Iry-Hor: Difference between revisions

Iry-Hor
Iry-Hor
Ro, Irj-Hor, Iri(-Hor)
	Signs r-Ḥr inscribed on a large vessel from the tomb of Iry-Hor, Ashmolean Museum
Pharaoh
Reign	c. 3170 BC; Naqada IIIB2
Horus name
Horus name
	;
	;
Burial	Chambers B1 and B2, Umm el-Qa'ab, Egypt
Dynasty	Dynasty 0

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Iry-Hor (or Ro;^[2] fl. c. 3170 BC) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC.^[1] Excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s^[3]^[4]^[5] and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in Sinai confirmed his existence.^[1] Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living historical person known by name.^[6]

Name

Iry-Hor's name is written with the Horus falcon hieroglyph (Gardiner sign G5) above a mouth hieroglyph (Gardiner D21). While the modern reading of the name is "Iry-Hor", Flinders Petrie, who discovered and excavated Iry-Hor's tomb at the end of the 19th century, read it "Ro", which was the usual reading of the mouth hieroglyph at the time.^[7]^[8]

Given the archaic nature of the name, the translation proved difficult and, in the absence of a better alternative, Ludwig D. Morenz proposed that the literal translation be retained, giving "Horus mouth".^[9]

In the 1990s, Werner Kaiser and Günter Dreyer translated Iry-Hor's name as "Companion of Horus".^[3]

Two other attempts at translations presuppose that Iry-Hor was not a king, since his royal status was still controversial at the time of their publication. The Egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath and Peter Kaplony proposed that the known inscriptions referred to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, wr-rꜣ (lit. "great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the swallow hieroglyph G36 rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief".^[10] Toby Wilkinson, considering the person in question to have been a slave of a king, translated the signs as "Property of the king".^[11]

Identity

Controversy regarding his social status

Until 2012, the name of Iry-Hor had not been found in or next to a serekh, so the identification of Iry-Hor as a king was controversial. Toby Wilkinson contended that Iry-Hor was not a king, but a slave of a king.^[11] Egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath and Peter Kaplony also initially rejected the identification of Iry-Hor as a king and proposed instead that the known inscriptions refer to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, wr-rꜣ (lit. "great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the swallow hieroglyph G36 rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief".^[10]

Egyptologists Flinders Petrie,^[2] Laurel Bestock^[8] and Jochem Kahl^[12] nonetheless believed that he was indeed a real ruler.

Following the excavations at Abydos and the discovery of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai in 2012, Wilkinson's hypothesis is now rejected by most Egyptologists and Iry-Hor is widely accepted as a predynastic king of Egypt.^[1]^[13]^[14]

Resolution

Dreyer's excavations of the necropolis of Abydos revealed that Iry-Hor was in fact well attested there, with over 27 objects bearing his name and that his tomb was of royal proportions.^[15] Furthermore, in 2012 an inscription mentioning Iry-Hor was discovered in the Sinai, the inscription comprising furthermore an archaic empty serekh on the right of Iry-Hor's name.^[1] The inscription mentions the city of Memphis, pushing back its foundation to before Narmer and establishing that Iry-Hor was already reigning over it. Following this discovery, most Egyptologists, including G. Dreyer and the discoverers of the inscription, Pierre Tallet and Damien Laisney, now believe that Iry-Hor was indeed a king.^[1] Continuing excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb at Abydos by Dreyer established that the tomb was of similar dimensions and layout as those of Ka and Narmer and must, therefore, have belonged to a king. This was consequently accepted by von Beckerath and Iry-Hor is now the first entry in the latest edition of von Beckerath's Handbook of Egyptian Pharaohs.^[16]

Reign and attestations

Iry-Hor was most likely Ka's immediate predecessor^[17] and thus would have reigned during the early 32nd century BC. He probably ruled from Hierakonpolis over Abydos and the wider Thinite region and controlled Egypt at least as far north as Memphis, since the Sinai rock inscription relates a visit of Iry-Hor to this city.^[1]^[18] The Egyptologists Tallet and Damien Laisney further propose that Iry-Hor also controlled parts of the Nile Delta.^[1]

