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{{Infobox civilian attack
⚫
The '''Zhao Jianmin Spy Case''' ({{zh|s=赵健民特务案 |t=趙健民特務案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn}}), or '''Zhao Jianmin Wrong Case''' ({{zh|labels=no|s=赵健民冤案 |t=趙健民冤案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn}}), was a major fabricated spy case in [[Yunnan]] province during the [[Cultural Revolution|Chinese Cultural Revolution]], with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hybsl.cn/xuezhewenji/wanghaiguang/2008-12-01/10962.html |script-title=zh:一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案|last=Wang|first=Haiguang|date=|work=Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net<!--胡耀邦史料信息网-->|publisher=|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://news.cctv.com/science/20081021/101835.shtml |script-title=zh:文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义|author=|first=|date=|publisher=China Central Television|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=zhao+jianmin+spy#v=onepage|title=Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2)|last=Angang|first=Hu|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-62320-154-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FXn22NKptcC&pg=PA258&lpg=PA258&dq=zhao+jianmin+spy+case#v=onepage|title=China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-417-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network|last=|first=|date=|website=chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> From 1968&ndash;1969, more than 17,000 people died in [[massacre]] while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in [[Kunming]] (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were disabled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=Zhao+Jianmin+kang+sheng+17,000#v=onepage|title=The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|date=2017-06-06|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-63286-423-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite document|title=Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)|last=SCHOENHALS|first=MICHAEL|date=|citeseerx = 10.1.1.1007.3785}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-04-08|title=文革死亡人数统计为两百万人|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/47251|url-status=live|author=Ding Shu (丁抒) | archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|publisher=|format=}}</ref>
| title = Zhao Jianmin spy case
| location = [[Yunnan]] Province, [[Southern China]], [[Kunming]] and various other townships and cities
| date = 1968-1969
| partof = [[Cultural Revolution]] in [[China]]
| image = Yunnan grey.jpg
| caption = [[Yunnan Province]] (in red)
| native_name = 赵建民特务案件
| target = Zhao Jianmin, "capitalist roaders", political enemies of [[Mao Zedong]], alleged [[KMT]] spies and local provincial government officials
| type = Political persecution, political infighting, instigation of political violence
| fatalities = 17,000
| injuries = 63,000 (Estimated)
| victims = 1.387 million
| perpetrators = [[Chinese Communist Party]], [[Kang Sheng]] (head of the [[Central Social Affairs Department]])
| motive = Persecution of political enemies of [[Mao Zedong]], political infighting, consolidation of power
}}


⚫
The '''Zhao Jianmin spy case''' ({{zh|s=赵健民特务案 |t=趙健民特務案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn}}), or '''Zhao Jianmin wrong case''' ({{zh|labels=no|s=赵健民冤案 |t=趙健民冤案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn}}), was a major fabricated spy case in [[Yunnan]] province during the [[Cultural Revolution|Chinese Cultural Revolution]], with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hybsl.cn/xuezhewenji/wanghaiguang/2008-12-01/10962.html |script-title=zh:一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案|last=Wang|first=Haiguang|work=Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net<!--胡耀邦史料信息网-->|language=zh|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-10-21|title=文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义|url=http://news.cctv.com/science/20081021/101835.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219145757/http://news.cctv.com/science/20081021/101835.shtml|archive-date=2020-12-19|access-date=2019-12-30|website=[[China Central Television]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPNDgAAQBAJ&q=zhao+jianmin+spy&pg=PA98|title=Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2)|last=Angang|first=Hu|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-62320-154-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FXn22NKptcC&q=zhao+jianmin+spy+case&pg=PA258|title=China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-417-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|author-link=Song Yongyi|date=2011-08-25|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|access-date=2019-12-30|website=[[Sciences Po]]|language=en}}</ref> From 1968&ndash;1969, more than 17,000 people died in a [[massacre]] while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in [[Kunming]] (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were left disabled as a result.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPSGDwAAQBAJ&q=Zhao+Jianmin+kang+sheng+17,000&pg=PA189|title=The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976|date=2017-06-06|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-63286-423-9|language=en|author-link=Frank Dikötter}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite CiteSeerX|title=Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)|last=SCHOENHALS|first=MICHAEL|citeseerx = 10.1.1.1007.3785}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Ding Shu (丁抒)|date=2016-04-08|title=文革死亡人数统计为两百万人|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/47251|access-date=2019-12-30|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|language=zh}}</ref>
⚫
In March, 1967, [[Zhao Jianmin]], then the provincial communist party secretary of Yunnan, suggested to [[Kang Sheng]] in person that the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) should resolve the issues in Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, receiving no immediate response from the latter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Kang Sheng made a secret report on Zhao to [[Mao Zedong]] afterwards, claiming that Zhao was against the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee of CPC]], against Chairman Mao, and against the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html |script-title=zh:"文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众|newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |language=zh|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CPC approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize the "[[capitalist roaders]]" among the provincial leaders in China. A total of 55 leaders were named, including Zhao Jianmin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />


