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{{short description|Internet broadcasting of video game play}}
{{short description|Internet broadcasting of video game play}}
{{Redirect|Game streaming|video gaming on remote servers|cloud gaming|the level design technique|Level streaming}}
{{Redirect|Game streaming|video gaming on remote servers|cloud gaming|the level design technique|Level streaming}}
{{globalize|date=June 2020}}
{{globalize|date=June 2020}}


The [[live streaming]] of [[video games]] is an activity where people broadcast themselves playing games to a live audience online. The practice became popular in the mid-2010s on the [[United States|US]]-based site [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], before growing to [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], China-based sites [[Huya Live]], [[DouYu]], and [[Bilibili]], and other services. By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than [[HBO]]'s online streaming service, [[HBO Go]]. Professional streamers often combine high-level play and entertaining commentary and earn income from sponsors, subscriptions, ad revenue, and donations.
The [[live streaming]] of [[video games]] is an activity where people broadcast themselves playing games to a live audience online.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investigation of the effects of acoustics on the game streaming sound quality. |publisher=zoomg |url=https://www.zoomg.ir/pr/370956-acoustic-gaming-advertisment/}}</ref> The practice became popular in the mid-2010s on the [[United States|US]]-based site [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], before growing to [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], China-based sites [[Huya Live]], [[DouYu]], and [[Bilibili]], and other services. By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than [[HBO]]'s online streaming service, [[HBO Go]]. Professional streamers often combine high-level play and entertaining commentary, and earn income from sponsors, subscriptions, ad revenue, and donations.


Both AAA and indie developers have circumvented rising development costs by utilizing the free advertising live streaming provides. Independent titles such as ''[[Fall Guys]]'', ''[[Rocket League]]'', and ''[[Among Us]]'' are examples of games that have experienced a huge increase in player base as a result of streaming. [[Esports]] have also gained significant traction and attention from the accessibility of live streaming and streaming has even been used as a method to raise awareness of social issues and money for charity.
Both AAA and indie developers have circumvented rising development costs by utilizing the free advertising live streaming provides. Independent titles such as ''[[Fall Guys]]'', ''[[Rocket League]]'', and ''[[Among Us]]'' are examples of games that have experienced a huge increase in player base as a result of streaming. [[Esports]] have also gained significant traction and attention from the accessibility of live streaming, and streaming has even been used as a method to raise awareness of social issues and money for charity.


Through live streaming, viewers can watch experienced or entertaining video game players while immersing themselves in a virtual audience of like-minded people. Many viewers cannot experience these video games due to time and financial constraints. Video game live streaming can be a remedy to this dilemma, allowing the audience to consume the act of the streamer's consumption.<ref name="php">{{cite journal |last1=Kohls |first1=Harper |last2=Hiler |first2=Jacob L. |last3=Cook |first3=Laurel Aynne |title=Why do we twitch? Vicarious consumption in video-game livestreaming |journal=Journal of Consumer Marketing |date=1 January 2023 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=639–650 |doi=10.1108/jcm-03-2020-3727 |s2cid=258118414 }}</ref> Live streamers are seen as community organizers of a video game due to their ability to play said game or the entertainment they've created around it.<ref name="php" />
Live streaming offers the allure of transforming a hobby of playing a video game into a full career of streaming, but brings with it the risks associated with this added renown, whether they be inside the video game, like stream sniping, or in real life, like stalking and swatting. Additionally, the low bar of entry in terms of technology and audience allows for a wide variety of streamers and games to be broadcast.

Twitch is currently the most popular video game live-streaming service for both streamers and viewers. The website averaged 35 million daily users in 2022 and 7 million distinctive streamers go live every month.<ref name="twitch ads">{{cite web |title=Twitch Ads {{!}} Audience |url=https://twitchadvertising.tv/audience/ |website=Twitch.tv |language=en}}</ref> Twitch has a global reach as well, hosting broadcasts in up to 35 different languages.<ref name="twitch ads" />


== Overview ==
== Overview ==


=== History ===
=== History ===
Tomoaki Hamatsu (浜津 智明) also known as [[Nasubi]] (なすび, "[[Eggplant]]") is credited as the first video game live streamer due to the fact that he won a PlayStation, a TV, and the video game [[Densha de Go! (video game)|Densha de Go!]] all through Magazine Sweepstakes during the game show Denpa Shōnen teki Kenshō Seikatsu. (Denpa Shonen Sweepstakes Life) The goal of the game was to win ¥1 million ($6894.50) in sweepstake prizes all whilst being naked and he could only use stuff he won for food, clothing, and entertainment. By November 1998 [[Nasubi]] became the first to livestream a video game after winning a [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] along with his TV and the video game. He ended up playing this game for 3 whole days straight before banning himself from it due to it distracting him from his goal.