He was buried in the royal cemetery of Umm el-Qa'ab near Ka, Narmer and the First Dynasty kings. Iry-Hor's name appears on clay vessels from his tomb in Abydos and a clay seal with the hieroglyphs for r-Ḥr was found in Narmer's tomb and may refer to Iry-Hor. In total, no fewer than 22 pottery jars incised with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Abydos as well as at least five ink-inscribed fragments and a cylinder seal.^[15] A similar seal was also found far to the north in the tomb Z 401 of Zawyet el'Aryan in Lower Egypt.^[3]^[19] An incision on a spindle whorl found in Hierakonpolis during James E. Quibell and Petrie excavations there in 1900 may refer to him.^[20] Finally, the discovery of a rock inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai constitutes his northernmost attestation. The inscription shows the name of Iry-Hor on a boat, next to the word Inebu-hedj meaning "white walls", the ancient name of Memphis.^[1]

Tomb

Iry-Hor's tomb is the oldest tomb of the Abydos necropolis B in the Umm el-Qa'ab.^[21] It comprises two separate underground chambers B1 (6 m × 3.5 m) and B2 (4.3 m × 2.45 m) excavated by Petrie in 1899 and later by Werner Kaiser.^[2]^[22] A further chamber, now known as "B0", was uncovered during re-excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb in the 1990s.^[19] These chambers have a size similar to those found in the tombs of Ka and Narmer. No superstructure, if there ever was one, survives to this day. Chamber B1 yielded jar fragments incised with his name.^[21] Chamber B2 produced another incised jar fragment, a seal impression, several ink inscriptions and vessel fragments bearing the names of Ka and Narmer. Parts of a bed were also found onsite.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381-395, available online
^ ^a ^b ^c Petrie, Flinders (1900). The Royal tombs of the earliest dynasties. pp. 29 & 30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1982). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof: 2. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (in German). 38. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute, Orient-Abteilung, de Gruyter: 211–246. ISSN 0342-1279.
^ Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1993). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5./6. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (49): 56.
^ Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1996). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 7./8. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (52): 48–57 and taf. 9.
^ Odenwald, Sten (August 15, 2014). "Who Was the First Named Human?". Huffpost. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ W. M. F. Petrie: Abydos I, pp. 4–6.
^ ^a ^b Bestock, Laurel (2009). The Development of Royal Funerary Cult at Abydos. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 16, 17, 21 & 28. ISBN 978-3-447-05838-4.
^ Ludwig D. Morenz: Bildbuchstaben und symbolische Zeichen, p. 88
^ ^a ^b Kaplony, Peter (1963). Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit. Vol. 1. p. 468.
^ ^a ^b Wilkinson, Toby (1993). "The identification of Tomb B1 at Abydos: refuting the existence of a king 'Ro/Iry-Hor'". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 79. London: Egypt Exploration Society: 91–93. ISSN 0307-5133.
^ Jochem Kahl: Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie, pp.96–101.
^ van den Brink, Edwin C. M. (1996). "The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part I: complete vessels". In Spencer, A. Jeffrey (ed.). Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press. pp. 140–158. ISBN 978-0-7141-0999-2.
^ van den Brink, Edwin C. M (2001). "The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part II: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels" (PDF). Archeonil.fr. 11. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Edwin C. M. van den Brink: Two Pottery Jars Incised with the Name of Iry-Hor from Tomb B1 at Umm El-Ga'ab, Abydos, available online, in : Zeichen aus dem Sand, Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer, Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and Ulrich Hartung editors, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05816-2
^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Volume 49, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine pp. 9, 36–37
^ Winfried Barta: Zur Namensform und zeitlichen Einordnung des Königs Ro, in: GM 53, 1982, pp. 11–13.
^ Owen Jarus, Live Science, Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year-Old Hieroglyphs, [1] [2]
^ ^a ^b Baker, Darrell D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 156
^ James E. Quibell, Flinders Petrie: Hierakonpolis. Part I. Plates of discoveries in 1898 by J. E. Quibell, with notes by W. M. F. P[etrie], London 1900, available online
^ ^a ^b Raffaele, Francesco (2003). "Dynasty 0" (PDF). Aegyptiaca Helvetica. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe: 99–141. ISSN 1017-5474.
^ Kaiser, Werner (1964). "Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 91 (2): 86–124. doi:10.1524/zaes.1964.91.2.86. S2CID 201840428.

External links

Preceded by Scorpion I? Double Falcon?	King of Thinis Protodynastic	Succeeded by Ka?

