.<ref name=Green/> Following the US entry into [[World War II]], US officials clarified that the term would not extend to heavier wheeled reconnaissance vehicles fitted with turreted weapons systems, such as the [[M8 Greyhound]].<ref name=Green/> In this context, "scout car" meant a four-wheeled, often open-topped armored car which was unarmed or only fitted with a single light or general-purpose machine gun for self-defense.<ref name=Green/> Under US doctrine, scout cars were only to be used for short-range reconnaissance missions.<ref name=Mechanized>[http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/historian/content/PDF/Mechanized%20Cavalry%201936%20Reprint.pdf Mechanized Cavalry 1936]</ref>
The term "scout car" first entered widespread use in the 1930s as an official [[United States Army]] designation for any wheeled armored vehicle developed specifically for reconnaissance.<ref name=Green/> Following the US entry into [[World War II]], US Army staff clarified that the term would not extend to heavier wheeled [[reconnaissance vehicle]]s fitted with turreted weapons, such as the [[M8 Greyhound]].<ref name=Green/> In this context, "scout car" meant a four-wheeled, often open-topped, armored car which was unarmed or only fitted with a light or general-purpose machine gun for self-defense.<ref name=Green/> Under US doctrine, scout cars were only to be used for short-range reconnaissance.<ref name=Mechanized>[http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/historian/content/PDF/Mechanized%20Cavalry%201936%20Reprint.pdf Mechanized Cavalry 1936]</ref>


The US abandoned the concept of scout cars after the war on the basis that the vehicles' armored status tempted crews to emulate tank tactics. In violation of doctrinal principles, American scout car crews often engaged hostile positions rather than merely reconnoitering them, a recurring issue that resulted in heavy losses and interfered with a reconnaissance unit's ability to observe the battlefield.<ref name="Fight">[http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/cameron_fight.pdf To fight or not to fight? Organizational and Doctrinal Trends in Mounted Maneuver Reconnaissance from the Interwar Years to Operation IRAQI FREEDOM]</ref> One solution proposed by US officials was to further reduce the armor levels on the already lightly protected scout cars, which would compel crews to resist the temptation of using them as combat vehicles.<ref name="Fight"/> This was not considered practical in the long run, however, and the US eventually replaced all its scout cars with unarmored utility vehicles such as the jeep.<ref name="Fight"/>
The US Army abandoned the scout car concept after the war because the vehicles' armor tempted crews to emulate tank tactics. American scout car crews often directly engaged hostile positions rather than relying on their vehicles' low profile and stealth to reconnoiter them effectively.<ref name="Fight">[http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/cameron_fight.pdf To fight or not to fight? Organizational and Doctrinal Trends in Mounted Maneuver Reconnaissance from the Interwar Years to Operation IRAQI FREEDOM]</ref> This resulted in heavy losses and interfered with a reconnaissance unit's ability to observe the battlefield. One solution proposed was to further reduce the armor on the lightly protected scout cars, which would compel crews to resist the temptation of using them as combat vehicles.<ref name="Fight"/> This was not considered practical in the long run and US reconnaissance units eventually replaced all their scout cars with unarmored utility vehicles such as the jeep (and subsequently, the [[High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle|Humvee]]).<ref name="Fight"/>


