Termeh: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Type of Persian (Iranian) handwoven cloth}} |
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{{about|the type of textile|the location in Iran|Toremeh}} |
{{about|the type of textile|the location in Iran|Toremeh}} |
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[[File:طرح_تاج.jpg|thumb|Several samples of Termeh with [[Paisley (design)|Paisley]] pattern]] |
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{{unreferenced|date=March 2016}} |
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'''Termeh''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ترمه) is a type of valuable and traditional fabric, often made from [[Silk]], [[Animal coat|cashmere]], or [[Wool]], and featuring intricate traditional patterns.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Tehran |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=10843 |last=Mirsaeedi |first=Masoumeh |edition= |volume=7 |language=fa |isbn=964-447-008-7 |article=Termeh}}</ref> This fabric is produced in [[Iran]] and [[Kashmir]] and is highly popular due to its delicate and complex designs.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Tehran |url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/224210 |last=Poroush |first=Bita |volume=15 |language=fa |article=Termeh}}</ref> |
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[[File:Persian-Termeh-textile.jpg|thumb|Persian Termeh pillow cover, FarWayArt]] |
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'''Termeh''' ({{lang-fa|ترمه}}) is a type of Persian ([[Iran]]ian) handwoven cloth, produced primarily in the [[Isfahan province]]. Now the [[Yazd]] Termeh is the most beautiful and famous in the world. [[Yazd]] is the center of the design, producing and marketing of Termeh.Weaving termeh requires a good [[wool]] with long fibers. Termeh is woven by an expert with the assistance of a worker called a ''Goushvareh-kesh''. Weaving termeh is a sensitive, careful, and time-consuming process; a good [[weaver (occupation)|weaver]] can produce only {{convert|25|to|30|cm|-0}} in a day. The background colors used in termeh are [[jujube]] red, light red, green, orange and black. Termeh has been admired throughout history; Greek historians commented on the beauty of [[Persian Empire|Persian]] weavings in the [[Achaemenian]] (532 B.C.), [[Ashkani]] (222 B.C.) and [[Sasanidae]] (226–641 A.D.) periods and the Chinese tourist Hoang Tesang admired termeh.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} |
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The exact origin of Termeh is uncertain, and researchers are divided on whether its production first started in Iran or Kashmir. Generally, Iranian designs like [[Paisley (design)|Paisley]] were introduced to [[India]] during the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid period]] and had a significant influence on the design of [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmiri shawls]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ames |first=Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/kashmirshawlitsi0000ames/page/n355/mode/2up |title=The Kashmir Shawl and Its Indo-French Influence |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |year=1997 |isbn=9781851492664 |language=en}}</ref> |
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During the [[Safavid]] period (1502–1736 A.D.), zarbaf and termeh weaving techniques were significantly refined. Due to the difficulty of producing termeh and the advent of mechanized weaving, few factories remain in Iran that produce traditionally woven Termeh.MehrMarket is an online cashmere store in Yazd.<ref>https://mehr.market/</ref>https://mehr.market/ |
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In Iran, Termeh production initially started in [[Kerman]] and later reached its peak in [[Yazd]]. In the past, these fabrics were used by the [[Zoroastrians of Iran|Zoroastrians of Yazd]] for wedding garments and other traditional attire. From the early 19th century, challenges such as heavy taxes and shortages of raw materials led to a decline in Termeh production. However, during the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar era]], it remained a valuable and prestigious commodity. |
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Old Termehs were often made from hand-spun Wool and dyed using natural dyes. These fabrics were relatively thick, as many threads were used in their weaving.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Tehran |url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=10843 |last=Mirsaeedi |first=Masoumeh |edition= |volume=7 |language=fa |isbn=964-447-008-7 |article=Termeh}}</ref> Each piece of Termeh was woven in narrow sections and then carefully sewn together by skilled artisans to appear seamless. |