[talle-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381-395, available online

[petrie-2] Petrie, Flinders (1900). The Royal tombs of the earliest dynasties. pp. 29 & 30.

[dreyer-3] Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1982). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof: 2. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (in German). 38. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute, Orient-Abteilung, de Gruyter: 211–246. ISSN 0342-1279.

[4] Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1993). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5./6. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (49): 56.

[5] Kaiser, Werner; Dreyer, Günter (1996). "Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 7./8. Vorbericht". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) (52): 48–57 and taf. 9.

[6] Odenwald, Sten (August 15, 2014). "Who Was the First Named Human?". Huffpost. Retrieved 29 June 2019.

[7] W. M. F. Petrie: Abydos I, pp. 4–6.

[bestock-8] Bestock, Laurel (2009). The Development of Royal Funerary Cult at Abydos. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 16, 17, 21 & 28. ISBN 978-3-447-05838-4.

[morenz-9] Ludwig D. Morenz: Bildbuchstaben und symbolische Zeichen, p. 88

[kaplony-10] Kaplony, Peter (1963). Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit. Vol. 1. p. 468.

[wilki2-11] Wilkinson, Toby (1993). "The identification of Tomb B1 at Abydos: refuting the existence of a king 'Ro/Iry-Hor'". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 79. London: Egypt Exploration Society: 91–93. ISSN 0307-5133.

[12] Jochem Kahl: Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie, pp.96–101.

[13] van den Brink, Edwin C. M. (1996). "The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part I: complete vessels". In Spencer, A. Jeffrey (ed.). Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press. pp. 140–158. ISBN 978-0-7141-0999-2.

[14] van den Brink, Edwin C. M (2001). "The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part II: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels" (PDF). Archeonil.fr. 11. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[brink-15] Edwin C. M. van den Brink: Two Pottery Jars Incised with the Name of Iry-Hor from Tomb B1 at Umm El-Ga'ab, Abydos, available online, in : Zeichen aus dem Sand, Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer, Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and Ulrich Hartung editors, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05816-2

[beck-16] Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Volume 49, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine pp. 9, 36–37

[17] Winfried Barta: Zur Namensform und zeitlichen Einordnung des Königs Ro, in: GM 53, 1982, pp. 11–13.

[18] Owen Jarus, Live Science, Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year-Old Hieroglyphs, [1] [2]

[encyclo-19] Baker, Darrell D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 156

[20] James E. Quibell, Flinders Petrie: Hierakonpolis. Part I. Plates of discoveries in 1898 by J. E. Quibell, with notes by W. M. F. P[etrie], London 1900, available online

[dyn0-21] Raffaele, Francesco (2003). "Dynasty 0" (PDF). Aegyptiaca Helvetica. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe: 99–141. ISSN 1017-5474.