In 1940, the [[British Army]] defined a "scout car" as an armored car utilized for observation, intelligence-gathering, and other elements of passive reconnaissance.<ref name=UK>{{cite book|last1=Bishop|first1=Denis|last2=Ellis|first2=Chris|title=Vehicles at War|date=1980|pages=102-105|publisher=Allen & Unwin, Publishers|location=[[Crows Nest, New South Wales]]|isbn=978-0046230128}}</ref> The scout car's original role in British doctrine was to probe forward and report on the enemy's disposition before conducting a hasty withdrawal.<ref name=UK/> The first British vehicle to receive this designation was the [[Daimler Dingo]].<ref name=UK/> After the war, this role was filled by the [[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]].<ref name=Foss>{{cite book|last1=Foss|first1=Christopher|title=Battlefield: The Weapons of Modern Land Warfare|date=1986|pages=89-91|publisher=Orbis Book Publishing, Incorporated|location=London|isbn=978-0681400450}}</ref> The use of scout cars in British service was gradually superseded by more heavily armed vehicles serving in the light reconnaissance role, such as the [[Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle|FV721 Fox]] armored car and the [[FV107 Scimitar]].
In 1940, the [[British Army]] defined a "scout car" as an armored car for observation, intelligence-gathering and other elements of passive reconnaissance.<ref name=UK>{{cite book|last1=Bishop|first1=Denis|last2=Ellis|first2=Chris|title=Vehicles at War|date=1980|pages=102–105|publisher=Allen & Unwin, Publishers|location=[[Crows Nest, New South Wales]]|isbn=978-0046230128}}</ref> The scout car's envisaged role in British doctrine was to probe forward and report on enemy dispositions before conducting a hasty withdrawal.<ref name=UK/> The first British vehicle of this type to enter service was the [[Daimler Dingo]].<ref name=UK/> After the war, this role was filled by the [[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]].<ref name=Foss>{{cite book|last1=Foss|first1=Christopher|title=Battlefield: The Weapons of Modern Land Warfare|date=1986|pages=89–91|publisher=Orbis Book Publishing, Incorporated|location=London|isbn=978-0681400450}}</ref> Scout cars were gradually superseded by more heavily armed vehicles for light reconnaissance, such as the [[Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle|FV721 Fox]] armored car.<ref name="Knox2">{{cite journal| last = Marzloff| first = Jean| title = Light Armored Units: The Quiet Revolution| journal = [[Armor magazine]]| pages = 7–9| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1973}}</ref>


Some nations followed the US lead in abandoning the scout car concept in favor of unarmored vehicles; for example, the [[Danish Army]] concurred with that trend because it found the [[Jeep]] and an open-topped model of the [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class]] more useful for allowing scouts to observe enemy movements without being detected.<ref name="Knox2">{{cite journal| last = Andersen| first = Christian| title = How Denmark's Army Uses Light Unarmored Vehicles for Reconnaissance | journal = [[Armor magazine]]| pages = 36-40| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1991}}</ref> Scout cars were evaluated negatively because their armored hulls reduced situational awareness, and increased the temptation for the crew to remain mounted or engage in combat with the enemy, contrary to Danish reconnaissance doctrine.<ref name="Knox2"/> In other armies, which espoused a far more aggressive reconnaissance theory, the scout car niche simply never emerged; for example, French reconnaissance units embraced armored cars like the [[Panhard EBR]] and [[Panhard AML|Panhard AML-90]] which were heavily armed because their doctrine encouraged scouts to engage hostile armor and force it to deploy.<ref name="Knox2">{{cite journal| last = Marzloff| first = Jean| title = Light Armored Units: The Quiet Revolution| journal = [[Armor magazine]]| pages = 7–8| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1973}}</ref>
Some nations followed the US lead in abandoning the scout car concept in favor of unarmored vehicles; for example, the [[Danish Army]] concurred with that trend because it found the jeep and an open-topped model of the [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class]] more useful for allowing scouts to observe enemy movements without being detected.<ref name="Knox3">{{cite journal| last = Andersen| first = Christian| title = How Denmark's Army Uses Light Unarmored Vehicles for Reconnaissance | journal = [[Armor magazine]]| pages = 36–40| publisher = US Army Armor Center| location = Fort Knox, Kentucky| date = July–August 1991}}</ref> Armored vehicles were evaluated negatively because their hulls reduced situational awareness, and increased the temptation for the crew to remain mounted or engage in combat with the enemy, contrary to Danish reconnaissance doctrine.<ref name="Knox3"/> In other armies which espoused a reconnaissance doctrine emphasizing combat over observation, the scout car niche simply never emerged; for example, French reconnaissance units embraced light armored vehicles like the [[Panhard EBR]] and [[Panhard AML|Panhard AML-90]] which were heavily armed because they encouraged scouts to engage enemy units and force them to deploy.<ref name="Knox2"/> The [[Brazilian Army]] rejected the scout car due to a combination of these factors; it preferred heavier, six-wheeled armored cars like the M8 Greyhound (and subsequently, the [[EE-9 Cascavel]]) for traditional reconnaissance and found unarmored jeeps adequate for secondary reconnaissance tasks.<ref name="Bastos1">{{cite web|title=EE-3 Jararaca 4x4 Um Conceito Esquecido|last=Bastos|first=Carlos Stephani|url=http://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/fts/JARARACA.pdf|location=Juiz de Fora|publisher=[[Federal University of Juiz de Fora]]|date=2012|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807101905/http://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/fts/JARARACA.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref>


