Jump to content

Aztec–Tanoan languages: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Addbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,838,809 edits
m Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q548830
No edit summary
 
(17 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|North American aboriginal language family}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Aztec–Tanoan
|name = Aztec–Tanoan
|acceptance = hypothetical
|region=central [[North America]]
|region = central [[North America]]
|familycolor=American
|familycolor = American
|family=proposed language family
|family = proposed language family
⚫
|child1=[[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
|child2=[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|child1 = [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]
|child2 = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|map = Aztec-Tanoan.png
⚫
|mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of hypothetical Aztec-Tanoan family (map does not show the total distribution in Mexico)
{{legend|#FF6666|[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]}}
⚫
{{legend|#FFFD00|[[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]]}}
|map2 = UtoAztecanlanguages.png
|mapcaption2 = Uto-Aztecan languages in Mesoamerica
|glotto = none
}}
}}
⚫
'''Aztec–Tanoan''' is a hypothetical and undemonstrated language family that proposes a genealogical relation between the [[Tanoan]] and the [[Uto-Aztecan]] families. This proposed classification has not been definitively demonstrated, largely because of slow progress in the reconstruction of the intermediate stages of the two language families involved,<ref>Kenneth L. Hale. 1967. Toward a Reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr., 1967), pp. 112-120</ref> but is still considered promising by many linguists.<ref>DAVIS, Irvine, author. 1989. "A new look at Aztec-Tanoan." In General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: In remembrance of Stanley Newman, Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.). pages 365-79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref><ref>NEWMAN, S. (1954), American Indian Linguistics in the Southwest. American Anthropologist, 56: 626–634. doi: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00180</ref> The grouping was originally proposed by [[Edward Sapir]] in his 1921 classification, but it was not until 1937 that supporting evidence was published by [[Benjamin Lee Whorf]] and [[G. L. Trager]]. Their proposal included some 67 proposed cognates, but subsequent reviews have found most of them to be unconvincing (monosyllables, onomatopoeia). A small number of their proposed cognates do seem to have some merit and in his 1997 review of the hypothesis [[Lyle Campbell]] states that the proposal is not implausible but requires detailed study.<ref>Campbell 1997:273</ref> A recent article by [[Jane H. Hill]] argues that the evidence cited for the genetic relation by Whorf and Trager is better understood as a result of [[language contact]] between the Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan [[proto-language]]s.<ref>Hill, Jane H. 2002. Toward a Linguistic Prehistory of the Southwest: "Azteco-Tanoan" and the Arrival of Maize Cultivation. Journal of Anthropological Research , Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 2002), pp. 457-475</ref>
[[Image:Kiowa-Tanoan langs.png|thumb|200px|Tanoan languages]]
⚫
[[Image:Uto-Aztecan langs.png|thumb|200px|Pre-contact distribution of Northern Uto-Aztecan languages (note: this map does not show the total distribution in Mexico)]]
[[Image:UtoAztecanlanguages.png|275px|thumb|Uto-Aztecan languages in Mesoamerica]]

⚫
'''Aztec–Tanoan''' is a hypothetical and undemonstrated language family that proposes a genealogical relation between the [[Tanoan]] and the [[Uto-Aztecan]] families. In some forms, Aztec–Tanoan has also included the [[Zuni language|Zuni]] isolate. This proposed classification has not been definitively demonstrated, largely because of slow progress in the reconstruction of the intermediate stages of the two language families involved,<ref>Kenneth L. Hale. 1967. Toward a Reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr., 1967), pp. 112-120</ref> but is still considered promising by many linguists.<ref>DAVIS, Irvine, author. 1989. "A new look at Aztec-Tanoan." In General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: In remembrance of Stanley Newman, Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.). pages 365-79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref><ref>NEWMAN, S. (1954), American Indian Linguistics in the Southwest. American Anthropologist, 56: 626–634. doi: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00180</ref> The grouping was originally proposed by [[Edward Sapir]] in his 1921 classification, but it was not until 1937 that supporting evidence was published by [[Benjamin Lee Whorf]] and [[G. L. Trager]]. Their proposal included some 67 proposed cognates, but subsequent reviews have found most of them to be unconvincing (monosyllables, onomatopoeia). A small number of their proposed cognates do seem to have some merit and in his 1997 review of the hypothesis [[Lyle Campbell]] states that the proposal is not implausible but requires detailed study.<ref>Campbell 1997:273</ref> A recent article by [[Jane H. Hill]] argues that the evidence cited for the genetic relation by Whorf and Trager is better understood as a result of [[Language contact]] between the Uto-Aztecan and [[Kiowa-Tanoan]] [[proto-language]]s.<ref>Hill, Jane H. 2002. Toward a Linguistic Prehistory of the Southwest: "Azteco-Tanoan" and the Arrival of Maize Cultivation. Journal of Anthropological Research , Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 2002), pp. 457-475</ref>


==Proposed cognates==
==Proposed cognates==
The following word pairs are the proposed cognates from Whorf & Trager (1937) and Davis (1979) considered promising by Campbell (1997:273).
The following word pairs are the proposed cognates from Whorf & Trager (1937) and Davis (1979) considered promising by Campbell (1997:273).