[22] Kaiser, Werner (1964). "Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 91 (2): 86–124. doi:10.1524/zaes.1964.91.2.86. S2CID 201840428.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Infobox pharaoh
 | alt_name       = Ro, Irj-Hor, Iri(-Hor)
-|Reign={{circa}} 3170 BC<ref name="talle"/>|Name=Iry-Hor|Image=Iry Hor name.jpg|Horus=Iry-Hor<br/>''r-Ḥr''<br/>''Companion of Horus''<br/><hiero>G5:D21</hiero>|Dynasty=[[Dynasty 0]]|Caption=Signs ''r-Ḥr'' inscribed on a large vessel from the tomb of Iry-Hor, [[Ashmolean Museum]]|Burial=Chambers B1, B2, [[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]], [[Egypt]]}}
+|Reign={{circa}} 3170 BC<ref name="talle"/><br>Naqada IIIB2
+|Name=Iry-Hor
+|Image=Iry Hor name.jpg
+|Horus=Iry-Hor<br/>''r-Ḥr''<br/>''Companion of Horus''<br/><hiero>G5:D21</hiero>
+|Dynasty=[[Dynasty 0]]
+|Caption=Signs ''r-Ḥr'' inscribed on a large vessel from the tomb of Iry-Hor, [[Ashmolean Museum]]
+|Burial=Chambers B1 and B2, [[Umm el-Qa'ab]], [[Egypt]]}}
-'''Iry-Hor''' (or '''Ro''';<ref name="petrie">{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=Flinders |author-link=Flinders Petrie |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924020551267 |title=The Royal tombs of the earliest dynasties |date=1900 |pages=29 & 30}}</ref> {{fl.|{{circa}} 3170 BC}}) was a predynastic [[pharaoh]] of [[Upper Egypt]] during the [[32nd century BC]].<ref name="talle"/> Excavations at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in the 1980s and 1990s<ref name="dreyer"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=Werner |last2=Dreyer |first2=Günter |date=1993 |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5./6. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |issue=49 |page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=Werner |last2=Dreyer |first2=Günter |date=1996 |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 7./8. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |issue=52 |pages=48–57 and taf. 9}}</ref> and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] confirmed his existence.<ref name="talle"/> Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living [[Historical figure|historical person]] known by name. Although his predecessor remains definitively unknown, it is thought to be Scorpion, Crocodile or Double Falcon. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten |title=Who Was the First Named Human? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-was-the-first-named-h_b_5679829 |date=August 15, 2014 |website=Huffpost |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
+'''Iry-Hor''' (or '''Ro''';<ref name="petrie">{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=Flinders |author-link=Flinders Petrie |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924020551267 |title=The Royal tombs of the earliest dynasties |date=1900 |pages=29 & 30}}</ref> {{fl.|{{circa}} 3170 BC}}) was a predynastic [[pharaoh]] of [[Upper Egypt]] during the [[32nd century BC]].<ref name="talle"/> Excavations at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in the 1980s and 1990s<ref name="dreyer"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=Werner |last2=Dreyer |first2=Günter |date=1993 |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5./6. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |issue=49 |page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=Werner |last2=Dreyer |first2=Günter |date=1996 |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 7./8. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |issue=52 |pages=48–57 and taf. 9}}</ref> and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] confirmed his existence.<ref name="talle"/> Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living [[Historical figure|historical person]] known by name.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten |title=Who Was the First Named Human? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-was-the-first-named-h_b_5679829 |date=August 15, 2014 |website=Huffpost |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>
 ==Name ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 17: @@
 Given the archaic nature of the name, the translation proved difficult and, in the absence of a better alternative, [[Ludwig David Morenz|Ludwig D. Morenz]] proposed that the literal translation be retained, giving "Horus mouth".<ref name="morenz">Ludwig D. Morenz: ''Bildbuchstaben und symbolische Zeichen'', p. 88</ref>
-In the 1990s, [[:de:Werner Kaiser (Ägyptologe)|Werner Kaiser]] and [[Günter Dreyer]] translated Iry-Hor's name as "Companion of Horus".<ref name="dreyer">{{cite journal |issn=0342-1279 |author-link=Werner Kaiser (Egyptologist) |first=Werner |last=Kaiser |first2=Günter |last2= Dreyer |author-link2=Günter Dreyer |language=de |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof: 2. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |volume=38 |publisher=[[German Archaeological Institute]], Orient-Abteilung, de Gruyter |location=Berlin |year=1982 |pages=211–246 }}</ref>
+In the 1990s, [[:de:Werner Kaiser (Ägyptologe)|Werner Kaiser]] and [[Günter Dreyer]] translated Iry-Hor's name as "Companion of Horus".<ref name="dreyer">{{cite journal |issn=0342-1279 |author-link=Werner Kaiser (Egyptologist) |first1=Werner |last1=Kaiser |first2=Günter |last2= Dreyer |author-link2=Günter Dreyer |language=de |title=Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof: 2. Vorbericht |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (MDAIK) |volume=38 |publisher=[[German Archaeological Institute]], Orient-Abteilung, de Gruyter |location=Berlin |year=1982 |pages=211–246 }}</ref>