During the early 1940s, [[Red Army]] doctrine did not recognize a unique niche for the scout car, and the Soviets were likelier to favor heavier, six-wheeled vehicles. Light wheeled armored vehicles utilized for reconnaissance included the [[BA-20]], but its weight and poor mobility limited its usefulness. This led to the replacement of the BA-20 by the Soviet Union's first dedicated scout car design, the [[BA-64]].<ref name="Hogg">{{cite book |last1=Hogg |first1=Ian V. |last2=Perrett |first2=Bryan |date=1989 |title=Encyclopedia of the Second World War |location=Harlow, UK |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-89328-3|page=41}}</ref> In the postwar era, Soviet scout cars such as the [[BRDM-1]] and [[BRDM-2]] were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions.<ref name="Soviet">[http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216369.pdf The Fundamentals of Soviet 'Razvedka' (Intelligence/Reconnaissance)]</ref> The scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of the [[BMP-1]] or [[BMP-2]] infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed.<ref name="Soviet"/>
During the early 1940s, [[Red Army]] doctrine did not recognize a unique niche for the scout car, and the Soviets were likelier to favor heavier, six-wheeled vehicles such as the [[BA-20]] for reconnaissance.<ref name="Hogg">{{cite book |last1=Hogg |first1=Ian V. |last2=Perrett |first2=Bryan |date=1989 |title=Encyclopedia of the Second World War |location=Harlow, UK |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-89328-3|page=41}}</ref> However, the weight, high profile and poor mobility of these early Soviet armored cars limited their usefulness in the reconnaissance role.<ref name="Hogg"/> This led to the replacement of the BA-20 and other designs by the Soviet Union's first dedicated scout car design, the [[BA-64]]. In the postwar era, Soviet scout cars such as the [[BRDM-1]] and [[BRDM-2]] were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions.<ref name="Soviet">[http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216369.pdf The Fundamentals of Soviet 'Razvedka' (Intelligence/Reconnaissance)]</ref> The scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of the [[BMP-1]] or [[BMP-2]] infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed.<ref name="Soviet"/>


By the late [[Cold War]] era, the scout car concept had gained popularity and recognition among armies all over world.<ref name=Foss/> Examples of scout cars common during this period include the Soviet [[BRDM|BRDM series]], the British Ferret, the Brazilian [[EE-3 Jararaca]], the Hungarian [[D-442 FÚG]], and the American [[Cadillac Gage Commando Scout]].<ref name="Compendium">{{cite book | last = Chant |first =Christopher | title = A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware | location = New York | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-7102-0720-4 | oclc = 14965544 | pages = 28–38 }}</ref>
By the late [[Cold War]] era, the scout car concept had gained popularity and recognition among armies all over world.<ref name=Foss/> Examples of scout cars common during this period include the Soviet [[BRDM|BRDM series]], the British Ferret, the Brazilian [[EE-3 Jararaca]], the Hungarian [[D-442 FÚG]], and the American [[Cadillac Gage Commando Scout]].<ref name="Compendium">{{cite book | last = Chant |first =Christopher | title = A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware | location = New York | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-7102-0720-4 | oclc = 14965544 | pages = 28–38 }}</ref>
Line 18: Line 19:
==Examples==
==Examples==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Ferret_Duxford.JPG|[[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]]
File:Ferret Duxford.JPG|[[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]]
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2012 0187.jpg|[[BRDM-1]]
File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2012 0187.jpg|[[BRDM-1]]
File:EE-3 Jararaca closed.jpg|[[EE-3 Jararaca]]s
File:EE-3 Jararaca closed.jpg|[[EE-3 Jararaca]]s
File:Ba64 nn.jpg|[[BA-64]]
File:Ba64 nn.jpg|[[BA-64]]
File:SdKfz. 222 Leichter Panzerspähwagen pic6.JPG|[[Leichter Panzerspähwagen|SdKfz. 222]]
File:SdKfz. 222 Leichter Panzerspähwagen pic6.JPG|[[Leichter Panzerspähwagen|Sd.Kfz. 222]]
File:Fennek Zweden.jpg|[[Fennek]]
File:Dingo scout car at the 2007 Australian War Memorial open day.jpg|[[Dingo (scout car)|Dingo]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


