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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Sardar]]
| title = 1st Maharajah Scindia of Gwalior
| titletext =
| titletext =
| more =
| more =
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption = A plaque outside Shaniwar Wada in Pune
| caption = A plaque outside Shaniwar Wada in Pune
| reign = 1731 - 1745
| reign = 1731–3 July 1745
| successor = [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]]
| successor = [[Mahadji Scindia]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1700}}
| birth_date = {{circa|1700}}
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1745|7|3|1700|||df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1745|7|3|1700|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Shujalpur]], [[Malwa]]
| death_place = [[Shujalpur]], [[Malwa]]
| burial_date =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| burial_place =
| spouse = Maina Bai<br>Chima Bai
| spouse = Maina Bai<br>Chima Bai
| issue = [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]]<br> [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Jyotiba Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Tukoji Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Mahadji Shinde]]
| issue = [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]]<br> [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Jyotiba Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Tukoji Rao Scindia]] <br>[[Mahadji Scindia]]
| issue-link =
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-pipe =
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| posthumous name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| temple name =
| house = [[Shinde]]
| house = [[Scindia]]
| father = Jankoji Shinde (I)
| father = Jankoji Scindia (I)
| mother =
| mother =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| type =
| type =
| signature =
| signature = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| branch =
| rank = [[Senapati]]
| battles = *[[Battle of Palkhed]]
*[[Battle of Dabhoi]]
*[[Battle of Mandsaur]]
*[[Battle of Vasai]]
*[[Battle of Bhopal]]
*[[Rampura Campaign]]}}
}}
}}


'''Ranoji Scindia''' was the founder of the [[Scindia]] dynasty, a gifted military commander under whose leadership Malwa was conquered. Scindia dynasty rose to prominence in the 18th century and went on to dominate India as one of the most prominent powers due to their influential presence in Delhi and their highly modernised army.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ranoji |last=Scindia |title=Scindia Research Centre |website=[[Jai Vilas Mahal|The Jai Vilas Palace Museum]] |url=https://jaivilaspalace.in/the-scindias/ }}</ref>
'''Ranoji''' [[Shinde]] the founder of the [[Scindia]] dynasty that produced outstanding [[Maratha empire|Maratha military]] commanders during the 18th century. Later the Scindia served as vassals of the British from the northern [[Princely state]] of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior ]].


==Early life ==
== Early life ==
Ranoji Scindia belonged to a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] family.The family held hereditary rights as the [[Patil (title)|Patil ]] of [[Kanherkhed]] village in present day [[Satara district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].The Shinde family in the previous centuries had served as [[shiledar]]s (cavalrymen) under the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref>
Ranoji Scindia was born to a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family, who were the hereditary [[Patil (title)|Patil]]s of [[Kanherkhed]], a village in present day [[Satara district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. He adopted and christened his surname from Shinde to Scindia when he became the independent ruler in malwa and central India thus founded the Scindia dynasty. The Scindia family had, in the previous centuries, served as [[shiledar]]s (cavalrymen) of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref>