 Two other attempts at translations presuppose that Iry-Hor was not a king, since his royal status was still controversial at the time of their publication. The Egyptologists [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] and [[Peter Kaplony]] proposed that the known inscriptions referred to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, ''wr-rꜣ'' (lit. "great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the [[Swallow (hieroglyph)|swallow hieroglyph G36]] rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief".<ref name="kaplony">{{cite book |last=Kaplony |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kaplony |title=Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit |year=1963 |volume=1 |page=468}}</ref> [[Toby Wilkinson]], considering the person in question to have been a ''slave'' of a king, translated the signs as "Property of the king".<ref name="wilki2">{{cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Toby |author-link=Toby Wilkinson |year=1993 |title=The identification of Tomb B1 at Abydos: refuting the existence of a king 'Ro/Iry-Hor' |journal=Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |location=London |publisher=Egypt Exploration Society |volume=79 |pages=91–93 |issn=0307-5133}}</ref>
@@ Line 22: / Line 28: @@
 Until 2012, the name of Iry-Hor had not been found in or next to a [[serekh]], so the identification of Iry-Hor as a king was controversial. [[Toby Wilkinson]] contended that Iry-Hor was ''not'' a king, but a slave of a king.<ref name="wilki2"/> Egyptologists [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] and [[Peter Kaplony]] also initially rejected the identification of Iry-Hor as a king and proposed instead that the known inscriptions refer to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, ''wr-rꜣ'' (lit. "great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the [[Swallow (hieroglyph)|swallow hieroglyph G36]] rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief".<ref name=kaplony/>
-Egyptologists [[Flinders Petrie]],<ref name="petrie"/> Laurel Bestock<ref name="bestock">{{cite book |first=Laurel |last=Bestock |title=The Development of Royal Funerary Cult at Abydos |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05838-4 |pages=16, 17, 21 & 28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIXRokO0ijcC&pg=PA16 }}</ref> and [[Jochem Kahl]]<ref>Jochem Kahl: ''Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie'', pp.96–101.</ref> nonetheless believed that he was indeed a real ruler.
+Egyptologists [[Flinders Petrie]],<ref name="petrie"/> Laurel Bestock<ref name="bestock">{{cite book |first=Laurel |last=Bestock |title=The Development of Royal Funerary Cult at Abydos |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05838-4 |pages=16, 17, 21 & 28 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIXRokO0ijcC&pg=PA16 }}</ref> and [[Jochem Kahl]]<ref>Jochem Kahl: ''Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie'', pp.96–101.</ref> nonetheless believed that he was indeed a real ruler.
-Following the excavations at Abydos and the discovery of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai in 2012, Wilkinson's hypothesis is now rejected by most Egyptologists and Iry-Hor is widely accepted as a predynastic king of Egypt.<ref name="talle"/><ref>{{cite book |last=van den Brink |first=Edwin C. M. |title=Aspects of Early Egypt |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7141-0999-2 |editor-last=Spencer |editor-first=A. Jeffrey |location=London |pages=140–158 |chapter=The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part I: complete vessels}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=van den Brink |first=Edwin C. M |year=2001 |title=The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part II: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels |url=https://www.archeonil.fr/images/revue%202000%202003/AN2001-03-van%20den%20Brink.pdf |journal=archeonil.fr |volume=11 |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>
+Following the excavations at Abydos and the discovery of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai in 2012, Wilkinson's hypothesis is now rejected by most Egyptologists and Iry-Hor is widely accepted as a predynastic king of Egypt.<ref name="talle"/><ref>{{cite book |last=van den Brink |first=Edwin C. M. |title=Aspects of Early Egypt |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7141-0999-2 |editor-last=Spencer |editor-first=A. Jeffrey |location=London |pages=140–158 |chapter=The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part I: complete vessels}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=van den Brink |first=Edwin C. M |year=2001 |title=The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0–1. Part II: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels |url=https://www.archeonil.fr/images/revue%202000%202003/AN2001-03-van%20den%20Brink.pdf |journal=Archeonil.fr |volume=11 |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref>
 ===Resolution===
-Dreyer's excavations of the necropolis of Abydos revealed that Iry-Hor was in fact well attested there with over 27 objects bearing his name and that his tomb was of royal proportions.<ref name="brink">Edwin C. M. van den Brink: ''Two Pottery Jars Incised with the Name of Iry-Hor from Tomb B1 at Umm El-Ga'ab, Abydos'', [http://www.potmark-egypt.com/images/attachment/van_den_Brink.pdf available online], in : ''Zeichen aus dem Sand, Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer'', Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and Ulrich Hartung editors, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-447-05816-2}}</ref>