The popularity of livestreaming video games began with WSBN, a shoutcasting station, video streaming a competitive Starsiege Tribes match via Windows Media Encoder to approximately 50 people in 2001. Own3d, an early esport streaming website based in Austria, operated between 2009 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Nick |date=30 May 2013 |title=Own3D ceases operations; all content to be deleted within 24 hours, forever. |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/leagueoflegends/own3d-ceases-operations-all-content-be-deleted-within-24-hours-forever |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-GB}}</ref> It later became popular in the mid-2010s on sites such as Twitch.{{r|Death Pushes Risks}} By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than HBO Go and eventually hastened the closure of [[Justin.tv]], which Twitch had originally spun out of.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mugen|date=2019-12-15|title=Mit der PS4 auf Twitch streamen - Guide|url=https://mugens-reviews.de/twitch/mit-der-ps4-auf-twitch-streamen/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Mugens Reviews}}</ref>{{r|CNET complete guide}} In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming, a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that intended to compete with Twitch.<ref name=guardianYT>{{Cite news| title =Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch| work= The Guardian|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps|date=August 26, 2015 | access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> Other notable video-game oriented streaming websites include [[Microsoft]]'s [[Mixer (website)|Mixer]], which shut down in July 2020, [[Smashcast.tv]], which was formed after the merging of [[Azubu]] and [[Hitbox.tv]], the South Korea-based [[afreecaTV]], and many China based sites like Huya Live, DouYu and Bilibili.
The popularity of livestreaming video games began with WSBN, a shoutcasting station, video streaming a competitive Starsiege Tribes match via Windows Media Encoder to approximately 50 people in 2001. Own3d, an early esport streaming website based in Austria, operated between 2009 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Nick |date=30 May 2013 |title=Own3D ceases operations; all content to be deleted within 24 hours, forever. |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/leagueoflegends/own3d-ceases-operations-all-content-be-deleted-within-24-hours-forever |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=PCGamesN |language=en-GB}}</ref> It later became popular in the mid-2010s on sites such as Twitch.{{r|Death Pushes Risks}} By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than HBO Go and eventually hastened the closure of [[Justin.tv]], which Twitch had originally spun out of.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mugen|date=2019-12-15|title=Mit der PS4 auf Twitch streamen - Guide|url=https://mugens-reviews.de/twitch/mit-der-ps4-auf-twitch-streamen/|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Mugens Reviews}}</ref>{{r|CNET complete guide}} In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming, a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that intended to compete with Twitch.<ref name=guardianYT>{{Cite news| title =Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch| work= The Guardian|first=Stuart|last=Dredge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps|date=August 26, 2015 | access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> Other notable video-game oriented streaming websites include [[Microsoft]]'s [[Mixer (website)|Mixer]], which shut down in July 2020, [[Smashcast.tv]], which was formed after the merging of [[Azubu]] and [[Hitbox.tv]], the South Korea-based [[afreecaTV]], and many China based sites like Huya Live, DouYu and Bilibili.


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Live streaming has brought attention to previously obscure video games such as ''[[Rocket League]]'', ''[[Fall Guys]]'', and ''[[Among Us]]''. ''Rocket League'', a vehicular soccer game developed by [[Psyonix]], sold over 5 million copies after becoming one of the top 5 most-watched games on Twitch when it released in July 2015. The game eventually accumulated over 12 million players and earned itself a Twitch [[Rocket League Championship Series]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Mark R|last2=Woodcock|first2=Jamie|date=2019-07-01|title=The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818363|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=670–688|doi=10.1177/0163443718818363|s2cid=150186565|issn=0163-4437}}</ref> In September 2020, ''Rocket League'' abandoned its traditional pricing scheme and became [[free-to-play]].
Live streaming has brought attention to previously obscure video games such as ''[[Rocket League]]'', ''[[Fall Guys]]'', and ''[[Among Us]]''. ''Rocket League'', a vehicular soccer game developed by [[Psyonix]], sold over 5 million copies after becoming one of the top 5 most-watched games on Twitch when it released in July 2015. The game eventually accumulated over 12 million players and earned itself a Twitch [[Rocket League Championship Series]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Mark R|last2=Woodcock|first2=Jamie|date=2019-07-01|title=The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818363|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=670–688|doi=10.1177/0163443718818363|s2cid=150186565|issn=0163-4437}}</ref> In September 2020, ''Rocket League'' abandoned its traditional pricing scheme and became [[free-to-play]].


This form of live streaming has become a popular form of advertising for video game developers, surpassing traditional mediums such as online magazines and traditional [[Demo (video games)|demos]].<ref name=":0" /> Potential consumers are able to experience newly released video games without having to purchase them. Major multiplayer titles benefit from this free advertising, but more linear [[Point-and-click Adventure|point-and-click]] titles, such as those from the now defunct [[Telltale Games]], can suffer if the people watching the gameplay are satisfied without making a purchase.
This form of live streaming has become a popular form of advertising for video game developers, surpassing traditional mediums such as online magazines and traditional [[Demo (video games)|demos]].<ref name=":0" /> Potential consumers can experience newly released video games without having to purchase them, which helps them understand which titles they would like to purchase. In fact, recent research suggests that live streams bring additional players into broadcast games and even increase online sales of these games.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morozov |first1=Ilya |last2=Huang |first2=Yufeng |date=6 October 2023 |title=The Promotional Effects of Live Streams by Twitch Influencers |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4065064 |journal=SSRN Working Papers|ssrn=4065064 }}</ref>