==Career==
==Military career==
Ranoji as a young man started in the service of [[Balaji Vishwanath]] Peshwa.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uPq640stHJ0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22ranoji+%22+shinde&ots=Okxt3nuRpt&sig=fVB-eYXQfSLfCQyqj4-84vOe9uU#v=onepage&q=ranoji&f=false]</ref>
As a young man, Ranoji started in the service of [[Balaji Vishwanath]] Peshwa.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref>
At that time Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar, a diplomat of the Peshwa recognised Ranoji's talents and got him appointed as the personal servant of the Peshwa's son, [[Bajirao I]]. <ref name="Embree1988">{{cite book|author=Ainslie Thomas Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-18899-7|page=14|quote=Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1999">{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-000-9|quote=The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia , whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Essays on Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566336-5|page=93|quote=The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.}}</ref><ref name="seminar417424">{{cite journal|title=Seminar - Issues 417-424|page= 59 |author=Romila Thapar|year=1994|quote=Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa}}</ref>
At that time Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar, one of the Peshwa's diplomats, recognised Ranoji's talents and had him made the personal bodyguard of the Peshwa's son, [[Bajirao I]].<ref name="Embree1988">{{cite book|author=Ainslie Thomas Embree|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-18899-7|page=14|quote=Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1999">{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-000-9|quote=The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia , whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Essays on Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566336-5|page=93|quote=The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.}}</ref><ref name="seminar417424">{{citation|title=Seminar - Issues 417-424|page=59|first=Romila|last=Thapar|year=1994|quote=Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa. }}</ref>
Upon the death of his father, Bajirao was appointed as the Peshwa at the age of twenty by Chhatrapati [[Shahu I|Shahu]]. This evoked jealousy from senior officials at the Maratha court. This in turn led Baji Rao to promote as commanders of his troops, talented young men who were barely out of teens such as Ranoji, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the Pawar brothers, Pilaji Jadhav,and Fateh Singh Bhosle. None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary [[Deshmukh]]i rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0521033169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |pages=117–121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/ |title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |pages=65, 69}}</ref> <ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003"/>
Upon the death of his father, Bajirao was appointed as the Peshwa at the age of twenty by Chhatrapati [[Shahu I]]. This evoked jealousy from senior officials at the Maratha court. This in turn led Baji Rao to promote talented young men who were barely out of teens such as Ranoji Scindia, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the Pawar brothers, Pilaji Jadhav, and Fateh Singh Bhosle as commanders of his troops. None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary Deshmukhi rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0521033169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |pages=117–121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142/ |title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |pages=65, 69}}</ref><ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA188|access-date=16 July 2011|date=19 December 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=188–}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003"/>
Ranoji Scindia, along with Malharrao Holkar and Pawar brothers, was in charge of the Maratha campaign initiated by Peshwa Bajirao in [[Malwa]] in 1726.
⚫
Ranoji along with Malharrao Holkar and Pawar brothers was in charge of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha campaign]] initiated by Peshwa Bajirao in [[Malwa]] in 1726. Ranoji established his capital at [[Ujjain]] in 1731. He appointed Sukhtankar as his Diwan or administrator and then spent most of his life on Maratha military campaigns.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uPq640stHJ0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22ranoji+%22+shinde&ots=Okxt3nuRpt&sig=fVB-eYXQfSLfCQyqj4-84vOe9uU#v=onepage&q=ranoji&f=false]</ref> Some historians credit Sukhtankar with bringing the [[Kumbh mela]] to Ujjain in 1732.<ref>Pandey, J., 2007. The ‘Habitus’ and ‘Doxa’of Great Tradition of Kumbha Mela: Role of Shiva Legends. The Public. An International Refereed Research Journal, 6(2), pp.11[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54572288/THE_PUBLIC__62__2017_ii_ACADEMIA-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1635303854&Signature=JY09Br-1JOL1MrznF5QxaLGR~bro6q2IfgHwQGAnEVERIXuzSvEfU7Ea1WIVMR6hqAd49e-f91jCK7~evSdk3yqFFJfc5siWCN4VZ5~U3PFgb-GPmOono-OE507EfX1jTRYXu7TUMC63kI9OV6yKVGGYBxha3FTCc96Wvb8OT9A9D4eDAy~~JO5pSMthAl-9RcQaVKUBx-9KQc9Uw2yI5imJY0wL24mMvAESuKrLJVr2sXO0uW5bLD4NQ2dL5k~Wu4kmnxeyHnINAYvp7ipmaozgvQiXS4FilF5ifmtGsqziTNr0TEnxRc6aUSxV2h3-NHegrYixSdnEyIl6cyO3cg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA]</ref><ref>MANIT, B., 2012. BACHELOR OF PLANNING (Doctoral dissertation, MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY).</ref>
{{See|Battle of Bhopal|Battle of Palkhed}}
⚫
<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31">{{cite book|author=James Lochtefeld|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|pages=31–33}}</ref> An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE.<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31"/>
⚫
Ranoji was also involved in Bajirao's several battles, such as the [[Battle of Palkhed]] and the [[Battle of Bhopal]]. He established his capital at [[Ujjain]] in 1731. He appointed Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar as his [[dewan]], or administrator, and Made Yashaji Rambhaji [[sarsenapati]] of his army, while he spent most of his life on military campaign.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref> Some historians credit Sukhtankar with bringing the [[Kumbh mela]] to Ujjain in 1732.<ref>Pandey, J., 2007. The ‘Habitus’ and ‘Doxa’of Great Tradition of Kumbha Mela: Role of Shiva Legends. The Public. An International Refereed Research Journal, 6(2), pp.11[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54572288/THE_PUBLIC__62__2017_ii_ACADEMIA-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1635303854&Signature=JY09Br-1JOL1MrznF5QxaLGR~bro6q2IfgHwQGAnEVERIXuzSvEfU7Ea1WIVMR6hqAd49e-f91jCK7~evSdk3yqFFJfc5siWCN4VZ5~U3PFgb-GPmOono-OE507EfX1jTRYXu7TUMC63kI9OV6yKVGGYBxha3FTCc96Wvb8OT9A9D4eDAy~~JO5pSMthAl-9RcQaVKUBx-9KQc9Uw2yI5imJY0wL24mMvAESuKrLJVr2sXO0uW5bLD4NQ2dL5k~Wu4kmnxeyHnINAYvp7ipmaozgvQiXS4FilF5ifmtGsqziTNr0TEnxRc6aUSxV2h3-NHegrYixSdnEyIl6cyO3cg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA]</ref><ref>MANIT, B., 2012. BACHELOR OF PLANNING (Doctoral dissertation, MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY).</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31">{{cite book|author=James Lochtefeld|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|pages=31–33}}</ref> An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE.<ref name="Jacobsen2008p31" />


