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{{Short description|Planned provision of information, resources and guidelines regarding proper usage of drugs}}
{{cleanup|reason=resolve over-reliance on studies in article|date=December 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
'''Drug education''' is the planned provision of information, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where [[drugs|psychoactive substances]] are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as [[drug overdose|overdose]], [[injury]], infectious [[disease]] (such as [[HIV]] or [[hepatitis C]]), or [[substance dependence|addiction]].
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'''Drug education''' is the planned provision of information, guidelines, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where [[drugs|psychoactive substances]] are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as [[drug overdose|overdose]], [[injury]], infectious [[disease]] (such as [[HIV]] or [[hepatitis C]]), or [[substance dependence|addiction]]. The two primary approaches to drug education are harm-reduction education and abstinence-based education.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |year=2009 |title=National Schools Drug Education Strategy 2009 |url=http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2203/NationalDrugEducationStrategy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035758/http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2203/NationalDrugEducationStrategy.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013 |work=Northern Territory Government |publisher=Department of Education and Children Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henwood |first1=Benjamin F. |last2=Padgett |first2=Deborah K. |last3=Tiderington |first3=Emmy |date=January 2014 |title=Provider views of harm reduction versus abstinence policies within homeless services for dually diagnosed adults |journal=The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=10.1007/s11414–013–9318-2 |doi=10.1007/s11414-013-9318-2 |issn=1094-3412 |pmc=3675178 |pmid=23404076}}</ref>


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==Abstinence-based drug education ==
==Benefits==
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Abstinence-based drug education began with the anti-alcohol "[[temperance (virtue)|temperance]] education" programmes of the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] in the United States and Canada in the late 19th century.<ref name="Beck">{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Jerome |title=100 Years of 'Just Say No' Versus 'Just Say Know': Reevaluating Drug Education Goals for the Coming Century |journal=Evaluation Review |date=26 July 2016 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=15–45 |doi=10.1177/0193841X9802200102 |pmid=10183299 |s2cid=25765373 }}</ref> In many respects, the WCTU's [[progressive education]] agenda set the template for much of what has been done since in the name of drug education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tupper |first1=Kenneth W. |title=Sex, drugs and the honour roll: the perennial challenges of addressing moral purity issues in schools |journal=Critical Public Health |date=3 April 2014 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=115–131 |doi=10.1080/09581596.2013.862517 |s2cid=143931197 }}</ref>
Planning includes developing strategies for helping children and young people engage with relevant drug-related issues during opportunistic and brief contacts with them as well as during more structured sessions. Drug education enables children, youth and adults to develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes to appreciate the benefits of living healthily (which may or may not include the use of psychoactive substances), promote responsibility towards the use of drugs and relate these to their own actions and those of others, both now and in their future lives. It also provides opportunities for people to reflect on their own and others' attitudes to various psychoactive substances, their use and the people who use them.


Abstinence-based education programs aim to inform adolescents of [[Recreational drug use|illicit drug use]] in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while highlighting the dangers of [[substance abuse|problematic substance use]] and strongly emphasizing [[abstinence]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Midford |first1=Richard |title=Is Australia 'fair dinkum' about drug education in schools?* |journal=Drug and Alcohol Review |date=2007 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=421–427 |doi=10.1080/09595230701373842 |pmid=17564879 }}</ref>
==Drug education campaigns & programs==
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Drug education can be given in numerous forms, some more effective than others. Examples include [[advertising]] and awareness raising campaigns such as the UK Government’s [[FRANK (drugs)|FRANK]] campaign or the US "media campaign".<ref>[http://www.mediacampaign.org/ Media campaign]</ref> In addition there are school based drug education programs like [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education|DARE]] or that currently being evaluated by the UK Blueprint Programme.<ref>[http://www.drugs.gov.uk/young-people/blueprint Blueprint], ''Home office.gov''</ref> In efforts to prevent problematic substance use, drug education may perpetuate myths and stereotypes about psychoactive substances and people who use them.<ref name=Tupper>{{cite journal|last=Tupper|first=Kenneth|title=Drugs, discourses and education: A critical discourse analysis of a high school drug education text|journal=Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education|year=2008|volume=29|issue=2|pages=223–238|doi=10.1080/01596300801966864}}<!--|accessdate=December 2013--></ref>


Many studies have found that school-based abstinence education programs such as [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education|D.A.R.E.]] did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study discovered that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=Dennis P. |last2=Hanson |first2=Gordon S. |date=November 1998 |title=Assessing the Effects of School-Based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multilevel Analysis of Project D.A.R.E. |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022427898035004002 |journal=Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=381–412 |doi=10.1177/0022427898035004002 |issn=0022-4278}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=R. R. |last2=Cattarello |first2=A. M. |last3=Johnstone |first3=B. M. |date=1996 |title=The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (project DARE): 5-year follow-up results |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8781009/ |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1006/pmed.1996.0061 |issn=0091-7435 |pmid=8781009}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=West |first1=Steven L. |last2=O’Neal |first2=Keri K. |date=June 2004 |title=Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=1027–1029 |doi=10.2105/ajph.94.6.1027 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1448384 |pmid=15249310}}</ref>
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Drug education can also take less explicit forms; an example of this is the Positive Futures Programme, funded by the UK government as part of its drug strategy. This programme uses [[sport]] and the [[arts]] as catalysts to engage young people on their own turf, putting them in contact with positive role models (coaches/trained youth workers). After building a trusting relationship with a young person, these role models can gradually change attitudes towards drug use and steer the young person back into education, [[training]] and [[employment]]. This approach reaches young people who have dropped out of mainstream education. It also has additional benefits for the community in reduced [[crime]] and [[anti-social behaviour]].<ref>[http://www.drugs.gov.uk/publication-search/young-people/0607_YPSMPG11 Positive Futures Programme]</ref>


