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2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 19°52′37″N 155°56′06″W / 19.877°N 155.935°W / 19.877; -155.935
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{{Short description|6.7 magnitude earthquake in Hawaii}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox earthquake
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake
| title = 2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake
| anss-url = usp000ev94
| anss-url = usp000ev94
| isc-event = 11122134
| isc-event = 11122134
| local-time = 07:07:49 [[Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone|Hawaii Standard Time]]
| local-time = 07:07:49 [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|Hawaii Standard Time]]
| local-date = {{Start Date|2006|10|15}}
| local-date = {{Start date|2006|10|15}}
| timestamp = 2006-10-15 17:07:49
| timestamp = 2006-10-15 17:07:49
| map2 = {{Location map+ | USA Hawaii
| map2 = {{Location map+ | USA Hawaii
|places =
| places =
{{Location map~|USA Hawaii|lat=19.71|long=-155.09|label=Hilo|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|USA Hawaii|lat=19.71|long=-155.09|label=Hilo|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|USA Hawaii|lat=21.3|long=-157.82|label=Honolulu|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|USA Hawaii|lat=21.3|long=-157.82|label=Honolulu|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
Line 16: Line 17:
| float = right
| float = right
| caption = }}
| caption = }}
| magnitude = 6.7 {{M|d|link=y}}<ref name=usgs>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ev94#executive | publisher = USGS | title = M 6.7 - Hawaii region, Hawaii | access-date = October 13, 2020}}</ref>
| magnitude = 6.7 {{M|d|link=y}}<ref name=usgs>{{Cite web | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ev94#executive | publisher = United States Geological Survey | title = M 6.7 – Hawaii region, Hawaii | access-date = October 13, 2020}}</ref>
| intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|VIII (''Severe'')]]
| intensity = {{MMI|VIII}}
| tsunami = Yes
| tsunami = Yes
| aftershocks = 6.1 {{M|w|link=y}} Oct 15 at 17:14 UTC<ref name=usgs/>
| aftershocks = 6.1 {{M|w|link=y}} Oct 15 at 17:14 UTC<ref name=usgs/>
| depth = {{convert|38.2|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref name=usgs/>
| depth = {{convert|38.2|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref name=usgs/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Oblique-normal]] <ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|Oblique-normal]]<ref name=PAGER-CAT/>
| location = {{Coord|19.877|N|155.935|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name=usgs/>
| location = {{Coord|19.877|N|155.935|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name=usgs/>
| countries affected = [[Hawaii]], [[United States]]
| countries affected = Hawaii, United States
| casualties = None<ref name="CNN1"/>
| casualties = Several injured<ref name=PAGER-CAT/><ref name = CNN1/>
}}
}}


The '''2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake''' occurred on October 15 at {{tooltip|07:07:49 local time|17:07:49 (UTC)}} with a [[Earthquake duration magnitude|magnitude]] of 6.7 and a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''). The shock was centered {{convert|21|km|sp=us}} southwest of [[Puakō, Hawai'i|Puakō]] and {{convert|21|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Kailua-Kona]], [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], just offshore of the [[Kona Airport]], at a depth of {{convert|38.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It produced several [[aftershock]]s, including one that measured a magnitude of 6.1 seven minutes after the main shock. The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] measured a nondestructive [[tsunami]] of {{convert|4|in|abbr=on}} on the coast of the Big Island.<ref name="mauinews">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mauiweekly.com/localnews/story2796.aspx|title=Strong Quake Rocks Hawaii|date=October 19, 2006|work=Local News|access-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928175711/http://www.mauiweekly.com/localnews/story2796.aspx|archive-date=September 28, 2007 |publisher=Maui Weekly}}</ref>
The '''2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake''' occurred on October 15 at {{tooltip|07:07:49 local time|17:07:49 (UTC)}} with a [[Earthquake duration magnitude|magnitude]] of 6.7 and a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''). The shock was centered {{convert|21|km|sp=us}} southwest of [[Puakō, Hawai'i|Puakō]] and {{convert|21|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Kailua-Kona]], [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], just offshore of the [[Kona Airport]], at a depth of {{convert|38.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It produced several [[aftershock]]s, including one that measured a magnitude of 6.1 seven minutes after the main shock. The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] measured a nondestructive [[tsunami]] of {{convert|4|inches|abbr=on}} on the coast of the Big Island.<ref name="mauinews">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mauiweekly.com/localnews/story2796.aspx|title=Strong Quake Rocks Hawaii|date=October 19, 2006|work=Local News|access-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928175711/http://www.mauiweekly.com/localnews/story2796.aspx|archive-date=September 28, 2007 |publisher=Maui Weekly}}</ref>