==Family==
==Family==
Ranoji had five sons, namely, [[Jayappa Shinde|Jayajirao]], Jyotibarao, [[Dattaji Scindia|Dattajirao]], Tukojirao, and [[Mahadji Shinde]]. the first four died fighting in various battles in northern India between 1750-1761. Mahadji, the youngest had an illustrious career in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uPq640stHJ0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22ranoji+%22+shinde&ots=Okxt3nuRpt&sig=fVB-eYXQfSLfCQyqj4-84vOe9uU#v=onepage&q=ranoji&f=false]</ref>
Ranoji had five sons: [[Jayappa Shinde|Jayappajirao]], Jyotibarao, [[Dattaji Scindia|Dattajirao]], Tukojirao, and [[Mahadji Shinde]]. The eldest four died fighting in various battles in northern India between 1750-1761. Mahadji, the youngest, had an illustrious career in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&q=ranoji&pg=PA1]</ref>
His descendants during British colonial (1818-1947) were the rulers of the Princely state of Gwalior.
His descendants were the rulers of the princely state of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] who ruled during British colonial period from 1731 to1947.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 57: Line 69:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]]||-||1745}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef
| before = None
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]
| years = 1731–1745
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Mahadji Scindia]]
}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Ranoji}}
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Confederacy]]
[[Category:1745 deaths]]
[[Category:Maratha generals]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty|Ranoji]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Gwalior]]

Latest revision as of 17:15, 12 November 2024

Ranoji Scindia
1st Maharajah Scindia of Gwalior
A plaque outside Shaniwar Wada in Pune
Reign1731–3 July 1745
SuccessorMahadji Scindia
Bornc. 1700
Died3 July 1745(1745-07-03) (aged 44–45)
Shujalpur, Malwa
SpouseMaina Bai
Chima Bai
IssueJayappaji Rao Scindia
Dattaji Rao Scindia
Jyotiba Rao Scindia
Tukoji Rao Scindia
Mahadji Scindia
HouseScindia
FatherJankoji Scindia (I)
ReligionHinduism
Signature
Military career
Allegiance Maratha Empire
RankSenapati
Battles / wars