Video game live streaming has increased the popularity of many [[free-to-play]] games like [[Fortnite]], [[Call of Duty: Warzone]], and [[Valorant]]. Free-to-play games cost no money to buy and play but offer purchasable items in-game in order to turn a profit. Items can range from clothes, weapon accessories, [[Emote|emotes]], and more. Due to its popularity among live streamers and easy accessibility for viewers to play, free-to-play games blew up in popularity in the video game community.
The rise in large-scale "[[AAA (video game industry)|AAA]]" video game titles have resulted in increased prices for consumers and the prevalence of free-to-play titles containing [[microtransactions]]. Smaller developers have utilized crowdsourcing platforms such as [[GoFundMe]] alongside streaming services such as Twitch to advertise their product. In turn, digital storefronts such as [[Steam (service)|Steam]] have become even more popular with features such as built-in streaming integration and Steam early access facilitating a growth in users. By developing games with live streaming in mind, developers can leverage these features and allocate their budget towards innovative gameplay rather than traditional advertising.


Video game livestreaming has also increasingly become a significant method of promoting video games. Research indicates that livestreaming can effectively stimulate both gaming and spending among viewers. A study has shown that watching esports events provides viewers with a sense of escapism, social interaction, and enjoyment, which can lead to increased gaming activity and higher expenditure on in-game purchases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huda |first1=Irfan Nabil |last2=Salehudin |first2=Imam |title=Escapism, family and friends, and social interactions: How watching esports increases gaming and in-game purchase intentions |journal=Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pemasaran Jasa |date=26 March 2024 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.25105/jmpj.v17i1.18463 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
Older titles, such as ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'', have seen renewed popularity due to [[speedrun]]s, or rapid completions, facilitated by live streaming.<ref name=":0" /> This has been a key component in diversifying live streaming audiences.

Another reason for the increased popularity of free-to-play games was the frequent updates and [[Patch (computing)|patches]] provided for the player base.<ref name="VPFTP">{{cite journal |last1=van der Molen |first1=Kas |title=Valorant and the Platformization of Free-To-Play Games - Library Search |journal=Press Start |date=2022-08-18 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=http://press-start.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> Major issues users found in games were getting fixed much more frequently than in [[AAA (video game industry)|AAA games]]. Due to the popularity of these games, live-streaming platforms have become places of discussion and suggestions on how to improve these games.<ref name="VPFTP" />

⚫
Older titles, such as ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'', have seen renewed popularity due to [[speedrun]]s, or rapid completions, facilitated by live streaming.<ref name=":0" /> This has been a key component in diversifying livestreaming audiences.


=== Impact on esports ===
=== Impact on esports ===
With the ability for anyone to watch from home on their devices, esports viewership reached 213 million in 2016 and continues to grow every year.<ref name=":1" /> Popular eSports titles include ''[[Call of Duty]]'', ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive|Counter Strike: Global Offensive]]'', ''[[Dota 2]]'', ''[[Fortnite]]'', ''[[League of Legends]]'', and ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=February 2020|first=Ford James 04|title=Top esports games 2020: Which titles are the biggest in competitive gaming?|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/top-esports-games/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=gamesradar|date=4 February 2020|language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest prize pools in esports was for the ''Dota 2'' tournament, [[The International (Dota 2)|The International]], which totaled a pool of US$25 million in 2017.<ref name=":1" />
With the ability for anyone to watch from home on their devices, esports viewership reached 213 million in 2016 and continues to grow every year.<ref name=":1" /> Popular eSports titles include ''[[Call of Duty]]'', ''[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive|Counter Strike: Global Offensive]]'', ''[[Dota 2]]'', ''[[Fortnite]]'', ''[[League of Legends]]'', and ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James |first=Ford |title=Top esports games 2020: Which titles are the biggest in competitive gaming?|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/top-esports-games/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=gamesradar|date=4 February 2020|language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest prize pools in esports was for the ''Dota 2'' tournament, [[The International (Dota 2)|The International]], which totaled a pool of US$25 million in 2017.<ref name=":1" />