==Tectonic setting==
==Tectonic setting==
The island of Hawaii is effected by earthquakes related to three main causes. Some are associated with the [[Volcano tectonic earthquake|movement of magma]] and tend to be shallow focus (less than 5 km depth). The largest earthquakes are those caused by overall gravitational spreading of the volcano, whether within the volcano's flanks or at the base of the volcanic pile. They tend to have focal depths in the range 5–13 km. The final group of earthquakes are those caused by [[Lithospheric flexure|flexure of the oceanic lithosphere]] underlying the island as a result of loading by the volcano. The type of stresses within the flexing lithosphere depends on depth relative to the [[neutral surface]], with radial compression and associated tangential tension below about 22 km and radial tension and tangential compression above that level. Earthquakes of this type can have [[focal depth]]s as deep as 60 km.<ref name=Klein_2016>{{cite journal|title = Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes|last1 = Klein | first1 = F.W.|year = 2016|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume = 121|issue = 4|pages = 2400–2428|doi=10.1002/2015JB012746|bibcode = 2016JGRB..121.2400K }}</ref>
The island of Hawaii is affected by earthquakes related to three main causes. Some are associated with the [[Volcano tectonic earthquake|movement of magma]] and tend to be shallow focus (less than {{cvt|5|km}} depth). The largest earthquakes are those caused by overall gravitational spreading of the volcano, whether within the volcano's flanks or at the base of the volcanic pile. They tend to have focal depths in the range {{cvt|5 to 13|km}}. The final group of earthquakes are those caused by [[Lithospheric flexure|flexure of the oceanic lithosphere]] underlying the island as a result of loading by the volcano. The type of stresses within the flexing lithosphere depends on depth relative to the [[neutral surface]], with radial compression and associated tangential tension below about {{cvt|22|km}} and radial tension and tangential compression above that level. Earthquakes of this type can have [[focal depth]]s as deep as {{cvt|60|km}}.<ref name=Klein_2016>{{cite journal|title = Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes|last1 = Klein | first1 = F.W.|year = 2016|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume = 121|issue = 4|pages = 2400–2428|doi=10.1002/2015JB012746|bibcode = 2016JGRB..121.2400K |doi-access = free}}</ref>


==Earthquake==
==Earthquake==
The earthquake had a [[hypocenter|hypocentral depth]] of 38.2 km and a [[focal mechanism]] of [[normal fault|normal faulting]]. The depth shows that it was in the mantle lithosphere, beneath the neutral surface with a mechanism consistent with tangential tension. The largest aftershock was significantly shallower at 18 km and had a focal mechanism of [[reverse fault|reverse faulting]]. The depth and mechanism are consistent with tangential compression above the neutral surface.<ref name=Klein_2016/>
The earthquake had a [[hypocenter|hypocentral depth]] of {{cvt|38.2|km}} and a [[focal mechanism]] of [[normal fault]]ing. The depth shows that it was in the mantle lithosphere, beneath the neutral surface with a mechanism consistent with tangential tension. The largest aftershock was significantly shallower at {{cvt|18|km}} and had a focal mechanism of [[reverse fault]]ing. The depth and mechanism are consistent with tangential compression above the neutral surface.<ref name=Klein_2016/>