== Brief history ==
In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was slandered as "the spy of [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)" as well as "traitor" by Kang Sheng and others, and was also regarded as one of the "local proxies" of [[Liu Shaoqi]], the [[President of the People's Republic of China|2nd President of China]] who was persecuted to death in 1969 as "traitor" and "capitalist roader".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Zhao was then jailed for 8 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Tan Furen]], a [[lieutenant general]] in the [[People's Liberation Army]], was in charge of the massive persecution after Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CPC sent him to Yunnan to direct local affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundofhope.org/post/231056 |script-title=zh:文革中牵连138万人的赵健民案|author=|first=|date=2017-05-04|publisher=Sound of Hope|language=zh-CN|format=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>
[[File:Tan Furen.jpg|thumb|[[Tan Furen]], the [[lieutenant general]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]] who was in charge of the purge.]]
⚫
In March 1967, [[Zhao Jianmin]], then provincial secretary of the Communist Party in Yunnan, suggested to [[Kang Sheng]] in person that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) should resolve the issues of Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, but receiving no immediate response from the latter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Kang Sheng (then head of the party's internal intelligence agency of the [[Central Social Affairs Department]]) wrote a secret report on Zhao to [[Mao Zedong]] afterwards, claiming that Zhao opposed the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee of CCP]], Chairman Mao and the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=|title="文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众|language=zh|newspaper=[[People's Daily]]|url=http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231031000/http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|archive-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>


In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CCP approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize "[[capitalist roaders]]" among the top provincial officials in China. A total of 55 high-ranking officials were criticized, including Zhao Jianmin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
⚫
After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]" period and subsequently became a vice director of the [[Third Ministry of Machine Building]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/tfzg/200911/1114_2950_1435398.shtml |script-title=zh:1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Phoenix New Media|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>

In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was branded by Kang Sheng and his allies as "a spy of [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)" as well as "traitor", and was regarded as one of the "local proxies" of [[Liu Shaoqi]], the [[President of the People's Republic of China|2nd President of China]] who was persecuted to death in 1969 as a "traitor" and "capitalist roader".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Zhao was subsequenrly imprisoned for 8 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Tan Furen]], a [[lieutenant general]] in the [[People's Liberation Army]], was appointed by Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CCP to take charge of the purge.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
On December 17, 1970, Tan Furen and his wife were assassinated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solinger|first=Dorothy J.|date=1982|title=Politics in Yunnan Province in the Decade of Disorder: Elite Factional Strategies and Central-Local Relations, 1967-1980|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/653682|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=92|issue=92|pages=628–662|doi=10.1017/S0305741000000989|jstor=653682|s2cid=154321880 |issn=0305-7410}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhou|first=Ziren|date=|title=谭甫仁017凶案|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/30/1333.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122143456/http://www.yhcqw.com/30/1333.html|archive-date=2020-11-22|access-date=2020-07-05|website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]]}}</ref>

⚫
After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]" period and subsequently became a vice director of the [[Third Ministry of Machine Building]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-11-14|title=1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案|url=http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/tfzg/200911/1114_2950_1435398.shtml|access-date=2019-12-30|website=[[Phoenix Television]]|language=zh}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{Cultural Revolution}}
{{Cultural Revolution}}