Smaller video game communities, such as the ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee|Super Smash Bros Melee]]'' community, have benefited from the visibility they have gained from video game live streaming.<ref name ="impact">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Mark R|last2=Woodcock|first2=Jamie|date=July 2019|title=The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=670–688|doi=10.1177/0163443718818363|s2cid=150186565|issn=0163-4437|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/68726/3/Woodcock%20The%20impacts%20of%20live%20streaming%20and%20Twitch.tv%20on%20the%20video%20game%20industry.pdf}}</ref> In 2013, several members of the ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee|Super Smash Bros Melee]]'' community live streamed in order to raise money to become the eighth game featured at the prestigious tournament [[Evolution Championship Series]] and overturn a decision by Nintendo to ban the game from the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evo: An oral history of Super Smash Bros. Melee|url=https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/19973997/evolution-championship-series-melee-oral-history-evo|date=2017-07-12|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
Smaller video game communities, such as the ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee|Super Smash Bros Melee]]'' community, have benefited from the visibility they have gained from video game live streaming.<ref name ="impact">{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Mark R|last2=Woodcock|first2=Jamie|date=July 2019|title=The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry|journal=Media, Culture & Society|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=670–688|doi=10.1177/0163443718818363|s2cid=150186565|issn=0163-4437|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/68726/3/Woodcock%20The%20impacts%20of%20live%20streaming%20and%20Twitch.tv%20on%20the%20video%20game%20industry.pdf}}</ref> In 2013, several members of the ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee|Super Smash Bros Melee]]'' community live streamed in order to raise money to become the eighth game featured at the prestigious tournament [[Evolution Championship Series]] and overturn a decision by Nintendo to ban the game from the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evo: An oral history of Super Smash Bros. Melee|url=https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/19973997/evolution-championship-series-melee-oral-history-evo|date=2017-07-12|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

=== Streamer-Viewer Relationship ===
Livestreaming video games has become a phenomenon offering a range of entertainment and engagement. It's not just, about broadcasting gameplay it's about the unique dynamics that streamers bring to their live shows. Live chat logs are at the heart of this culture serving as a hub where viewers and streamers form a special bond.<ref name="memetic">{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Nathan J. |title=Understanding Memetic Media and Collective Identity Through Streamer Persona on Twitch.tv |journal=Persona Studies |date=2020 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.21153/psj2020vol6no2art966 |s2cid=233700032 |doi-access=free }}</ref> People are not only interested in the gameplay itself but in the personalities and entertainment provided by the streamer. This connection goes beyond watching viewers often try to emulate the streamer's overall persona creating an environment where the streamer sets the tone and vibe of the livestream.<ref name="memetic" /> Live chat logs enable this interactivity through features like subscriber emotes – emoticons that viewers can use if they pay a subscription fee to support their favorite streamer.<ref name="memetic" /> These emotes are often designed specifically for each streamer reflecting their personality or unique language style allowing dedicated fans to communicate in their own way and making video game live-streaming even more immersive.<ref name="memetic" />


=== Social activism ===
=== Social activism ===
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=== Risks ===
=== Risks ===
Streamers run the risk of being victims of [[stalking]], as is common with other public figures. For example, a teenage viewer showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to stream with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight.<ref name=Kotaku1>{{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=When Fans Take Their Love For Twitch Streamers Too Far |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-05-02 |url=http://kotaku.com/when-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112 |df=mdy-all|access-date=2017-08-27}}</ref> Another risk to streamers is [[swatting]], where someone makes a false report to police of serious criminal activity taking place at the streamer's residence, resulting in a raid by police, which is often captured live by the streaming service.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=2015-02-05|title=Gamer raided by Swat team in front of thousands of viewers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/05/gaming-streamer-gets-swatted-as-online-griefing-enters-real-world|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Such activity can create serious risk to the streamer, and has even resulted in deaths. In the [[2017 Wichita swatting]], police officers killed a man named Andrew Finch at his [[Kansas]] home. Finch was the unintended victim of the swatting after two ''[[Call of Duty]]'' players on the same team got into a heated argument about a {{USD}}1.50 bet. [[LAPD]] arrested 25-year-old serial-swatter Tyler Raj Barriss, known online as "SWAuTistic" and "GoredTutor36", in connection with the incident, who was later sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for the offense.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article192111974.html|title=Call of Duty gaming community points to 'swatting' in deadly Wichita police shooting|last=Manna|first=Nicole|date=2017-12-29|work=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/12/29/kansas-police-investigate-whether-fatal-shooting-was-result-prank-called-swatting.html|title=Kansas police investigate whether fatal shooting was result of prank called 'swatting'|last=Darrah|first=Nicole|date=2017-12-29|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/kan-man-killed-cops-victim-swatting-prank-article-1.3726171|title=Kansas man shot to death by police was reportedly unintended victim of 'Call of Duty' 'swatting' prank|last=Sommerfeldt|first=Chris|date=2017-12-29|work=New York Daily News|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}{{cite web|last1=Sommerfeldt|first1=Chris|title=Kan. man killed by cops was victim of 'swatting' prank|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/kan-man-killed-cops-victim-swatting-prank-article-1.3726171|website=NY Daily News|language=en|date=29 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/12/kansas-man-killed-in-swatting-attack/|title=Kansas Man Killed In 'SWATting' Attack — Krebs on Security|website=krebsonsecurity.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> In another instance, a streamer by the name Jamie Lynn Greenwood was swatted while playing [[Minecraft]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fagone |first1=Jason |date=24 November 2015 |title=The Serial Swatter |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/the-serial-swatter.html }}</ref>
Streamers run the risk of being victims of [[stalking]], as is common with other public figures. For example, a teenage viewer showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to stream with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight.<ref name=Kotaku1>{{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=When Fans Take Their Love For Twitch Streamers Too Far |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-05-02 |url=http://kotaku.com/when-fans-take-their-love-for-twitch-streamers-too-far-1794815112 |df=mdy-all|access-date=2017-08-27}}</ref> Another risk to streamers is [[swatting]], where someone makes a false report to police of serious criminal activity taking place at the streamer's residence, resulting in a raid by police, which is often captured live by the streaming service.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=2015-02-05|title=Gamer raided by Swat team in front of thousands of viewers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/05/gaming-streamer-gets-swatted-as-online-griefing-enters-real-world|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Such activity can create serious risk to the streamer, and has even resulted in deaths. In the [[2017 Wichita swatting]], police officers killed a man named Andrew Finch at his [[Kansas]] home. Finch was the unintended victim of the swatting after two ''[[Call of Duty]]'' players on the same team got into a heated argument about a {{USD}}1.50 bet. [[LAPD]] arrested 25-year-old serial-swatter Tyler Raj Barriss, known online as "SWAuTistic" and "GoredTutor36", in connection with the incident, who was later sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for the offense.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article192111974.html|title=Call of Duty gaming community points to 'swatting' in deadly Wichita police shooting|last=Manna|first=Nicole|date=2017-12-29|work=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/kansas-police-investigate-whether-fatal-shooting-was-result-of-prank-called-swatting/|title=Kansas police investigate whether fatal shooting was result of prank called 'swatting'|last=Darrah|first=Nicole|date=2017-12-29|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/kan-man-killed-cops-victim-swatting-prank-article-1.3726171|title=Kansas man shot to death by police was reportedly unintended victim of 'Call of Duty' 'swatting' prank|last=Sommerfeldt|first=Chris|date=2017-12-29|work=New York Daily News|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}}{{cite web|last1=Sommerfeldt|first1=Chris|title=Kan. man killed by cops was victim of 'swatting' prank|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/kan-man-killed-cops-victim-swatting-prank-article-1.3726171|website=NY Daily News|language=en|date=29 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/12/kansas-man-killed-in-swatting-attack/|title=Kansas Man Killed In 'SWATting' Attack — Krebs on Security|website=krebsonsecurity.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> In another instance, a streamer by the name Jamie Lynn Greenwood was swatted while playing [[Minecraft]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fagone |first1=Jason |date=24 November 2015 |title=The Serial Swatter |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/magazine/the-serial-swatter.html }}</ref>