The [[Australian Government]] has implemented a range of drug education programs through the National Drug Education Strategy (NDES) by providing schools with effective drug education programs. The program aims to manage drug related issues and incidents within schools.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Australian Government Department of Health]]'s Positive Choices portal, released in response to a National Ice Taskforce report, facilitates access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources and prevention programs for school communities. It builds on existing drug education resources developed by researchers at the [[National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre]] such as the [https://ourfuturesinstitute.org.au/climate-schools-is-now-ourfutures-institute-2 Climate Schools] (now called [http://www.Ourfuturesinstitute.org.au OurFutures]
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==School-based drug education ==
) programs that have been proven to reduce alcohol and drug related harms and increase student well-being.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Champion |first1=Katrina E |last2=Newton |first2=Nicola C |last3=Stapinski |first3=Lexine |last4=Slade |first4=Tim |last5=Barrett |first5=Emma L |last6=Teesson |first6=Maree |title=A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |date=January 2016 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=64–73 |doi=10.1177/0004867415577435 |pmid=25801662 |s2cid=23887364 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_43591 |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/265686f2-dafc-448f-aac3-31b7f74d5306/download |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newton |first1=Nicola C. |last2=Teesson |first2=Maree |last3=Vogl |first3=Laura E. |last4=Andrews |first4=Gavin |title=Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use: final results of the Climate Schools course: Internet-based drug prevention |journal=Addiction |date=10 March 2010 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=749–759 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02853.x |pmid=20148791 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newton |first1=Nicola C. |last2=Andrews |first2=Gavin |last3=Teesson |first3=Maree |last4=Vogl |first4=Laura E. |title=Delivering prevention for alcohol and cannabis using the internet: A cluster randomised controlled trial |journal=Preventive Medicine |date=June 2009 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=579–584 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.009 |pmid=19389420 }}</ref><ref>Grass roots a key to tackling ice https://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2015-nash053.htm</ref><ref>Prime Minister of Australia, JOINT DOORSTOP INTERVIEW, SYDNEY https://www.pm.gov.au/media/2015-12-06/joint-doorstop-interview-sydney</ref>
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School-based drug education began with the anti-alcohol "[[temperance (virtue)|temperance]] education" programmes of the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] in the United States and Canada in the late 19th century.<ref name=Beck>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Jerome|title=100 years of 'just say no' versus 'just say know': Reevaluating drug education goals for the coming century|journal=Evaluation Review|year=1998|volume=22|issue=1|pages=15–45|doi=10.1177/0193841x9802200102|pmid=10183299}}<!--|accessdate=December 2013--></ref> In many respects, the WCTU's [[progressive education]] agenda set the template for much of what has been done since in the name of drug education.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tupper|first=Kenneth|title=Sex, Drugs and the Honour Roll: The Perennial Challenges of Addressing Moral Purity Issues in Schools|journal=Critical Public Health|year=2013|volume=24|issue=2|pages=115–131|doi=10.1080/09581596.2013.862517}}<!--|accessdate=December 2013--></ref>


⚫
In addition to government-funded programs, a number of not-for-profit organisations such as [[Life Education Australia]] provide drug education programs to adolescents. These preventative programs aim to deliver a progressive approach that will motivate and encourage young people to make positive decisions in life. Emphasis within these programs is also placed in focusing on deterring [[peer pressure]] as a means of empowering adolescents and promoting autonomy. This approach reaches 750,000 primary and secondary students in Australia each year.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Joyce|first=R|author2=O’Connor, L.|title=Life Education: Research and Evaluation.|journal=Life Education|year=2008}}{{verify source|date=February 2021}}</ref>
Past research into drug education has indicated that to be effective it must involve engaging, interactive learning strategies that stimulate higher-order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances. Current challenges from this approach exist in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes.<ref name=Cahil>{{cite journal|last=Cahil|first=H. W.|title=Challenges in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes|journal=Drug and Alcohol Review|year=2007|volume=26|issue=6|pages=673–679|doi=10.1080/09595230701613593|pmid=17943528}}<!--|accessdate=26 June 2013--></ref> Currently, in the majority of countries where preventive drug education programs and courses exist, they are established and funded by the Government. These education programs aim to educate adolescents about [[Recreational drug use|illicit drug use]] in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while highlighting the dangers of [[substance abuse|problematic substance use]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Midford|first=R|title=Is Australia 'fair dinkum' about drug education in schools?|journal=Drug and Alcohol Review|year=2007|volume=26|issue=4|pages=421–427|doi=10.1080/09595230701373842|pmid=17564879}}<!--|accessdate=26 June 2013--></ref>