*'stand', Uto-Aztecan ''wine/wene/wi''"-; Proto-Tanoan ''gwine'' (Whorf & Trager's set 12)
*'stand', Uto-Aztecan ''wine/wene/wi''-; Proto-Tanoan ''gwine'' (Whorf & Trager's set 12)
*Uto-Aztecan ''siwa''- 'woman'; Proto-Tanoan ''liw''- (Davis Kiowa-Tanoan *''siu'') (Whorf & Trager's set 31 / Davis' set 85)
*Uto-Aztecan ''siwa''- 'woman'; Proto-Tanoan ''liw''- (Davis Kiowa-Tanoan *''siu'') (Whorf & Trager's set 31 / Davis' set 85)
*'three', Uto-Aztecan ''pahi''; Proto-Tanoan ''poyuwo'' (Davis' UA *''pahi/*pahayu''; Kiowa-Tanoan *''podzu(a)/*pocua'') (Whorf & Trager's set 73)
*'three', Uto-Aztecan ''pahi''; Proto-Tanoan ''poyuwo'' (Davis' UA *''pahi/*pahayu''; Kiowa-Tanoan *''podzu(a)/*pocua'') (Whorf & Trager's set 73)
*Proto-Numic ''*pi(h)wi, *pi(h)yi'' 'heart'; Kiowa-Tanoan *''pia''(Davis) (Davis' set 3, Whorf & Trager's set 84)
*Proto-Numic ''*pi(h)wi, *pi(h)yi'' 'heart'; Kiowa-Tanoan *''pia'' (Davis) (Davis' set 3, Whorf & Trager's set 84)
*Uto-Aztecan ''*pu:la'' 'tie'; Kiowa-Tanoan ''*phe, *ph^'' 'wrap, tie' (Davis' set 14, Whorf & Tragers' set 87)
*Uto-Aztecan ''*pu:la'' 'tie'; Kiowa-Tanoan ''*phe, *ph^'' 'wrap, tie' (Davis' set 14, Whorf & Tragers' set 87)

==Vocabulary==
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in [[Proto-Uto-Aztecan]] and Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan.

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan<ref>Hale, Kenneth L. (1967). Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa–Tanoan phonology. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 33 (2), 112-120.</ref> !! [[Proto-Uto-Aztecan]]<ref>Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. ''Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary''. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.</ref>
|-
! hair
| *pʰV₂ || *kuppa
|-
! eye
| *cV₄ || *pusi
|-
! tooth
| *dwṼ₅a; *gʷṼ₅ || *tamaC, *tamaN, *taman
|-
! mouth
| *sV₂ || *tï’na > *tï’ni; *tï’nV-pa > *tï’n-pa > *tïmpa
|-
! hand
| *mṼ₁bd- || *man > *ma
|-
! foot
| *ʔṼ₅bn || *kïsa, *kïsica, *kïhisa; *naNpa, *naCp, *nappa
|-
! breast
| *gʷV₃ || *piCti(C); *ciʼi-wa
|-
! fish
| *pV₃ || *paNkwi, *pakkwi, *paC-kuyu, *paC-kucu
|-
! water
| *p’V₁ || *pa / *pa’wi
|-
! earth
| *dṼ₄m 'ground' || *tı̈paC, *tı̈paL; *kwiya, *kwiLa
|-
! I (1.SG)
| *nṼ₁b || *nï
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 27: Line 72:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*Davis, Irvine. 1979. The Kiowa-Tanoan, Keresan, and Zuni languages. In The languages of Native America: historical and comparative assessment, ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, 390-443. Austin: University of Texas Press.
*Davis, Irvine. 1979. The Kiowa-Tanoan, Keresan, and Zuni languages. In The languages of Native America: historical and comparative assessment, ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, 390-443. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* [[Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]]. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
* [[Lyle Campbell|Campbell, Lyle]]. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Campbell, Lyle; & [[Marianne Mithun|Mithun, Marianne]] (Eds.). (1979). ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Campbell, Lyle; & [[Marianne Mithun|Mithun, Marianne]] (Eds.). (1979). ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* [[Ives Goddard|Goddard, Ives]] (Ed.). (1996). ''Handbook of North American Indians: Languages'' (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
* [[Ives Goddard|Goddard, Ives]] (Ed.). (1996). ''Handbook of North American Indians: Languages'' (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}.
* [[Marianne Mithun|Mithun, Marianne]]. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* [[Marianne Mithun|Mithun, Marianne]]. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* [[Benjamin Lee Whorf|Whorf, Benjamin L.]]; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. ''American Anthropologist'', ''39'', 609–624.
* [[Benjamin Lee Whorf|Whorf, Benjamin L.]]; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. ''American Anthropologist'', ''39'', 609–624.