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* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/brdm-1.htm BRDM-1] USSR
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/brdm-1.htm BRDM-1] USSR
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/brdm-2.htm BRDM-1] USSR
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/brdm-2.htm BRDM-1] USSR
{{mil-vehicle-stub}}
{{Modern Recce}}
{{Modern Recce}}

[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance vehicles]]
[[Category:Scout cars]]
[[Category:Scout cars]]

Latest revision as of 22:18, 11 November 2024

A Soviet BRDM-2, the most common modern scout car

A scout car is a light wheeled armored military vehicle, purpose-built and used for passive reconnaissance.[1] Scout cars are either unarmed or lightly armed for self-defense, and do not carry large-caliber weapons systems.[1] This differentiates them from other reconnaissance vehicles and wheeled armoured fighting vehicles that may fulfill a similar mission but also possess much heavier armament.[note 1] Scout cars are designed for carrying out observation and remaining undetected, while avoiding contact with the enemy.[3] Armies which adopted the concept were likelier to place an emphasis on reconnaissance by stealth, unlike others which preferred more heavily armoured reconnaissance vehicles, designed to fight to obtain information if necessary.[3]

History

[edit]

The term "scout car" first entered widespread use in the 1930s as an official United States Army designation for any wheeled armored vehicle developed specifically for reconnaissance.[1] Following the US entry into World War II, US Army staff clarified that the term would not extend to heavier wheeled reconnaissance vehicles fitted with turreted weapons, such as the M8 Greyhound.[1] In this context, "scout car" meant a four-wheeled, often open-topped, armored car which was unarmed or only fitted with a light or general-purpose machine gun for self-defense.[1] Under US doctrine, scout cars were only to be used for short-range reconnaissance.[4]

The US Army abandoned the scout car concept after the war because the vehicles' armor tempted crews to emulate tank tactics. American scout car crews often directly engaged hostile positions rather than relying on their vehicles' low profile and stealth to reconnoiter them effectively.[5] This resulted in heavy losses and interfered with a reconnaissance unit's ability to observe the battlefield. One solution proposed was to further reduce the armor on the lightly protected scout cars, which would compel crews to resist the temptation of using them as combat vehicles.[5] This was not considered practical in the long run and US reconnaissance units eventually replaced all their scout cars with unarmored utility vehicles such as the jeep (and subsequently, the Humvee).[5]

In 1940, the British Army defined a "scout car" as an armored car for observation, intelligence-gathering and other elements of passive reconnaissance.[6] The scout car's envisaged role in British doctrine was to probe forward and report on enemy dispositions before conducting a hasty withdrawal.[6] The first British vehicle of this type to enter service was the Daimler Dingo.[6] After the war, this role was filled by the Daimler Ferret.[7] Scout cars were gradually superseded by more heavily armed vehicles for light reconnaissance, such as the FV721 Fox armored car.[8]