The prevalence of abstinence-based programs declined throughout the early 21st-century following an uptick in substance use and the rise of the [[opioid epidemic]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Gaines, Lee V.; Cohen, Nicole |date=December 19, 2023 |title='Just say no' didn't actually protect students from drugs. Here's what could |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/09/1211217460/fentanyl-drug-education-dare |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=NPR}}</ref> School-based drug education programs have declined alongside it. In a 2021 survey, only 60% of American 12-17 year-olds reported seeing drug and alcohol preventing messaging in school.<ref name=":5" />
The [[Australian Government]] has implemented a range of drug education programs through the [[National Drug Education Strategy (NDES)]] by providing schools with effective drug education programmes. The program aims to manage drug related issues and incidents within schools .<ref>{{cite web|title=National Schools Drug Education Strategy 2009|url=http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2203/NationalDrugEducationStrategy.pdf|work=Northern Territory Government|publisher=Department of Education and Children Services|accessdate=26 June 2013|year=2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035758/http://www.education.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2203/NationalDrugEducationStrategy.pdf|archivedate=21 April 2013}}</ref>


=== D.A.R.E. ===
On 6 December 2015 the [http://www.health.gov.au/ Australian Government Department of Health] launched the [http://www.positivechoices.org.au Positive Choices] portal as part of its response to the findings from the National Ice Taskforce report.<ref>Grass roots a key to tackling ice https://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2015-nash053.htm</ref><ref>Prime Minister of Australia, JOINT DOORSTOP INTERVIEW, SYDNEY https://www.pm.gov.au/media/2015-12-06/joint-doorstop-interview-sydney</ref> [http://www.positivechoices.org.au Positive Choices] is an online portal that facilitates access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources and prevention programs for school communities. [http://www.positivechoices.org.au Positive Choices] builds on existing drug education resources developed by researchers at the [https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC)] such as the [https://www.climateschools.com.au/ Climate Schools programs] that have been proven to reduce alcohol and drug related harms and increase student well-being.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Champion|title=A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial|journal=Aust NZ J Psychiatry|date=2015|volume=50|issue=1|pages=64–73|doi=10.1177/0004867415577435|pmid=25801662|url=http://anp.sagepub.com/content/50/1/64|accessdate=2 February 2016|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Newton, N.|title=Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use: final results of the Climate Schools course|journal=Addiction|date=2010|volume=105|issue=4|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02853.x|pmid=20148791|pages=749–759}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Newton, N.|title=Delivering prevention for alcohol and cannabis using the internet: A cluster randomised controlled trial|journal=Preventive Medicine|date=2009|volume=48|issue=6|pages=579–584|ref=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743509002072|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.009|pmid=19389420}}</ref>
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{{main|Drug Abuse Resistance Education}}


D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is a program in the United States implemented in 5th grade school classrooms to educate students on the effects of drugs and temptations they may encounter, particularly in later education. The police officers who administer the program can also serve as community models for students.<ref name="Dukes 483–500">{{Cite journal|last1=Dukes|first1=Richard L.|last2=Stein|first2=Judith A.|last3=Ullman|first3=Jodie A.|date=August 1997|title=Long-Term Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)|journal=Evaluation Review|volume=21|issue=4|pages=483–500|doi=10.1177/0193841X9702100404|pmid=10183294|s2cid=27699072}}</ref> There is no scientific evidence that preventive drug education such as D.A.R.E. is effective, and some evidence that it may actually increase substance use rates in suburban teenagers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="jb63">Benze, James G. (2005), p. 63</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/HSYouthtrends.html|title=NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH|access-date=2007-04-04}}</ref><ref name="pbsdrugs">{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/kleber.html|title=Interview: Dr. Herbert Kleber|access-date=2007-06-12|publisher=PBS|quote=The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it may have decreased initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in 1991.}}</ref><ref name="SciAm14">{{cite news |last1=Lilienfeld |first1=Scott O. |last2=Arkowitz |first2=Hal |title=Why 'Just Say No' Doesn't Work |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-just-say-no-doesnt-work/ |work=Scientific American |date=1 January 2014 }}</ref>
The [[Australian Department of Health and Aging]] identified that analgesics (90%), alcohol (80-90%) and tobacco (30-60%) were the most widely utilised substances among adolescents. In addition to this, cannabis was another commonly used illicit substance that accounted for 33% usage among adolescents aged 14–17 years.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanton|first=B|title=School drug education in New South Wales: Moral panic and the individualisation youth drug use|journal=Social Alternatives|year=2005|volume=24|issue=4|pages=50–54}}</ref>


== Harm reduction-based education ==
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In addition to government-funded programs, a number of not-for-profit organisations (such as [[Life Education Australia]] also provide drug education programs to adolescents. These preventative programs aim to deliver a progressive approach that will motivate and encourage young people to make positive decisions in life. Emphasis within these programs is also placed in focusing on deterring [[peer pressure]] as a means of empowering adolescents and promoting autonomy. This approach reaches 750,000 primary and secondary students in Australia each year.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Joyce|first=R|author2=O’Connor, L.|title=Life Education: Research and Evaluation.|journal=Life Education|year=2008}}</ref>
[[Harm reduction|Harm reduction education]] emerged as an alternative to abstinence-based education in the late 20th-century and early 21st-century. Rather than encouraging complete abstinence and aiming to completely eradicate drug use in society, harm reduction education accepts that drug use is inevitable in modern society. It aims to reduce the harms associated with drug use by providing individuals with comprehensive information about the nature of substance use. Harm reduction education aims to improve health, social, and economic measurements rather than aiming primarily to reduce the rate of drug consumption.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2008 |title=Harm reduction: An approach to reducing risky health behaviours in adolescents |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=53–56 |doi=10.1093/pch/13.1.53 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=2528824 |pmid=19119355}}</ref>