[[Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli Intensities]] were VII–VIII (''Very strong–Severe'') on the western side of the island of Hawaii, and VI (''Strong'') on the eastern side of [[Maui]]. Intensity V (''Moderate'') shaking was felt all the way to [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], where patches of moderate damage were reported.<ref>{{Cite web| title = USGS Community Internet Intensity Maps| publisher = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]| date = October 15, 2007| url = http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/STORE/Xtwbh_06/ciim_display.html| access-date = October 5, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071005005038/http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/STORE/Xtwbh_06/ciim_display.html| archive-date = October 5, 2007| url-status=dead}}</ref> The earthquake caused property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and airport delays and closures.<ref name=mauinews/> [[Governor of Hawaii|Governor]] [[Linda Lingle]] issued a disaster declaration for the entire state.<ref name="AP-chinadaily">{{cite news|title=Disaster declared as quake hits Hawaii |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-10/16/content_708680.htm |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |date=October 16, 2006 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DxzqK5T4?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-10/16/content_708680.htm |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AP2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15535881|title=Hawaiian historic site damaged, but blessed|date=October 24, 2006|work=Hawaii travel|access-date=October 5, 2007|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
[[Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli Intensities]] were VII–VIII (''Very strong–Severe'') on the western side of the island of Hawaii, and VI (''Strong'') on the eastern side of [[Maui]]. Intensity V (''Moderate'') shaking was felt all the way to [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], where patches of moderate damage were reported.<ref>{{Cite web| title = USGS Community Internet Intensity Maps| publisher = United States Geological Survey| date = October 15, 2007| url = http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/STORE/Xtwbh_06/ciim_display.html| access-date = October 5, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071005005038/http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/STORE/Xtwbh_06/ciim_display.html| archive-date = October 5, 2007| url-status=dead}}</ref> The earthquake caused property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and airport delays and closures.<ref name=mauinews/> [[Governor of Hawaii|Governor]] [[Linda Lingle]] issued a disaster declaration for the entire state.<ref name="AP-chinadaily">{{cite news|title=Disaster declared as quake hits Hawaii |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-10/16/content_708680.htm |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |date=October 16, 2006 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623012815/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2006-10/16/content_708680.htm |archive-date=June 23, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AP2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15535881|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212012439/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15535881|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=Hawaiian historic site damaged, but blessed|date=October 24, 2006|work=Hawaii travel|access-date=October 5, 2007|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>


===Damage===
===Damage===
[[File:USGS Shakemap - 2006 Hawaii earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|USGS ShakeMap for the event]]
[[File:USGS Shakemap - 2006 Hawaii earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|USGS ShakeMap for the event]]


The most severe damage caused by the earthquake was focused on the north and western sides of the island of Hawaii. Damage was also quite heavy on the eastern side of Maui, and minor damage spread all the way out to western O{{okina}}ahu, {{convert|170|mi|km}} away from the earthquake's epicenter. On the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]], many houses had large cracks and broken windows, and at least 61 buildings were destroyed and [[Red-tagged structure|red-tagged]] by officials. Almost all houses in west Hawaii reported extensive internal damage but most avoided significant structural damage, the reason being that most of the buildings in the area around the epicenter of the earthquake have been built in the last few decades and are well constructed. Even so, over $200&nbsp;million in damage occurred.<ref name="AP-insurancejournal">{{Cite news|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2006/10/27/73645.htm|title=Hawaii County Cuts Red Tape for Big Island Repairs|date=October 27, 2006|access-date=October 5, 2007|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
The most severe damage caused by the earthquake was focused on the north and western sides of the island of Hawaii. Damage was also quite heavy on the eastern side of Maui, and minor damage spread all the way out to western O{{okina}}ahu, {{convert|170|mi|km}} away from the earthquake's epicenter. On the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]], many houses had large cracks and broken windows, and at least 61 buildings were destroyed and [[Red-tagged structure|red-tagged]] by officials. Almost all houses in west Hawaii reported extensive internal damage but most avoided significant structural damage, the reason being that most of the buildings in the area around the epicenter of the earthquake have been built in the last few decades and are well constructed. Even so, over $200&nbsp;million in damage occurred.<ref name="AP-insurancejournal">{{Cite news|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/west/2006/10/27/73645.htm|title=Hawaii County Cuts Red Tape for Big Island Repairs|date=October 27, 2006|access-date=October 5, 2007|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>