====Stream sniping====
====Stream sniping====
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===Active===
===Active===
The following is a list of sites that primarily focuses on video game live streaming, including broadcasts of eSports competitions, in addition to other types of content.
The following is a list of sites that primarily focuses on video game live streaming, including broadcasts of eSports competitions, in addition to other types of content.

[[File:YouTube Gaming live studio at Google Play booth 20190127a.jpg|thumb|right|YouTube Gaming booth at Google event in 2019]]

{| class="wikitable"
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!Website
!Website
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|2012
|2012
|[[YY.com|JOYY]]<ref name=":3" />
|[[YY.com|JOYY]]<ref name=":3" />
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|
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|-
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|[[Caffeine (service)|Caffeine]]
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|caffeine.tv
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|January 31, 2018
|
|
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|-
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|Acquired by [[Azubu]] and then succeeded by [[Smashcast]]
|Acquired by [[Azubu]] and then succeeded by [[Smashcast]]
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|-
⚫
|[[Caffeine (service)|Caffeine]]
⚫
|caffeine.tv
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|January 31, 2018
⚫
|
|Caffeine has shut down on June 26, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=Dak |title=Sports-focused streaming platform Caffeine abruptly shuts down |url=https://www.newscaststudio.com/2024/06/26/sports-focused-streaming-platform-caffeine-abruptly-shuts-down/ |website=NewscastStudio |accessdate=26 June 2024 |language=en |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
|}
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* [[Gamecaster]]
* [[Gamecaster]]
* [[Online streamer]]
* [[Online streamer]]
* [[Software vision mixer]]