In the late 1990s and early 2000s, websites dedicated to harm reduction education such as the educational database [[Erowid]] and the harm reduction forum [[Bluelight (web forum)|Bluelight]] emerged. Erowid hosts information about hundreds of [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive plants and substances]], while Bluelight is an [[Internet forum|online forum]] on which users discuss harm reduction and drug use. Both sites collectively host about 100,000 experience reports.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murguia-1; Tackett-Gibson-2; Lessem-3 |first=Edward-1; Melissa-2; Ann-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9M2qN8Oi4AcC&q=real+drugs+virtual+world |title=Real Drugs in a Virtual World: Drug Discourse and Community Online |publisher=<nowiki>[[LexingtonBooks]</nowiki> |year=2007 |isbn=9780739114551 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712225714/https://books.google.com/books?id=9M2qN8Oi4AcC&q=real+drugs+virtual+world |archive-date=July 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chiauzzi |first1=Emil |last2=Dasmahapatra |first2=Pronabesh |last3=Lobo |first3=Kimberly |last4=Barratt |first4=Monica J. |date=June 2013 |title=Participatory research with an online drug forum: a survey of user characteristics, information sharing, and harm reduction views |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750771/ |journal=Substance Use & Misuse |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=661–670 |doi=10.3109/10826084.2013.800117 |issn=1532-2491 |pmid=23750771|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_73353 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
== D.A.R.E, Drug Abuse Resistance Education ==
D.A.R.E stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education. In the United States, D.A.R.E is implemented in elementary school classrooms, 5th grade to educate students on drugs effects and temptations they may encounter. The program implemented in public and private school systems to prepare 5th graders for middle school, as well as all further education.<ref name="Dukes 483–500">{{Cite journal|last=Dukes|first=Richard L.|last2=Stein|first2=Judith A.|date=August 1997|title=Long-Term Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)|url=|journal=Evaluation Review|volume=21|issue=4|pages=483–500|via=EBSCOhost|doi=10.1177/0193841X9702100404|pmid=10183294}}</ref> Although D.A.R.E is implemented to prevent students from doing drugs in the future, there is little evidence to suggest it actually prevents students from doing drugs. In the article, “Long-Term Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education” by Dukes and Stein, a [[chi-squared test]] was performed to see if there was a significant difference between high school students that received D.A.R.E training and those who did not receive D.A.R.E and its relation to drug use. The study found that there is no significant difference between the drug use of students that received D.A.R.E and students that did not. One of the main reasons the authors mentioned D.A.R.E had little correlation with Drug use is that there are other external causes that only affect some students, which can lead them into the direction of drug use. Additionally, the time that students received D.A.R.E (5th grade), and the time that the students encounter drugs may be many years after, so students may have little remembrance of the program. However, the United States schools continue to implement the program in classrooms because the police officers that come into classrooms can serve as community role models to students, and all students are different so it may steer them away from drugs in the future.<ref name="Dukes 483–500"/>


By the early 2020s, many organizations such as the US government's [[Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|SAMHSA]] had shifted from abstinence-based education to harm reduction-based education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Harm Reduction |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/harm-reduction |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=SAMHSA}}</ref>
=== After educating kids on the many types of drugs available, it actually back fired in heightening the use of substances and the kids curiosity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-just-say-no-doesnt-work/|title=Why "Just Say No" Doesn't Work - scientific American|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> ===


==Effectiveness==
== Steroid use in high schools ==
A systematic review of abstinence-based school drug education published in 2003 found mixed results on its effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McBride |first=N. |date=2003-12-01 |title=A systematic review of school drug education |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyf050 |journal=Health Education Research |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=729–742 |doi=10.1093/her/cyf050 |pmid=14654505 |issn=1465-3648}}</ref>
Steroid use is a common form of drug use in high schools across the United States. Many students, specifically males, use steroids to increase their performance in athletic events. Many professional athletes, for example professional cyclist, Lance Armstrong, and former professional MLB player, Alex Rodriguez both were nationally recognized as steroid users. Additionally in an article in the ''Journal of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology,'' it states that in a survey of 212 Canadian national track athletes, over 10% of them would take an illegal drug if it was undetectable, if it could help them win an Olympic gold medal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anawalt|first=Bradley D.|date=March 2018|title=Detection of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use by Elite Athletes and by Members of the General Public|url=|journal=Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology|volume=464|pages=21–27|via=EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.027|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.027|pmid=28943276}}</ref> Many adolescents idolize athletes, so when they find out there is a way to enhance their performance, and that elite athletes are using them, steroids may be used by students.


Many studies conducted in the early 2000s found that school-based abstinence education programs such as [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education|D.A.R.E.]] did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study concluded that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
An article in the ''Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse'' ran a study on two southern California high schools in middle class suburbs, and the high school students' use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. It surveyed students on if they use steroids, knew the side effects of steroids, and additionally their use of other prevalent drugs. The article specifically found that male students that were athletes were more likely to use steroids than students that are female or non- athlete students in general. Most students that participated in steroids played the sports, football or soccer, and were most likely to do steroids if they participated in both sports.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorang|first=Melissa|date=September 2011|title=Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use in Teens: Prevalence, Demographics, and Perception of Effects|url=|journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse|volume=20|issue=4|pages=358–369|via=EBSCOhost|doi=10.1080/1067828X.2011.598842}}</ref> Professional sports, influence young athletes, and when pro- athletes participate in drugs, it can lead young adults to use drugs without realizing the side effects and consequences that come along with drug use.