The largest and most luxurious hotels on the Island of Hawaii also happened to be clustered within ten miles (16&nbsp;km) of the earthquake's epicenter along the Kohala coast. The 1965 [[Mauna Kea Beach Hotel]] had its entire south end collapse, and the hotel's top floor was considered "destroyed." The hotel closed December 1 after a month-long inspection revealed that the building was unsafe and in danger of collapse. After a $150&nbsp;million renovation, the hotel had a soft reopening on December 20, 2008, and officially reopened in March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/hawaii_today/2008/11/17/Mauna_Kea_Beach_Hotel_new_reopening_date|title=Mauna Kea Beach Hotel announces new reopening date|last=Paiva|first=Derek|date=November 17, 2008|website=Hawaii Magazine|language=en|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel was temporarily evacuated after the earthquake due to structural damage, broken glass and flooding caused by broken water pipes. The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years.
The largest and most luxurious hotels on the Island of Hawaii also happened to be clustered within {{convert|10|mile|spell=in}} of the earthquake's epicenter along the Kohala coast. The 1965 [[Mauna Kea Beach Hotel]] had its entire south end collapse, and the hotel's top floor was considered "destroyed." The hotel closed on December 1 after a month-long inspection revealed that the building was unsafe and in danger of collapse. After a $150&nbsp;million renovation, the hotel had a soft reopening on December 20, 2008, and officially reopened in March 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/hawaii_today/2008/11/17/Mauna_Kea_Beach_Hotel_new_reopening_date|title=Mauna Kea Beach Hotel announces new reopening date|last=Paiva|first=Derek|date=November 17, 2008|website=Hawaii Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel was temporarily evacuated after the earthquake due to structural damage, broken glass and flooding caused by broken water pipes. The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years.


Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]] was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The [[Hulihee Palace]] in [[Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i|Kailua Kona]] suffered extensive structural damage.<ref name="ap-msnbc">[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15535881 Hawaiian Historic Site Damaged...], ''[[Associated Press]]'', accessed November 3, 2006</ref> Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to [[Captain Cook|Captain James Cook]], was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.<ref name="ap-starbulletin">[http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/27/news/story04.html Continuing Landslides lead to closures and Kealakekua Bay], ''[[Associated Press]]'', accessed November 3, 2006</ref>
Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]] was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The [[Hulihee Palace]] in [[Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i|Kailua Kona]] suffered extensive structural damage.<ref name="ap-msnbc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212012439/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15535881 Hawaiian Historic Site Damaged...], [[Associated Press]], accessed November 3, 2006</ref> Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to [[Captain Cook|Captain James Cook]], was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.<ref name="ap-starbulletin">[http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/27/news/story04.html Continuing Landslides lead to closures and Kealakekua Bay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405063742/http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/27/news/story04.html |date=April 5, 2008 }}, [[Associated Press]], accessed November 3, 2006</ref>


[[Image:2006 Hawaii earthquake.JPG|thumb|Cliff falling in [[Waipio Valley]] during the earthquake]]
[[File:2006 Hawaii earthquake.JPG|thumb|Cliff falling in [[Waipio Valley]] during the earthquake]]


===Mauna Kea Observatory===
===Mauna Kea Observatory===
⚫
During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the [[Mauna Kea Observatories]] sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the [[W. M. Keck Observatory]], and the [[Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope]] (CFHT).<ref name="AP-yahoo">{{cite news|last=McAvoy|first=Audrey|title=Hawaii quake damages special telescopes|date=October 19, 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900862.html|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19,<ref name="CFHT">{{Cite web| title = 15 October 2006 Earthquake Aftermath at CFHT| publisher = [[University of Hawaiʻi]]| date = January 11, 2007| url = http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/EARTHQUAKE/| access-date = October 5, 2007}}</ref> but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.<ref name="Keck">{{Cite web| title = Earthquake Update from W. M. Keck Observatory| publisher = [[W. M. Keck Observatory]]| date = February 28, 2007| url = http://www.keckobservatory.org/article.php?id=95| access-date = October 5, 2007

⚫
During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the [[Mauna Kea Observatories]] sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the [[W. M. Keck Observatory]], and the [[Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope]] (CFHT).<ref name="AP-yahoo">{{cite news|last=McAvoy|first=Audrey|title=Hawaii quake damages special telescopes|date=October 19, 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900862.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19,<ref name="CFHT">{{Cite web| title = 15 October 2006 Earthquake Aftermath at CFHT| publisher = [[University of Hawai'i]]| date = January 11, 2007| url = http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/EARTHQUAKE/| access-date = October 5, 2007}}</ref> but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.<ref name="Keck">{{Cite web| title = Earthquake Update from W. M. Keck Observatory| publisher = [[W. M. Keck Observatory]]| date = February 28, 2007| url = http://www.keckobservatory.org/article.php?id=95| access-date = October 5, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213834/http://www.keckobservatory.org/article.php?id=95 |archive-date = September 27, 2007}}</ref>
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213834/http://www.keckobservatory.org/article.php?id=95 |archive-date = September 27, 2007}}</ref>