Some nations followed the US lead in abandoning the scout car concept in favor of unarmored vehicles; for example, the Danish Army concurred with that trend because it found the jeep and an open-topped model of the Mercedes-Benz G-Class more useful for allowing scouts to observe enemy movements without being detected.[9] Armored vehicles were evaluated negatively because their hulls reduced situational awareness, and increased the temptation for the crew to remain mounted or engage in combat with the enemy, contrary to Danish reconnaissance doctrine.[9] In other armies which espoused a reconnaissance doctrine emphasizing combat over observation, the scout car niche simply never emerged; for example, French reconnaissance units embraced light armored vehicles like the Panhard EBR and Panhard AML-90 which were heavily armed because they encouraged scouts to engage enemy units and force them to deploy.[8] The Brazilian Army rejected the scout car due to a combination of these factors; it preferred heavier, six-wheeled armored cars like the M8 Greyhound (and subsequently, the EE-9 Cascavel) for traditional reconnaissance and found unarmored jeeps adequate for secondary reconnaissance tasks.[10]

During the early 1940s, Red Army doctrine did not recognize a unique niche for the scout car, and the Soviets were likelier to favor heavier, six-wheeled vehicles such as the BA-20 for reconnaissance.[11] However, the weight, high profile and poor mobility of these early Soviet armored cars limited their usefulness in the reconnaissance role.[11] This led to the replacement of the BA-20 and other designs by the Soviet Union's first dedicated scout car design, the BA-64. In the postwar era, Soviet scout cars such as the BRDM-1 and BRDM-2 were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions.[12] The scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of the BMP-1 or BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed.[12]

By the late Cold War era, the scout car concept had gained popularity and recognition among armies all over world.[7] Examples of scout cars common during this period include the Soviet BRDM series, the British Ferret, the Brazilian EE-3 Jararaca, the Hungarian D-442 FÚG, and the American Cadillac Gage Commando Scout.[13]

Examples

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Annotations

[edit]
  1. ^ Advances in recoil technology have permitted many modern wheeled reconnaissance vehicles to carry large caliber weapons, such as the AMX-10RC and the EE-9 Cascavel.[2] In the traditional definition of the word, these vehicles would not be considered scout cars.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Green, Michael (2017). Allied Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the Second World War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1473872370.
  2. ^ Dougherty, Martin J. Modern Weapons: Compared and Contrasted: Armored Fighting Vehicles (2012 ed.). Rosen Central. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-1448892440.
  3. ^ a b Van Oosbree, Gerard (July–August 1999). "Dutch and Germans Agree to Build "Fennek" Light Reconnaissance Vehicle". Armor magazine. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 34.
  4. ^ Mechanized Cavalry 1936
  5. ^ a b c To fight or not to fight? Organizational and Doctrinal Trends in Mounted Maneuver Reconnaissance from the Interwar Years to Operation IRAQI FREEDOM
  6. ^ a b c Bishop, Denis; Ellis, Chris (1980). Vehicles at War. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, Publishers. pp. 102–105. ISBN 978-0046230128.
  7. ^ a b Foss, Christopher (1986). Battlefield: The Weapons of Modern Land Warfare. London: Orbis Book Publishing, Incorporated. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-0681400450.
  8. ^ a b Marzloff, Jean (July–August 1973). "Light Armored Units: The Quiet Revolution". Armor magazine. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 7–9.
  9. ^ a b Andersen, Christian (July–August 1991). "How Denmark's Army Uses Light Unarmored Vehicles for Reconnaissance". Armor magazine. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 36–40.
  10. ^ Bastos, Carlos Stephani (2012). "EE-3 Jararaca 4x4 Um Conceito Esquecido" (PDF). Juiz de Fora: Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  11. ^ a b Hogg, Ian V.; Perrett, Bryan (1989). Encyclopedia of the Second World War. Harlow, UK: Longman. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-582-89328-3.
  12. ^ a b The Fundamentals of Soviet 'Razvedka' (Intelligence/Reconnaissance)
  13. ^ Chant, Christopher (1987). A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 28–38. ISBN 0-7102-0720-4. OCLC 14965544.
[edit]
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