Also, a study in the ''journal of Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy'' discusses alcohol and drug prevention programs in Australia for students in grades 8 and 9. It goes into detail about the student's between 13 and 15 years old, to see if alcohol and drug prevention programs have an actual effect on preventing substance abuse. The study comes to the conclusion that when the students went through a drug and alcohol prevention program, they were less likely to develop a drug or alcohol problem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Midford|first=Richard|display-authors=etal|date=April 2012|title=Alcohol Prevention: What Can Be Expected of a Harm Reduction? Focused School Drug Education Program?|url=|journal=Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy|volume=19|issue=2|pages=102–110|via=EBSCOhost|doi=10.3109/09687637.2011.639412}}</ref>
A 2012 study published in the ''journal of Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy came'' to the conclusion that students aged 13 to 15 who completed a drug and alcohol prevention program were less likely to develop a drug or alcohol problem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Midford|first=Richard|s2cid=71469639|display-authors=etal|date=April 2012|title=Alcohol Prevention: What Can Be Expected of a Harm Reduction? Focused School Drug Education Program?|journal=Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy|volume=19|issue=2|pages=102–110|doi=10.3109/09687637.2011.639412}}</ref>


== Technology and Drug Education ==
==Drug education campaigns and programs==
⚫
Drug education can also occur through public campaigns rather than education programs. Examples include [[advertising]] campaigns focused on raising awareness such as the UK Government's [[FRANK (drugs)|FRANK]] campaign or the US "media campaign".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media campaign |url=http://www.mediacampaign.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020809085438/http://www.mediacampaign.org/ |archive-date=2002-08-09 |access-date=2008-03-19}}</ref> In efforts to prevent [[substance abuse]], drug education may counter-productively perpetuate myths and stereotypes about psychoactive substances and people who use them.<ref name="Tupper">{{cite journal |last=Tupper |first=Kenneth |year=2008 |title=Drugs, discourses and education: A critical discourse analysis of a high school drug education text |journal=Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=223–238 |doi=10.1080/01596300801966864 |s2cid=143364728}}</ref>
The University of North Carolina Greensboro has researched the drug prevention program, All Stars, Sr.,. The program is developing education through technology (videos), so that health education programs could reach schools in rural communities. The technology programs would provide drug/ health education in general with qualified instructors, in areas that do not have programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wyrick|first=David L|display-authors=etal|date=July 2010|title=Going the Distance: Delivery of High School Drug Prevention via Distance Education|url=|journal=American Journal of Distance Education|volume=24|issue=3|pages=151–162|via=EBSCOhost|doi=10.1080/08923647.2010.500251|pmid=22904600|pmc=3422130}}</ref>


⚫
Indirect drug education programs such as the UK government's Positive Futures Program may utilize activities such as [[sport]]s and the [[arts]] to indirectly steer young people away from drug use. These programs aim to engage young people by relating to them and putting them in contact with positive role models (coaches/trained youth workers). After building a trusting relationship with a young person, these role models can gradually change attitudes towards drug use and steer the young person back into education, [[training]] and [[employment]]. This approach reaches young people who have dropped out of mainstream education. It also benefits local communities by reducing [[crime]] and [[anti-social behaviour]].<ref>[http://www.drugs.gov.uk/publication-search/young-people/0607_YPSMPG11 Positive Futures Programme]</ref>
==Implementation ==
Recent studies have identified that a gap between the theory of education programmes and the implementation exists.<ref name=Cahil/> This is regards to the collaborative learning approach and difficulties with teachers adopting these interactive drug education programmes. The practical implications of these findings are that professional training and support are required to increase the effectiveness of teaching staff, and the uniform implementation of drug curriculum.<ref name=Cahil/> Additional drug education research in the future should acknowledge the complexities of implementing these programmes in a school environment. Furthermore, additional support for teachers, counselors, school administrators and other education professionals should be integrated as a means of being realistic about what constitutes effective drug education and maintaining a high quality standard.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tupper|first=Kenneth|title=Teaching teachers to just say 'know': Reflections on drug education|journal=Teaching and Teacher Education|year=2008|volume=24|issue=2|pages=356–367|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2007.08.007}}<!--|accessdate=December 2013--></ref>


== Future improvements ==
Past research into drug education has indicated that effective drug education must involve engaging, interactive learning strategies that stimulate higher-order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances.<ref name="Cahil2">{{cite journal |last1=Cahill |first1=Helen W. |date=November 2007 |title=Challenges in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes |journal=Drug and Alcohol Review |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=673–679 |doi=10.1080/09595230701613593 |pmid=17943528}}</ref>


Studies on school-based programs indicated that professional training and support may be required to increase the effectiveness of teaching staff and the uniform implementation of drug curriculum.<ref name="Cahil2"/>
=== Drug education at home ===
Education at home is the only way that we can help our children to make the right choices. It is not IF our children will be approached to do drugs, it is a matter of WHEN! If we educate our kids at home as well as at school it could compensate for any wrong information given and more importantly, it draws a line in exactly where you stand in drugs with your children. It could also give them a great sense of normality and acceptance and lave no grey area where you stand. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/physed/Pages/drugeducation.aspx|title=Drug Education|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Parents you also have to be a role model to your children. This is no longer a world of ......Do as I say and not as I do............ your children are watching you. Watching how you interact and watching your habits. You cant be upset if you set the example that they are following. One day they will be 18 and the only thing they have to go on is how they were raised. Education isn't just for seniors in high school either there are programs set i place for kids i primary school that are adjusted for their age. Every one of these tarts with conversations that need to happen. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.education.vi.gov.au|title=Engaging parents in drug education|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> 1 child out of 35 live in a household where active drug use is happening. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/files|title=Children living with parents who have a substance use disorder - SAMHA|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Adderall is the most common misused drug in teens in high school. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-teens-and-drug-use|title=11 Facts About Teens and Drug Use|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>