===Blackouts===
===Blackouts===
Power plants on Maui and the Big Island automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid.<ref name="starbulletin1">{{cite news| last = Reyes| first = B.J.| title = Outages hit Oahu hardest| newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]| date = October 16, 2006| url = http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/16/news/story02.html| access-date = October 5, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071114132056/http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/16/news/story02.html| archive-date= November 14, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> The Oahu power outages lasted 14 hours in some locations; only half of [[Hawaiian Electric Company|Hawaiian Electric Company's (HECO)]] Oahu customers had power restored before 9 pm, while outages generally lasted to about 5 pm on Maui and Hawaii. Power was restored to all HECO circuits by 1:55 am; however, there were isolated blackouts due to local problems, such as blown fuses. Power in Laie and Kahuku was not restored until 3 am. In Honolulu and Kahe, HECO generators shut down, and other generators tried to compensate, resulting in uneven loads on Oahu's electrical network and causing the system to shut down to prevent damage.<ref name="starbulletin2">{{cite news| last = Reyes| first = B.J.| title = Outage stirs anger| newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]| date = October 17, 2006| url = http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/17/news/story01.html| access-date = October 5, 2007}}</ref>
Power plants on Maui and the Big Island automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid.<ref name="starbulletin1">{{cite news| last = Reyes| first = B.J.| title = Outages hit Oahu hardest| newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]| date = October 16, 2006| url = http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/16/news/story02.html| access-date = October 5, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071114132056/http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/16/news/story02.html| archive-date= November 14, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> The Oahu power outages lasted 14 hours in some locations; only half of [[Hawaiian Electric Company|Hawaiian Electric Company's (HECO)]] Oahu customers had power restored before 9 pm, while outages generally lasted to about 5 pm on Maui and Hawaii. Power was restored to all HECO circuits by 1:55 am; however, there were isolated blackouts due to local problems, such as blown fuses. Power in [[Laie, Hawaii|Laie]] and [[Kahuku, Hawaii|Kahuku]] was not restored until 3 am. In Honolulu and Kahe, HECO generators shut down, and other generators tried to compensate, resulting in uneven loads on Oahu's electrical network and causing the system to shut down to prevent damage.<ref name="starbulletin2">{{cite news| last = Reyes| first = B.J.| title = Outage stirs anger| newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]| date = October 17, 2006| url = http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/17/news/story01.html| access-date = October 5, 2007| archive-date = December 2, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202034412/http://starbulletin.com/2006/10/17/news/story01.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>


==Images==
==Images==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:CRW_9000_RT16.jpg|Keokea Beach Park pavilion
File:CRW_9000_RT16.jpg|Keokea Beach Park pavilion
File:Hulihee Palace south wall.JPG|Hulihee Palace South wall, January 2007
File:Hulihee Palace south wall.JPG|Hulihee Palace South wall, January 2007
Image:Huihee Palace after 2006 earthquake.jpg|Earthquake damage at the [[Hulihee Palace]] in January 2007
File:Huihee Palace after 2006 earthquake.jpg|Earthquake damage at the [[Hulihee Palace]] in January 2007
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons category|2006 Hawaii earthquake}}
{{Commons category}}
*[[Kiholo Bay]]
*[[Kiholo Bay]]
*[[List of earthquakes in 2006]]
*[[List of earthquakes in 2006]]
Line 73: Line 73:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="CNN1">{{Cite news|title=Hawaiian: 'We were rocking and rolling'| publisher = [[CNN]]| date = October 15, 2006| url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/10/15/hawaii.quake/index.html| access-date = October 5, 2007
<ref name="CNN1">{{Cite news|title=Hawaiian: 'We were rocking and rolling'| publisher = CNN| date = October 15, 2006| url = http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/10/15/hawaii.quake/index.html| access-date = October 5, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220034802/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/10/15/hawaii.quake/index.html |archive-date = February 20, 2007}}</ref>
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220034802/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/10/15/hawaii.quake/index.html |archive-date = February 20, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=ftp://hazards.cr.usgs.gov/web/data/pager/catalogs/|author=USGS|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/enwiki/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313112456/ftp://hazards.cr.usgs.gov/web/data/pager/catalogs/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-03-13|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
}}
}}