== References ==
== References ==
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* {{Cite web |last1=Corriea |first1=Alexa Ray |title=Someone is donating thousands of dollars to Twitch streamers |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2014-07-04 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2014/7/4/5871009/someone-is-donating-thousands-of-dollars-to-twitch-streamers |access-date=2017-08-12 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Corriea |first1=Alexa Ray |title=Someone is donating thousands of dollars to Twitch streamers |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=2014-07-04 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2014/7/4/5871009/someone-is-donating-thousands-of-dollars-to-twitch-streamers |access-date=2017-08-12 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=It's Time For YouTubers And Twitch Streamers To Organize |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-04-12 |url=http://kotaku.com/its-time-for-youtubers-and-twitch-streamers-to-organize-1794261637 |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=It's Time For YouTubers And Twitch Streamers To Organize |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-04-12 |url=http://kotaku.com/its-time-for-youtubers-and-twitch-streamers-to-organize-1794261637 |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=For Twitch Streamers Who Spend Their Lives On Camera, It's Hard To Know When To Stop |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-02-15 |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2017/02/for-twitch-streamers-who-spend-their-lives-on-camera-its-hard-to-know-when-to-stop/ |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=For Twitch Streamers Who Spend Their Lives On Camera, It's Hard To Know When To Stop |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-02-15 |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2017/02/for-twitch-streamers-who-spend-their-lives-on-camera-its-hard-to-know-when-to-stop/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122233/http://www.kotaku.com.au/2017/02/for-twitch-streamers-who-spend-their-lives-on-camera-its-hard-to-know-when-to-stop/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=YouTuber Reminds Fans How Much Fake Donations Can Hurt |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-06-22 |url=http://kotaku.com/youtuber-reminds-fans-how-much-fake-donations-can-hurt-1796342324 |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=YouTuber Reminds Fans How Much Fake Donations Can Hurt |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2017-06-22 |url=http://kotaku.com/youtuber-reminds-fans-how-much-fake-donations-can-hurt-1796342324 |access-date=2017-08-11 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=The Mom Who Moderates Her Daughter's Rowdy Twitch Chat |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2016-07-28 |url=http://kotaku.com/the-mom-who-moderates-her-daughter-s-rowdy-twitch-chat-1784396972 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{Cite web |last1=D'Anastasio |first1=Cecilia |title=The Mom Who Moderates Her Daughter's Rowdy Twitch Chat |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=2016-07-28 |url=http://kotaku.com/the-mom-who-moderates-her-daughter-s-rowdy-twitch-chat-1784396972 |df=mdy-all }}

Latest revision as of 18:46, 12 November 2024

"Game streaming" redirects here. For video gaming on remote servers, see cloud gaming. For the level design technique, see Level streaming.

The live streaming of video games is an activity where people broadcast themselves playing games to a live audience online.[1] The practice became popular in the mid-2010s on the US-based site Twitch, before growing to YouTube, Facebook, China-based sites Huya Live, DouYu, and Bilibili, and other services. By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than HBO's online streaming service, HBO Go. Professional streamers often combine high-level play and entertaining commentary, and earn income from sponsors, subscriptions, ad revenue, and donations.

Both AAA and indie developers have circumvented rising development costs by utilizing the free advertising live streaming provides. Independent titles such as Fall Guys, Rocket League, and Among Us are examples of games that have experienced a huge increase in player base as a result of streaming. Esports have also gained significant traction and attention from the accessibility of live streaming, and streaming has even been used as a method to raise awareness of social issues and money for charity.

Through live streaming, viewers can watch experienced or entertaining video game players while immersing themselves in a virtual audience of like-minded people. Many viewers cannot experience these video games due to time and financial constraints. Video game live streaming can be a remedy to this dilemma, allowing the audience to consume the act of the streamer's consumption.[2] Live streamers are seen as community organizers of a video game due to their ability to play said game or the entertainment they've created around it.[2]

Twitch is currently the most popular video game live-streaming service for both streamers and viewers. The website averaged 35 million daily users in 2022 and 7 million distinctive streamers go live every month.[3] Twitch has a global reach as well, hosting broadcasts in up to 35 different languages.[3]

Overview

[edit]

History

[edit]

The popularity of livestreaming video games began with WSBN, a shoutcasting station, video streaming a competitive Starsiege Tribes match via Windows Media Encoder to approximately 50 people in 2001. Own3d, an early esport streaming website based in Austria, operated between 2009 and 2013.[4] It later became popular in the mid-2010s on sites such as Twitch.[5] By 2014, Twitch streams had more traffic than HBO Go and eventually hastened the closure of Justin.tv, which Twitch had originally spun out of.[6][7] In 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming, a video gaming-oriented sub-site and app that intended to compete with Twitch.[8] Other notable video-game oriented streaming websites include Microsoft's Mixer, which shut down in July 2020, Smashcast.tv, which was formed after the merging of Azubu and Hitbox.tv, the South Korea-based afreecaTV, and many China based sites like Huya Live, DouYu and Bilibili.

In August 2020, China based video sharing website and live streaming service Bilibili paid Riot Games $113 million for the exclusive rights to broadcast League of Legends World Championship, Mid-Season Invitational and League of Legends All Star for three years in China. It was the biggest deal in the video game live streaming market, and made China's video game live streaming market bigger than Twitch, YouTube Gaming, and Facebook Gaming combined, according to journalist Rod Breslau.[9][10]

Impact on the video game industry

[edit]

Live streaming has brought attention to previously obscure video games such as Rocket League, Fall Guys, and Among Us. Rocket League, a vehicular soccer game developed by Psyonix, sold over 5 million copies after becoming one of the top 5 most-watched games on Twitch when it released in July 2015. The game eventually accumulated over 12 million players and earned itself a Twitch Rocket League Championship Series.[11] In September 2020, Rocket League abandoned its traditional pricing scheme and became free-to-play.