A study in 2017 on youth-targeted harm reduction education found that effective harm reduction programming must utilize relatable and meaningful approaches and be connected to youth's lived experience.<ref>{{Citation |title=Helping academic staff to integrate professional skills |date=2013-10-11 |work=Integrating Key Skills in Higher Education |pages=183–192 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315042350-24 |access-date=2024-03-18 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315042350-24 |isbn=978-1-315-04235-0}}</ref>
<br />

== Preventive Drug Education ==
When "Just Say No" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Say_No|title=Just Say No|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> was introduced in the 80's and 90's people didn't realize that the kids were being educated about drugs in the wrong way. Opening up possibilities that wouldn't have been there otherwise. Introducing them to drugs that they had no idea even existed, even typical household stuff that could be under your kitchen sink or in your bathroom cabinet. It heightened awareness of everyday products that were readily available at the local Wal-Mart or Dollar General.

With the better education that understands thoroughly that all kids at some point will come face to face with drugs and the opportunity to use<ref>Sarah Schwartz 10/10/19</ref>. With that knowledge we can arm the kids with the facts about the dangers and tactics that will allow for the right decision to be made. Knowing as many facts as available can led to the correct judgment call which could potentially save someone from a lifetime of addiction.

"The fact that overdose is the leading cause of death under age of 50, we need to try something different. An abstinence-only approach is not working." <ref>{{Cite web|url=governing.com|title=Governing The States and Localities|last=Simon|first=Sasha|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>This would involve taking a better look at some of our current laws and reforming them. The fact that marijuana for medical purposes is now legal in 33 states and D.C. which means that things are changing rapidly.

Also focusing on educating our youth in the cause AND effects of self use, but also teaching them signs and symptoms of overdosing that way they could have a chance to save a friend, a spouse, a parent, a sibling, or even a stranger at the crucial moment in time.

From 1999 to 2017 The United States had 70,200 deaths due to overdoses from drug use. Just under 29,000 were all deaths attributed by the deadly drug Fentanyl alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.com|title=Drug Abuse Statistics|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

It is beyond important that we break the cycle of addiction through families and their generations. It wont be a one step solution either, it is gonna be many things that have to be put into place that way we can get ahead of this epidemic that has grown every year that passes. We need to be able to give our younger generations the ways out of the rut that seems to have swallowed up generation after generation. One of the best ways to teach drug education is by evidence based programs that shows the ENTIRE addiction, focusing mainly on the solution to defeat and rise above it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.druged.ednet.ns.ca/supplement/Foundation/Importance/Importance.html.com|title=Drug Education Importance|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

Growing up in a house where parents abuse drugs increases the rate of the younger generation becoming addicts themselves. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odcp.ky.gov|title=ODPC|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The magnitude when actual real life drug education is given to kids in that critical moment of time can make or break someone becoming an addict or rising above and beating the odds are a staggering 30%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rand.org/pubs/research|title=research|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=}}</ref>

Every child and teen will come face to face with options and a decision to make about whether or not to use drugs regardless if its for the first time or many times. Its not IF is only WHEN. With enough education and discussions about the drug and its lasting effects that it causes would be enough to help them make the RIGHT, INFORMED decision. Every single person that is saved from what could be a lifelong addiction is priceless no matter if the person is homeless or a college graduate. Every single life is important in very single way.

Education of the youth is one of the only methods that we can use to combat drug use within our teens to prevent from being full addicts as adults.  For many years we have been surrounded by many gimmicks in the world on drugs, and none of them really worked. Even though in the beginning there was hope that the point was reaching youth across the United States. Campaigns in the 80s were "don't let friends drive drunk" "just say no" and "this is your brain on drugs"  After doing drugs your brain is rewired and fires at things that it shouldn't. Almost rewiring the brain.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Alcohol education]]
* [[Alcohol education]]
* [[Harm reduction]]
⚫
* [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education]]
* [[Responsible drug use]]
* [[Responsible drug use]]


Line 83: Line 66:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604072954/http://talktofrank.com/home_html.aspx Talk to Frank]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604072954/http://talktofrank.com/home_html.aspx Talk to Frank]
*[http://www.positivechoices.org.au Positive Choices Drug Education portal]
*[http://www.positivechoices.org.au Positive Choices Drug Education portal]
*[https://www.climateschools.com.au/ Climate Schools Australia]
*[https://www.climateschools.com.au/ Climate Schools Australia - is now OurFutures Institute]
*[https://www.ourfuturesinstitute.org.au/ OurFutures Institutute]


[[Category:Education by subject]]
[[Category:Education by subject]]

Latest revision as of 15:15, 12 November 2024

Drug education is the planned provision of information, guidelines, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where psychoactive substances are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as overdose, injury, infectious disease (such as HIV or hepatitis C), or addiction. The two primary approaches to drug education are harm-reduction education and abstinence-based education.[1][2][3]

Abstinence-based drug education

[edit]

Abstinence-based drug education began with the anti-alcohol "temperance education" programmes of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the United States and Canada in the late 19th century.[4] In many respects, the WCTU's progressive education agenda set the template for much of what has been done since in the name of drug education.[5]