+Dreyer's excavations of the necropolis of Abydos revealed that Iry-Hor was in fact well attested there, with over 27 objects bearing his name and that his tomb was of royal proportions.<ref name="brink">Edwin C. M. van den Brink: ''Two Pottery Jars Incised with the Name of Iry-Hor from Tomb B1 at Umm El-Ga'ab, Abydos'', [http://www.potmark-egypt.com/images/attachment/van_den_Brink.pdf available online], in : ''Zeichen aus dem Sand, Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer'', Eva-Maria Engel, Vera Müller and Ulrich Hartung editors, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-447-05816-2}}</ref>
 Furthermore, in 2012 an inscription mentioning Iry-Hor was discovered in the Sinai, the inscription comprising furthermore an archaic empty serekh on the right of Iry-Hor's name.<ref name="talle"/> The inscription mentions the city of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], pushing back its foundation to before Narmer and establishing that Iry-Hor was already reigning over it. Following this discovery, most Egyptologists, including G. Dreyer and the discoverers of the inscription, Pierre Tallet and Damien Laisney, now believe that Iry-Hor was indeed a king.<ref name="talle"/>
 Continuing excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb at Abydos by Dreyer established that the tomb was of similar dimensions and layout as those of Ka and [[Narmer]] and must, therefore, have belonged to a king. This was consequently accepted by von Beckerath and Iry-Hor is now the first entry in the latest edition of von Beckerath's ''Handbook of Egyptian Pharaohs''.<ref name="beck">[[Jürgen von Beckerath]]: [http://www.mediafire.com/view/?4xjd6j4qed3c9vl ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen''], Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Volume 49, Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1999, {{ISBN|3-8053-2591-6}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222200801/http://www.mediafire.com/view/?4xjd6j4qed3c9vl |date=2015-12-22 }} pp. 9, 36–37</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 41: @@
 Iry-Hor was most likely [[Ka (pharaoh)|Ka]]'s immediate predecessor<ref>Winfried Barta: ''Zur Namensform und zeitlichen Einordnung des Königs Ro'', in: GM 53, 1982, pp. 11–13.</ref> and thus would have reigned during the early [[32nd century BC]]. He probably ruled from [[Hierakonpolis]] over [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] and the wider Thinite region and controlled Egypt at least as far north as [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], since the Sinai rock inscription relates a visit of Iry-Hor to this city.<ref name="talle"/><ref>Owen Jarus, Live Science, ''Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year-Old Hieroglyphs'', [http://www.livescience.com/53406-early-egyptian-queen-revealed-in-hieroglyphs.html] [http://www.livescience.com/53405-wadi-ameyra-photos.html]</ref> The Egyptologists [[Pierre Tallet|Tallet]] and [[Damien Laisney]] further propose that Iry-Hor also controlled parts of the [[Nile Delta]].<ref name="talle"/>
-He was buried in the royal cemetery of [[Umm el-Qa'ab]] near Ka, [[Narmer]] and the First Dynasty kings. Iry-Hor's name appears on clay vessels from his tomb in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] and a clay seal with the hieroglyphs for ''r-Ḥr'' was found in [[Narmer]]'s tomb and may refer to Iry-Hor. In total, no fewer than 22 pottery jars incised with Iry-Hor's name have been in Abydos as well as at least five ink-inscribed fragments and a cylinder seal.<ref name="brink"/>
+He was buried in the royal cemetery of [[Umm el-Qa'ab]] near Ka, [[Narmer]] and the First Dynasty kings. Iry-Hor's name appears on clay vessels from his tomb in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] and a clay seal with the hieroglyphs for ''r-Ḥr'' was found in [[Narmer]]'s tomb and may refer to Iry-Hor. In total, no fewer than 22 pottery jars incised with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Abydos as well as at least five ink-inscribed fragments and a cylinder seal.<ref name="brink"/>
 A similar seal was also found far to the north in the tomb Z 401 of [[Zawyet el'Aryan]] in [[Lower Egypt]].<ref name="dreyer"/><ref name="encyclo">Baker, Darrell D. ''The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC'', Stacey International, {{ISBN|978-1-905299-37-9}}, 2008, p. 156</ref> An incision on a spindle whorl found in [[Hierakonpolis]] during [[James E. Quibell]] and Petrie excavations there in 1900 may refer to him.<ref>[[James E. Quibell]], [[Flinders Petrie]]: ''Hierakonpolis. Part I.  Plates of discoveries in 1898 by J. E. Quibell, with notes by W. M. F. P[etrie]'', London 1900, [https://archive.org/details/hierakonpolis00greegoog available online]</ref> Finally, the discovery of a rock inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai constitutes his northernmost attestation. The inscription shows the name of Iry-Hor on a boat, next to the word ''[[Inebu-hedj]]'' meaning "white walls", the ancient name of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]].<ref name="talle">P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: ''Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene'', in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381-395, [https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_ available online]</ref>