===Sources===
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=Preliminary Observations on the Hawai'i Earthquakes of October 15, 2006|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/usa_kona_hawaii_eeri_prelim_report.pdf|author=EERI|year=2006|publisher=[[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]|series=EERI Special Earthquake Report}}
*{{citation|title=Preliminary Observations on the Hawai'i Earthquakes of October 15, 2006|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/usa_kona_hawaii_eeri_prelim_report.pdf|author=EERI|year=2006|publisher=[[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]|series=EERI Special Earthquake Report}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikinews|6.7 magnitude quake shakes Hawaii}}
{{Wikinews|6.7 magnitude quake shakes Hawaii}}
* [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15278030 Report on the declaration of a state of emergency] – [[NBC News]]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15278030 Report on the declaration of a state of emergency] – [[NBC News]]
*{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2014|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 1.05}}
*{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2014|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 1.05}}
* [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15400920 Historic Palace Damaged, but Blessed] – [[NBC News]]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15400920 Historic Palace Damaged, but Blessed] – [[NBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170219110639/http://westhawaiitoday.com/news/volcano-update/lessons-learned-2006-kiholo-bay-earthquakes Lessons learned from the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquakes] – West Hawaii Today
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170219110639/http://westhawaiitoday.com/news/volcano-update/lessons-learned-2006-kiholo-bay-earthquakes Lessons learned from the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquakes] – West Hawaii Today
* [https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/archive/2008/08_12_24.html Continued Rumblings of the 2006 Kiholo Bay Earthquake] – United States Geological Survey
*[https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/archive/2008/08_12_24.html Continued Rumblings of the 2006 Kiholo Bay Earthquake] – United States Geological Survey
* {{EQ-isc-link|11122134}}
*{{EQ-isc-link|11122134}}


{{Earthquakes in 2006}}
{{Earthquakes in 2006}}

Latest revision as of 07:49, 12 November 2024

2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake is located in Hawaii
Hilo
Hilo
Honolulu
Honolulu
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
UTC time2006-10-15 17:07:49
ISC event11122134
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateOctober 15, 2006 (2006-10-15)
Local time07:07:49 Hawaii Standard Time
Magnitude6.7 Md[1]
Depth38.2 kilometers (24 mi)[1]
Epicenter19°52′37″N 155°56′06″W / 19.877°N 155.935°W / 19.877; -155.935[1]
TypeOblique-normal[2]
Areas affectedHawaii, United States
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)
TsunamiYes
Aftershocks6.1 Mw Oct 15 at 17:14 UTC[1]
CasualtiesSeveral injured[2][3]

The 2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake occurred on October 15 at 07:07:49 local time with a magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The shock was centered 21 kilometers (13 mi) southwest of Puakō and 21 km (13 mi) north of Kailua-Kona, Hawaiʻi, just offshore of the Kona Airport, at a depth of 38.2 km (23.7 mi). It produced several aftershocks, including one that measured a magnitude of 6.1 seven minutes after the main shock. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center measured a nondestructive tsunami of 4 in (100 mm) on the coast of the Big Island.[4]

Tectonic setting

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The island of Hawaii is affected by earthquakes related to three main causes. Some are associated with the movement of magma and tend to be shallow focus (less than 5 km (3.1 mi) depth). The largest earthquakes are those caused by overall gravitational spreading of the volcano, whether within the volcano's flanks or at the base of the volcanic pile. They tend to have focal depths in the range 5 to 13 km (3.1 to 8.1 mi). The final group of earthquakes are those caused by flexure of the oceanic lithosphere underlying the island as a result of loading by the volcano. The type of stresses within the flexing lithosphere depends on depth relative to the neutral surface, with radial compression and associated tangential tension below about 22 km (14 mi) and radial tension and tangential compression above that level. Earthquakes of this type can have focal depths as deep as 60 km (37 mi).[5]

Earthquake

[edit]

The earthquake had a hypocentral depth of 38.2 km (23.7 mi) and a focal mechanism of normal faulting. The depth shows that it was in the mantle lithosphere, beneath the neutral surface with a mechanism consistent with tangential tension. The largest aftershock was significantly shallower at 18 km (11 mi) and had a focal mechanism of reverse faulting. The depth and mechanism are consistent with tangential compression above the neutral surface.[5]

Modified Mercalli Intensities were VII–VIII (Very strong–Severe) on the western side of the island of Hawaii, and VI (Strong) on the eastern side of Maui. Intensity V (Moderate) shaking was felt all the way to Oʻahu, where patches of moderate damage were reported.[6] The earthquake caused property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and airport delays and closures.[4] Governor Linda Lingle issued a disaster declaration for the entire state.[7][8]