Abstinence-based education programs aim to inform adolescents of illicit drug use in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while highlighting the dangers of problematic substance use and strongly emphasizing abstinence.[1]

Many studies have found that school-based abstinence education programs such as D.A.R.E. did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study discovered that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.[6][7][8]

The Australian Government has implemented a range of drug education programs through the National Drug Education Strategy (NDES) by providing schools with effective drug education programs. The program aims to manage drug related issues and incidents within schools.[2] The Australian Government Department of Health's Positive Choices portal, released in response to a National Ice Taskforce report, facilitates access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources and prevention programs for school communities. It builds on existing drug education resources developed by researchers at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre such as the Climate Schools (now called OurFutures ) programs that have been proven to reduce alcohol and drug related harms and increase student well-being.[9][10][11][12][13]

In addition to government-funded programs, a number of not-for-profit organisations such as Life Education Australia provide drug education programs to adolescents. These preventative programs aim to deliver a progressive approach that will motivate and encourage young people to make positive decisions in life. Emphasis within these programs is also placed in focusing on deterring peer pressure as a means of empowering adolescents and promoting autonomy. This approach reaches 750,000 primary and secondary students in Australia each year.[14]

The prevalence of abstinence-based programs declined throughout the early 21st-century following an uptick in substance use and the rise of the opioid epidemic.[15] School-based drug education programs have declined alongside it. In a 2021 survey, only 60% of American 12-17 year-olds reported seeing drug and alcohol preventing messaging in school.[15]

D.A.R.E.

[edit]
Main article: Drug Abuse Resistance Education

D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is a program in the United States implemented in 5th grade school classrooms to educate students on the effects of drugs and temptations they may encounter, particularly in later education. The police officers who administer the program can also serve as community models for students.[16] There is no scientific evidence that preventive drug education such as D.A.R.E. is effective, and some evidence that it may actually increase substance use rates in suburban teenagers.[6][17][18][19][20]

Harm reduction-based education

[edit]

Harm reduction education emerged as an alternative to abstinence-based education in the late 20th-century and early 21st-century. Rather than encouraging complete abstinence and aiming to completely eradicate drug use in society, harm reduction education accepts that drug use is inevitable in modern society. It aims to reduce the harms associated with drug use by providing individuals with comprehensive information about the nature of substance use. Harm reduction education aims to improve health, social, and economic measurements rather than aiming primarily to reduce the rate of drug consumption.[21]

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, websites dedicated to harm reduction education such as the educational database Erowid and the harm reduction forum Bluelight emerged. Erowid hosts information about hundreds of psychoactive plants and substances, while Bluelight is an online forum on which users discuss harm reduction and drug use. Both sites collectively host about 100,000 experience reports.[22][23]

By the early 2020s, many organizations such as the US government's SAMHSA had shifted from abstinence-based education to harm reduction-based education.[24]

Effectiveness

[edit]

A systematic review of abstinence-based school drug education published in 2003 found mixed results on its effectiveness.[25]

Many studies conducted in the early 2000s found that school-based abstinence education programs such as D.A.R.E. did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study concluded that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.[6][7][8]

A 2012 study published in the journal of Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy came to the conclusion that students aged 13 to 15 who completed a drug and alcohol prevention program were less likely to develop a drug or alcohol problem.[26]

Drug education campaigns and programs

[edit]

Drug education can also occur through public campaigns rather than education programs. Examples include advertising campaigns focused on raising awareness such as the UK Government's FRANK campaign or the US "media campaign".[27] In efforts to prevent substance abuse, drug education may counter-productively perpetuate myths and stereotypes about psychoactive substances and people who use them.[28]

Indirect drug education programs such as the UK government's Positive Futures Program may utilize activities such as sports and the arts to indirectly steer young people away from drug use. These programs aim to engage young people by relating to them and putting them in contact with positive role models (coaches/trained youth workers). After building a trusting relationship with a young person, these role models can gradually change attitudes towards drug use and steer the young person back into education, training and employment. This approach reaches young people who have dropped out of mainstream education. It also benefits local communities by reducing crime and anti-social behaviour.[29]

Future improvements

[edit]

Past research into drug education has indicated that effective drug education must involve engaging, interactive learning strategies that stimulate higher-order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances.[30]

Studies on school-based programs indicated that professional training and support may be required to increase the effectiveness of teaching staff and the uniform implementation of drug curriculum.[30]