[[Category:Cultural Revolution]]
[[Category:Massacres of the Cultural Revolution]]
[[Category:1968 in China]]
[[Category:1968 murders in China]]
[[Category:History of Yunnan]]
[[Category:1969 murders in China]]
[[Category:Mass murder in China]]
[[Category:Disasters in Yunnan]]
[[Category:Man-made disasters in China]]
[[Category:History of Kunming]]
[[Category:Massacres in China]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by China]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1968]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1969]]
[[Category:Espionage scandals and incidents]]
[[Category:Political scandals in China]]

Revision as of 00:54, 12 November 2024

Zhao Jianmin spy case
Part of Cultural Revolution in China
Yunnan Province (in red)
Native name赵建民特务案件
LocationYunnan Province, Southern China, Kunming and various other townships and cities
Date1968-1969
TargetZhao Jianmin, "capitalist roaders", political enemies of Mao Zedong, alleged KMT spies and local provincial government officials
Attack type
Political persecution, political infighting, instigation of political violence
Deaths17,000
Injured63,000 (Estimated)
Victims1.387 million
PerpetratorsChinese Communist Party, Kang Sheng (head of the Central Social Affairs Department)
MotivePersecution of political enemies of Mao Zedong, political infighting, consolidation of power

The Zhao Jianmin spy case (simplified Chinese: 赵健民特务案; traditional Chinese: 趙健民特務案; pinyin: Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn), or Zhao Jianmin wrong case (赵健民冤案; 趙健民冤案; Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn), was a major fabricated spy case in Yunnan province during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.[1][2][3][4][5] From 1968–1969, more than 17,000 people died in a massacre while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in Kunming (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were left disabled as a result.[1][3][5][6][7][8]

Brief history

Tan Furen, the lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army who was in charge of the purge.

In March 1967, Zhao Jianmin, then provincial secretary of the Communist Party in Yunnan, suggested to Kang Sheng in person that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) should resolve the issues of Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, but receiving no immediate response from the latter.[1][2] However, Kang Sheng (then head of the party's internal intelligence agency of the Central Social Affairs Department) wrote a secret report on Zhao to Mao Zedong afterwards, claiming that Zhao opposed the Central Committee of CCP, Chairman Mao and the Cultural Revolution.[1][2][9]

In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CCP approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize "capitalist roaders" among the top provincial officials in China. A total of 55 high-ranking officials were criticized, including Zhao Jianmin.[1][2][10]

In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was branded by Kang Sheng and his allies as "a spy of Kuomintang (KMT)" as well as "traitor", and was regarded as one of the "local proxies" of Liu Shaoqi, the 2nd President of China who was persecuted to death in 1969 as a "traitor" and "capitalist roader".[1][3][6] Zhao was subsequenrly imprisoned for 8 years.[1][10]

At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.[1][5][6][7] Tan Furen, a lieutenant general in the People's Liberation Army, was appointed by Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CCP to take charge of the purge.[1][7][10]

Aftermath

On December 17, 1970, Tan Furen and his wife were assassinated.[11][12]

After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period and subsequently became a vice director of the Third Ministry of Machine Building.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wang, Haiguang. 一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案. Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net (in Chinese). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  2. ^ a b c d "文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义". China Central Television (in Chinese). 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  3. ^ a b c Angang, Hu (2017-03-02). Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2). Enrich Professional Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-62320-154-8.
  4. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (1991-01-01). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-417-2.
  5. ^ a b c Song, Yongyi (2011-08-25). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  6. ^ a b c Dikötter, Frank (2017-06-06). The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-63286-423-9.
  7. ^ a b c SCHOENHALS, MICHAEL. "Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1007.3785.
  8. ^ Ding Shu (丁抒) (2016-04-08). "文革死亡人数统计为两百万人". Independent Chinese PEN Center (in Chinese). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  9. ^ ""文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众". People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  10. ^ a b c d "1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案". Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  11. ^ Solinger, Dorothy J. (1982). "Politics in Yunnan Province in the Decade of Disorder: Elite Factional Strategies and Central-Local Relations, 1967-1980". The China Quarterly. 92 (92): 628–662. doi:10.1017/S0305741000000989. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 653682. S2CID 154321880.
  12. ^ Zhou, Ziren. "谭甫仁017凶案". Yanhuang Chunqiu. Archived from the original on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
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