Damage

[edit]
USGS ShakeMap for the event

The most severe damage caused by the earthquake was focused on the north and western sides of the island of Hawaii. Damage was also quite heavy on the eastern side of Maui, and minor damage spread all the way out to western Oʻahu, 170 miles (270 km) away from the earthquake's epicenter. On the Big Island, many houses had large cracks and broken windows, and at least 61 buildings were destroyed and red-tagged by officials. Almost all houses in west Hawaii reported extensive internal damage but most avoided significant structural damage, the reason being that most of the buildings in the area around the epicenter of the earthquake have been built in the last few decades and are well constructed. Even so, over $200 million in damage occurred.[9]

The largest and most luxurious hotels on the Island of Hawaii also happened to be clustered within ten miles (16 km) of the earthquake's epicenter along the Kohala coast. The 1965 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel had its entire south end collapse, and the hotel's top floor was considered "destroyed." The hotel closed on December 1 after a month-long inspection revealed that the building was unsafe and in danger of collapse. After a $150 million renovation, the hotel had a soft reopening on December 20, 2008, and officially reopened in March 2009.[10] The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel was temporarily evacuated after the earthquake due to structural damage, broken glass and flooding caused by broken water pipes. The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years.

Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in Kohala was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The Hulihee Palace in Kailua Kona suffered extensive structural damage.[11] Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to Captain James Cook, was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.[12]

Cliff falling in Waipio Valley during the earthquake

Mauna Kea Observatory

[edit]

During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatories sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT).[13] The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19,[14] but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.[15]

Blackouts

[edit]

Power plants on Maui and the Big Island automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid.[16] The Oahu power outages lasted 14 hours in some locations; only half of Hawaiian Electric Company's (HECO) Oahu customers had power restored before 9 pm, while outages generally lasted to about 5 pm on Maui and Hawaii. Power was restored to all HECO circuits by 1:55 am; however, there were isolated blackouts due to local problems, such as blown fuses. Power in Laie and Kahuku was not restored until 3 am. In Honolulu and Kahe, HECO generators shut down, and other generators tried to compensate, resulting in uneven loads on Oahu's electrical network and causing the system to shut down to prevent damage.[17]

Images

[edit]
  • Keokea Beach Park pavilion
    Keokea Beach Park pavilion
  • Hulihee Palace South wall, January 2007
    Hulihee Palace South wall, January 2007
  • Earthquake damage at the Hulihee Palace in January 2007
    Earthquake damage at the Hulihee Palace in January 2007

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2006 Hawaii earthquake.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "M 6.7 – Hawaii region, Hawaii". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  2. ^ a b PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, September 4, 2009, archived from the original on March 13, 2020
  3. ^ "Hawaiian: 'We were rocking and rolling'". CNN. October 15, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  4. ^ a b "Strong Quake Rocks Hawaii". Local News. Maui Weekly. October 19, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  5. ^ a b Klein, F.W. (2016). "Lithospheric flexure under the Hawaiian volcanic load: Internal stresses and a broken plate revealed by earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (4): 2400–2428. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.2400K. doi:10.1002/2015JB012746.
  6. ^ "USGS Community Internet Intensity Maps". United States Geological Survey. October 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  7. ^ "Disaster declared as quake hits Hawaii". China Daily. Associated Press. October 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  8. ^ "Hawaiian historic site damaged, but blessed". Hawaii travel. Associated Press. October 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  9. ^ "Hawaii County Cuts Red Tape for Big Island Repairs". Associated Press. October 27, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  10. ^ Paiva, Derek (November 17, 2008). "Mauna Kea Beach Hotel announces new reopening date". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  11. ^ Hawaiian Historic Site Damaged..., Associated Press, accessed November 3, 2006
  12. ^ Continuing Landslides lead to closures and Kealakekua Bay Archived April 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, accessed November 3, 2006
  13. ^ McAvoy, Audrey (October 19, 2006). "Hawaii quake damages special telescopes". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ "15 October 2006 Earthquake Aftermath at CFHT". University of Hawaiʻi. January 11, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  15. ^ "Earthquake Update from W. M. Keck Observatory". W. M. Keck Observatory. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  16. ^ Reyes, B.J. (October 16, 2006). "Outages hit Oahu hardest". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  17. ^ Reyes, B.J. (October 17, 2006). "Outage stirs anger". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 2, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikinews has related news:
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