{{North American languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aztec-Tanoan languages}}
[[Category:Aztec–Tanoan languages| ]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]

Latest revision as of 17:01, 12 November 2024

Aztec–Tanoan
(hypothetical)
Geographic
distribution		central North America
Linguistic classificationproposed language family
Subdivisions
Language codes
GlottologNone
Pre-contact distribution of hypothetical Aztec-Tanoan family (map does not show the total distribution in Mexico)
  Uto-Aztecan
  Tanoan

Uto-Aztecan languages in Mesoamerica

Aztec–Tanoan is a hypothetical and undemonstrated language family that proposes a genealogical relation between the Tanoan and the Uto-Aztecan families. This proposed classification has not been definitively demonstrated, largely because of slow progress in the reconstruction of the intermediate stages of the two language families involved,[1] but is still considered promising by many linguists.[2][3] The grouping was originally proposed by Edward Sapir in his 1921 classification, but it was not until 1937 that supporting evidence was published by Benjamin Lee Whorf and G. L. Trager. Their proposal included some 67 proposed cognates, but subsequent reviews have found most of them to be unconvincing (monosyllables, onomatopoeia). A small number of their proposed cognates do seem to have some merit and in his 1997 review of the hypothesis Lyle Campbell states that the proposal is not implausible but requires detailed study.[4] A recent article by Jane H. Hill argues that the evidence cited for the genetic relation by Whorf and Trager is better understood as a result of language contact between the Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan proto-languages.[5]

Proposed cognates

[edit]

The following word pairs are the proposed cognates from Whorf & Trager (1937) and Davis (1979) considered promising by Campbell (1997:273).

  • 'stand', Uto-Aztecan wine/wene/wi-; Proto-Tanoan gwine (Whorf & Trager's set 12)
  • Uto-Aztecan siwa- 'woman'; Proto-Tanoan liw- (Davis Kiowa-Tanoan *siu) (Whorf & Trager's set 31 / Davis' set 85)
  • 'three', Uto-Aztecan pahi; Proto-Tanoan poyuwo (Davis' UA *pahi/*pahayu; Kiowa-Tanoan *podzu(a)/*pocua) (Whorf & Trager's set 73)
  • Proto-Numic *pi(h)wi, *pi(h)yi 'heart'; Kiowa-Tanoan *pia (Davis) (Davis' set 3, Whorf & Trager's set 84)
  • Uto-Aztecan *pu:la 'tie'; Kiowa-Tanoan *phe, *ph^ 'wrap, tie' (Davis' set 14, Whorf & Tragers' set 87)

Vocabulary

[edit]

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Uto-Aztecan and Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan.

gloss Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan[6] Proto-Uto-Aztecan[7]
hair *pʰV₂ *kuppa
eye *cV₄ *pusi
tooth *dwṼ₅a; *gʷṼ₅ *tamaC, *tamaN, *taman
mouth *sV₂ *tï’na > *tï’ni; *tï’nV-pa > *tï’n-pa > *tïmpa
hand *mṼ₁bd- *man > *ma
foot *ʔṼ₅bn *kïsa, *kïsica, *kïhisa; *naNpa, *naCp, *nappa
breast *gʷV₃ *piCti(C); *ciʼi-wa
fish *pV₃ *paNkwi, *pakkwi, *paC-kuyu, *paC-kucu
water *p’V₁ *pa / *pa’wi
earth *dṼ₄m 'ground' *tı̈paC, *tı̈paL; *kwiya, *kwiLa
I (1.SG) *nṼ₁b *nï

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kenneth L. Hale. 1967. Toward a Reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr., 1967), pp. 112-120
  2. ^ DAVIS, Irvine, author. 1989. "A new look at Aztec-Tanoan." In General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: In remembrance of Stanley Newman, Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.). pages 365-79. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  3. ^ NEWMAN, S. (1954), American Indian Linguistics in the Southwest. American Anthropologist, 56: 626–634. doi: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00180
  4. ^ Campbell 1997:273
  5. ^ Hill, Jane H. 2002. Toward a Linguistic Prehistory of the Southwest: "Azteco-Tanoan" and the Arrival of Maize Cultivation. Journal of Anthropological Research , Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 2002), pp. 457-475
  6. ^ Hale, Kenneth L. (1967). Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa–Tanoan phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 33 (2), 112-120.
  7. ^ Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Davis, Irvine. 1979. The Kiowa-Tanoan, Keresan, and Zuni languages. In The languages of Native America: historical and comparative assessment, ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, 390-443. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
  • Whorf, Benjamin L.; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 39, 609–624.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aztec–Tanoan_languages&oldid=1256995182"