This form of live streaming has become a popular form of advertising for video game developers, surpassing traditional mediums such as online magazines and traditional demos.[11] Potential consumers can experience newly released video games without having to purchase them, which helps them understand which titles they would like to purchase. In fact, recent research suggests that live streams bring additional players into broadcast games and even increase online sales of these games.[12]

Video game live streaming has increased the popularity of many free-to-play games like Fortnite, Call of Duty: Warzone, and Valorant. Free-to-play games cost no money to buy and play but offer purchasable items in-game in order to turn a profit. Items can range from clothes, weapon accessories, emotes, and more. Due to its popularity among live streamers and easy accessibility for viewers to play, free-to-play games blew up in popularity in the video game community.

Video game livestreaming has also increasingly become a significant method of promoting video games. Research indicates that livestreaming can effectively stimulate both gaming and spending among viewers. A study has shown that watching esports events provides viewers with a sense of escapism, social interaction, and enjoyment, which can lead to increased gaming activity and higher expenditure on in-game purchases.[13]

Another reason for the increased popularity of free-to-play games was the frequent updates and patches provided for the player base.[14] Major issues users found in games were getting fixed much more frequently than in AAA games. Due to the popularity of these games, live-streaming platforms have become places of discussion and suggestions on how to improve these games.[14]

Older titles, such as Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, have seen renewed popularity due to speedruns, or rapid completions, facilitated by live streaming.[11] This has been a key component in diversifying livestreaming audiences.

Impact on esports

[edit]

With the ability for anyone to watch from home on their devices, esports viewership reached 213 million in 2016 and continues to grow every year.[15] Popular eSports titles include Call of Duty, Counter Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, Fortnite, League of Legends, and Overwatch.[16] One of the biggest prize pools in esports was for the Dota 2 tournament, The International, which totaled a pool of US$25 million in 2017.[15]

Smaller video game communities, such as the Super Smash Bros Melee community, have benefited from the visibility they have gained from video game live streaming.[17] In 2013, several members of the Super Smash Bros Melee community live streamed in order to raise money to become the eighth game featured at the prestigious tournament Evolution Championship Series and overturn a decision by Nintendo to ban the game from the event.[18]

Streamer-Viewer Relationship

[edit]

Livestreaming video games has become a phenomenon offering a range of entertainment and engagement. It's not just, about broadcasting gameplay it's about the unique dynamics that streamers bring to their live shows. Live chat logs are at the heart of this culture serving as a hub where viewers and streamers form a special bond.[19] People are not only interested in the gameplay itself but in the personalities and entertainment provided by the streamer. This connection goes beyond watching viewers often try to emulate the streamer's overall persona creating an environment where the streamer sets the tone and vibe of the livestream.[19] Live chat logs enable this interactivity through features like subscriber emotes – emoticons that viewers can use if they pay a subscription fee to support their favorite streamer.[19] These emotes are often designed specifically for each streamer reflecting their personality or unique language style allowing dedicated fans to communicate in their own way and making video game live-streaming even more immersive.[19]

Social activism

[edit]

In December 2019, famous streamer, Dr. Lupo, hosted a 24-hour charity live stream to have all donations and earnings earned during the stream donated to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The stream managed to raise $2.3 million, with Twitch itself donating $1 million of the total.[20] In 2020, American politician Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez live streamed herself playing the popular game Among Us with other streamers who have large followings in an effort to encourage people to vote in the 2020 United States presidential election.[21]

Profession

[edit]

Video game livestreaming is an emerging industry, the rise of the industry has allowed many Internet companies to rise while also allowing many grassroots gamers to leap to become big anchors, bringing more employment opportunities for young people.[22] Professional streamers often combine gameplay with highly knowledgeable or dexterous play and entertaining commentary. They can generate sufficient revenue from viewer subscriptions and donations, as well as platform advertisements and sponsorships from eSports organizations.[23] An October 2017 report from SuperData Research estimated that more people subscribed to video game streams and Let's Play videos on YouTube and Twitch than for all of HBO, Netflix, ESPN, and Hulu, combined.[24]

Benefits

[edit]

As a profession, video game live streaming allows people to play the games they love while supporting their livelihood. As they gain bigger followings by streaming consistently and marketing, streamers are able to take advantage of the tools within most streaming platforms, such as subscriptions, donations, or advertisements, to support themselves.[25] On some live streaming platforms, such as Douyu and Huya Live, viewers can tip the streamers in the form of virtual gifting.[26] Streamers can also become sponsored, or offer rewards in the form of competitions or games to the viewers in order to promote their channel and increase viewership and monetization. Some competitions offer large money prizes for the winner. A professional Fortine player, Bugha, won 3 million dollars at the Fortnite World Cup in July 2019.[27] In addition, streams can control their work schedule and their success on their platform can give a strong sense of personal accomplishment.[28] Video game live streaming appeals to many for the ability to transform a hobby of playing video games into a profitable career of streaming them, in addition to the social benefits of being in a position of renown with a large viewership and semi-celebrity status.[28]

Risks

[edit]