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Famous Termeh patterns include [[Paisley (design)|Paisley]] and [[Shãh Abbãsi floral design|Shah Abbasi flower]]. Each design had a specific meaning and played an important role in Iranian culture and art. During the Qajar period, Termeh was used in the clothing of kings and courtiers and even gifted to foreign rulers. Additionally, this fabric was used to make hats, [[Cloak|robes]], [[Robe|gowns]], and women's dresses.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gluck |first1=Jay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrYOAQAAMAAJ |title=A Survey of Persian Handicraft: A Pictorial Introduction to the Contemporary Folk Arts and Art Crafts of Modern Iran |last2=Gluck |first2=Sumi Hiramoto |publisher=Survey of Persian Art |year=1977 |language=en}}</ref> |
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With the introduction of Jacquard looms in the 1970s, traditional Termeh production gradually declined and was replaced by machine-made production. Today, machine-made Termehs are mostly produced in Yazd and are used as fine fabric for various products such as curtains, [[Prayer rug|prayer rugs]], and scarves. Even now, this fabric holds a special place in significant events, including weddings and funerals, and is regarded as an important part of Iran's cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zabih |first=Abolfazl |year=1983 |title=A Look at the Museum of Iranian Decorative Arts: Rare Examples of Iranian Creativity |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/171996 |journal=Honar Quarterly |language=fa |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=132–151}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Persian handicrafts]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:History of Asian clothing]] |
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]] |
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[[Category:Persian handicrafts]] |
[[Category:Persian handicrafts]] |
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[[Category:Persian words and phrases]] |
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Textile arts of Persia]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:13, 12 November 2024
Termeh (Persian: ترمه) is a type of valuable and traditional fabric, often made from Silk, cashmere, or Wool, and featuring intricate traditional patterns.[1] This fabric is produced in Iran and Kashmir and is highly popular due to its delicate and complex designs.[2]
The exact origin of Termeh is uncertain, and researchers are divided on whether its production first started in Iran or Kashmir. Generally, Iranian designs like Paisley were introduced to India during the Safavid period and had a significant influence on the design of Kashmiri shawls.[3]
In Iran, Termeh production initially started in Kerman and later reached its peak in Yazd. In the past, these fabrics were used by the Zoroastrians of Yazd for wedding garments and other traditional attire. From the early 19th century, challenges such as heavy taxes and shortages of raw materials led to a decline in Termeh production. However, during the Qajar era, it remained a valuable and prestigious commodity.
Old Termehs were often made from hand-spun Wool and dyed using natural dyes. These fabrics were relatively thick, as many threads were used in their weaving.[4] Each piece of Termeh was woven in narrow sections and then carefully sewn together by skilled artisans to appear seamless.
Famous Termeh patterns include Paisley and Shah Abbasi flower. Each design had a specific meaning and played an important role in Iranian culture and art. During the Qajar period, Termeh was used in the clothing of kings and courtiers and even gifted to foreign rulers. Additionally, this fabric was used to make hats, robes, gowns, and women's dresses.[5]
With the introduction of Jacquard looms in the 1970s, traditional Termeh production gradually declined and was replaced by machine-made production. Today, machine-made Termehs are mostly produced in Yazd and are used as fine fabric for various products such as curtains, prayer rugs, and scarves. Even now, this fabric holds a special place in significant events, including weddings and funerals, and is regarded as an important part of Iran's cultural heritage.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mirsaeedi, Masoumeh (2003). "Termeh". Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (in Persian). Vol. 7. Tehran. ISBN 964-447-008-7.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Poroush, Bita (2006). "Termeh". Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (in Persian). Vol. 15. Tehran.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ames, Frank (1997). The Kashmir Shawl and Its Indo-French Influence. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 9781851492664.
- ^ Mirsaeedi, Masoumeh (2003). "Termeh". Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (in Persian). Vol. 7. Tehran. ISBN 964-447-008-7.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gluck, Jay; Gluck, Sumi Hiramoto (1977). A Survey of Persian Handicraft: A Pictorial Introduction to the Contemporary Folk Arts and Art Crafts of Modern Iran. Survey of Persian Art.
- ^ Zabih, Abolfazl (1983). "A Look at the Museum of Iranian Decorative Arts: Rare Examples of Iranian Creativity". Honar Quarterly (in Persian). 5 (1): 132–151.