A study in 2017 on youth-targeted harm reduction education found that effective harm reduction programming must utilize relatable and meaningful approaches and be connected to youth's lived experience.[31]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Midford, Richard (2007). "Is Australia 'fair dinkum' about drug education in schools?*". Drug and Alcohol Review. 26 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1080/09595230701373842. PMID 17564879.
  2. ^ a b "National Schools Drug Education Strategy 2009" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. Department of Education and Children Services. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  3. ^ Henwood, Benjamin F.; Padgett, Deborah K.; Tiderington, Emmy (January 2014). "Provider views of harm reduction versus abstinence policies within homeless services for dually diagnosed adults". The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 41 (1): 10.1007/s11414–013–9318-2. doi:10.1007/s11414-013-9318-2. ISSN 1094-3412. PMC 3675178. PMID 23404076.
  4. ^ Beck, Jerome (26 July 2016). "100 Years of 'Just Say No' Versus 'Just Say Know': Reevaluating Drug Education Goals for the Coming Century". Evaluation Review. 22 (1): 15–45. doi:10.1177/0193841X9802200102. PMID 10183299. S2CID 25765373.
  5. ^ Tupper, Kenneth W. (3 April 2014). "Sex, drugs and the honour roll: the perennial challenges of addressing moral purity issues in schools". Critical Public Health. 24 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1080/09581596.2013.862517. S2CID 143931197.
  6. ^ a b c Rosenbaum, Dennis P.; Hanson, Gordon S. (November 1998). "Assessing the Effects of School-Based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multilevel Analysis of Project D.A.R.E." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 35 (4): 381–412. doi:10.1177/0022427898035004002. ISSN 0022-4278.
  7. ^ a b Clayton, R. R.; Cattarello, A. M.; Johnstone, B. M. (1996). "The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (project DARE): 5-year follow-up results". Preventive Medicine. 25 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1006/pmed.1996.0061. ISSN 0091-7435. PMID 8781009.
  8. ^ a b West, Steven L.; O’Neal, Keri K. (June 2004). "Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited". American Journal of Public Health. 94 (6): 1027–1029. doi:10.2105/ajph.94.6.1027. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1448384. PMID 15249310.
  9. ^ Champion, Katrina E; Newton, Nicola C; Stapinski, Lexine; Slade, Tim; Barrett, Emma L; Teesson, Maree (January 2016). "A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 50 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1177/0004867415577435. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_43591. PMID 25801662. S2CID 23887364.
  10. ^ Newton, Nicola C.; Teesson, Maree; Vogl, Laura E.; Andrews, Gavin (10 March 2010). "Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use: final results of the Climate Schools course: Internet-based drug prevention". Addiction. 105 (4): 749–759. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02853.x. PMID 20148791.
  11. ^ Newton, Nicola C.; Andrews, Gavin; Teesson, Maree; Vogl, Laura E. (June 2009). "Delivering prevention for alcohol and cannabis using the internet: A cluster randomised controlled trial". Preventive Medicine. 48 (6): 579–584. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.009. PMID 19389420.
  12. ^ Grass roots a key to tackling ice https://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2015-nash053.htm
  13. ^ Prime Minister of Australia, JOINT DOORSTOP INTERVIEW, SYDNEY https://www.pm.gov.au/media/2015-12-06/joint-doorstop-interview-sydney
  14. ^ Joyce, R; O’Connor, L. (2008). "Life Education: Research and Evaluation". Life Education.[verification needed]
  15. ^ a b Gaines, Lee V.; Cohen, Nicole (December 19, 2023). "'Just say no' didn't actually protect students from drugs. Here's what could". NPR. Retrieved March 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Dukes, Richard L.; Stein, Judith A.; Ullman, Jodie A. (August 1997). "Long-Term Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)". Evaluation Review. 21 (4): 483–500. doi:10.1177/0193841X9702100404. PMID 10183294. S2CID 27699072.
  17. ^ Benze, James G. (2005), p. 63
  18. ^ "NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends". National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
  19. ^ "Interview: Dr. Herbert Kleber". PBS. Retrieved 2007-06-12. The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it may have decreased initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in 1991.
  20. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (1 January 2014). "Why 'Just Say No' Doesn't Work". Scientific American.
  21. ^ "Harm reduction: An approach to reducing risky health behaviours in adolescents". Paediatrics & Child Health. 13 (1): 53–56. January 2008. doi:10.1093/pch/13.1.53. ISSN 1205-7088. PMC 2528824. PMID 19119355.
  22. ^ Murguia-1; Tackett-Gibson-2; Lessem-3, Edward-1; Melissa-2; Ann-3 (2007). Real Drugs in a Virtual World: Drug Discourse and Community Online. [[LexingtonBooks]. ISBN 9780739114551. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Chiauzzi, Emil; Dasmahapatra, Pronabesh; Lobo, Kimberly; Barratt, Monica J. (June 2013). "Participatory research with an online drug forum: a survey of user characteristics, information sharing, and harm reduction views". Substance Use & Misuse. 48 (8): 661–670. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.800117. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_73353. ISSN 1532-2491. PMID 23750771.
  24. ^ "Harm Reduction". SAMHSA. April 24, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  25. ^ McBride, N. (2003-12-01). "A systematic review of school drug education". Health Education Research. 18 (6): 729–742. doi:10.1093/her/cyf050. ISSN 1465-3648. PMID 14654505.
  26. ^ Midford, Richard; et al. (April 2012). "Alcohol Prevention: What Can Be Expected of a Harm Reduction? Focused School Drug Education Program?". Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy. 19 (2): 102–110. doi:10.3109/09687637.2011.639412. S2CID 71469639.
  27. ^ "Media campaign". Archived from the original on 2002-08-09. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  28. ^ Tupper, Kenneth (2008). "Drugs, discourses and education: A critical discourse analysis of a high school drug education text". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 29 (2): 223–238. doi:10.1080/01596300801966864. S2CID 143364728.
  29. ^ Positive Futures Programme
  30. ^ a b Cahill, Helen W. (November 2007). "Challenges in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes". Drug and Alcohol Review. 26 (6): 673–679. doi:10.1080/09595230701613593. PMID 17943528.
  31. ^ "Helping academic staff to integrate professional skills", Integrating Key Skills in Higher Education, Routledge, pp. 183–192, 2013-10-11, doi:10.4324/9781315042350-24, ISBN 978-1-315-04235-0, retrieved 2024-03-18
[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs
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