Ranoji Scindia was the founder of the Scindia dynasty, a gifted military commander under whose leadership Malwa was conquered. Scindia dynasty rose to prominence in the 18th century and went on to dominate India as one of the most prominent powers due to their influential presence in Delhi and their highly modernised army.[1]

Early life

[edit]

Ranoji Scindia was born to a Marathi family, who were the hereditary Patils of Kanherkhed, a village in present day Satara district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. He adopted and christened his surname from Shinde to Scindia when he became the independent ruler in malwa and central India thus founded the Scindia dynasty. The Scindia family had, in the previous centuries, served as shiledars (cavalrymen) of the Bahmani Sultanate.[2]

Military career

[edit]

As a young man, Ranoji started in the service of Balaji Vishwanath Peshwa.[3] At that time Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar, one of the Peshwa's diplomats, recognised Ranoji's talents and had him made the personal bodyguard of the Peshwa's son, Bajirao I.[4][5][6][7] Upon the death of his father, Bajirao was appointed as the Peshwa at the age of twenty by Chhatrapati Shahu I. This evoked jealousy from senior officials at the Maratha court. This in turn led Baji Rao to promote talented young men who were barely out of teens such as Ranoji Scindia, Malhar Rao Holkar, the Pawar brothers, Pilaji Jadhav, and Fateh Singh Bhosle as commanders of his troops. None of these men belonged to families that held hereditary Deshmukhi rights under earlier rulers such as the Deccan Sultanates.[8][9][2][6] Ranoji Scindia, along with Malharrao Holkar and Pawar brothers, was in charge of the Maratha campaign initiated by Peshwa Bajirao in Malwa in 1726.

Further information: Battle of Bhopal and Battle of Palkhed

Ranoji was also involved in Bajirao's several battles, such as the Battle of Palkhed and the Battle of Bhopal. He established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. He appointed Ramchandrababa Sukhtankar as his dewan, or administrator, and Made Yashaji Rambhaji sarsenapati of his army, while he spent most of his life on military campaign.[10] Some historians credit Sukhtankar with bringing the Kumbh mela to Ujjain in 1732.[11][12] [13] An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE.[13]

Family

[edit]

Ranoji had five sons: Jayappajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Tukojirao, and Mahadji Shinde. The eldest four died fighting in various battles in northern India between 1750-1761. Mahadji, the youngest, had an illustrious career in the second half of the 18th century.[14] His descendants were the rulers of the princely state of Gwalior who ruled during British colonial period from 1731 to1947.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Scindia, Ranoji. "Scindia Research Centre". The Jai Vilas Palace Museum.
  2. ^ a b Richard M. Eaton (19 December 2005). A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-521-25484-7. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  3. ^ Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[1]
  4. ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-684-18899-7. Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office.
  5. ^ K. V. Krishna Ayyar (1999). The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806. Publication Division, University of Calicut. ISBN 978-81-7748-000-9. The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia , whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success
  6. ^ a b Satish Chandra (2003). Essays on Medieval Indian History. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-566336-5. The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal.
  7. ^ Thapar, Romila (1994), Seminar - Issues 417-424, p. 59, Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa.
  8. ^ Gordon, Stewart (2007). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0521033169.
  9. ^ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772. Phoenix Publications. pp. 65, 69.
  10. ^ Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[2]
  11. ^ Pandey, J., 2007. The ‘Habitus’ and ‘Doxa’of Great Tradition of Kumbha Mela: Role of Shiva Legends. The Public. An International Refereed Research Journal, 6(2), pp.11[3]
  12. ^ MANIT, B., 2012. BACHELOR OF PLANNING (Doctoral dissertation, MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY).
  13. ^ a b James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.
  14. ^ Rathod, N.G., 1994. The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.page=1-5[4]
Ranoji Scindia
Born: - Died: 1745
Regnal titles
Preceded by
None
 Maharaja of Gwalior
1731–1745 		Succeeded by
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