Streamers run the risk of being victims of stalking, as is common with other public figures. For example, a teenage viewer showed up uninvited to a streamer's house and requested to stream with him after having saved up for a one-way transcontinental flight.[29] Another risk to streamers is swatting, where someone makes a false report to police of serious criminal activity taking place at the streamer's residence, resulting in a raid by police, which is often captured live by the streaming service.[30] Such activity can create serious risk to the streamer, and has even resulted in deaths. In the 2017 Wichita swatting, police officers killed a man named Andrew Finch at his Kansas home. Finch was the unintended victim of the swatting after two Call of Duty players on the same team got into a heated argument about a US$1.50 bet. LAPD arrested 25-year-old serial-swatter Tyler Raj Barriss, known online as "SWAuTistic" and "GoredTutor36", in connection with the incident, who was later sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for the offense.[31][32][33][34] In another instance, a streamer by the name Jamie Lynn Greenwood was swatted while playing Minecraft.[35]

Stream sniping

[edit]

Stream sniping is a common tactic to gain an advantage in a video game by watching the live stream of an enemy player while playing.[36] Several video game developers have taken measures against stream sniping, and video games such as Rust and Fortnite now hide the names of popular streamers.[37][38] In November 2018, live streamer Ninja controversially threatened to report a player who he thought had killed him in Fortnite by stream sniping.[39] While stream sniping happens somewhat rarely for most streamers due to the countermeasures set by the games, as well as tactics set up by the streamers themselves like covering up the in-game map or setting a delay for the stream, there are cases, like for the popular Twitch streamer Forsen, where stream sniping plays a part in a streamer's entertainment and therefore the streamer allows it.[40]

Entry

[edit]

Players involved in eSports can get into streaming by using their popularity or by using their honed skills and in-depth game knowledge during their livestream.[28] People on YouTube or other social media platforms often become streamers as well to interact more with viewers. Other types of people that enter streaming include video game creators and people who write articles or blogs about video games.[28]

To build an audience, experienced streamers recommend that newer streamers stream a popular game because it is more likely to interest viewers.[7] Popular titles in the mid-2010s include League of Legends, Dota 2, first-person shooters such as Counter Strike: Global Offensive, and card games such as Hearthstone. Viewers are more interested in players who play and entertain well, offering jokes, pop culture, and current event commentary instead of repetitive gameplay. Streamers also recommend keeping a schedule so viewers know when to watch, self-promoting on social media, and holding giveaway contests to increase followers.[7]

Streaming equipment

[edit]

Microphones are critical to live streaming because they allow streamers to vocally communicate with their audience.[41] Webcams are also useful because they allow the audience to see streamers and recognize them.[41] If using a webcam, many streamers have additional lighting to brighten up their faces when streaming to allow viewers to see them clearly.[41] An Ethernet cable (as opposed to WiFi) is highly recommended for streamers because it minimizes stuttering while streaming.[41] XLR or USB cardiod microphones are a popular choice among streamers and can be spotted in most streams.

Home video game consoles, such as the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Xbox One, contain built-in streaming and optional camera integration for streamers to use. Streamers using computers use software such as Open Broadcaster Software or XSplit to upload a livestream to the Twitch servers.[7] For streamers using laptops, many gaming laptops are coming with new graphics cards and better connectivity to help streamers to stream their gaming experiences.[42]

List of video game live streaming websites

[edit]

Active

[edit]

The following is a list of sites that primarily focuses on video game live streaming, including broadcasts of eSports competitions, in addition to other types of content.

YouTube Gaming booth at Google event in 2019
Website Domain Launch Owner Note
Twitch twitch.tv June 6, 2011 Amazon
YouTube youtube.com/gaming Google
Facebook fb.gg Meta Platforms
Steam Broadcast steamcommunity.com 2015 Valve
DLive dlive.tv September 2018 Rainberry, Inc.
Kick kick.com December 1, 2022
Trovo Live trovo.live March, 2020 Tencent[43]
Huya Live[44] huya.com November 24, 2014 Tencent (50.1%), JOYY (43%)[21]
Nimo TV nimo.tv May 3, 2018 Huya Live 's global site
DouYu[44] douyu.com 2014 Tencent (37%)[45]
Bilibili[46] live.bilibili.com Tencent (Minority ownership)[15]
Kuaishou live.kuaishou.com Tencent (Minority ownership)[15]
YY[44] yy.com 2012 JOYY[21]
afreecaTV afreecatv.com May 11, 2005
Loco[47] loco.gg November 2017[48] Anirudh Pandita, Ashwin Suresh[49]
Owncast owncast.online August 8, 2020 Owncast is part of the Fediverse and can be self-hosted
Mildom mildom.com August 2019

Defunct

[edit]
Website Domain Launch Owner Note
Mixer mixer.com January 5, 2016 Microsoft Mixer has shut down on July 22, 2020. (Microsoft currently partners with Facebook)[50]
Smashcast smashcast.tv May, 2017 Defunct as of 2020
Azubu azubu.tv 2012 Shut down and was succeeded by Smashcast
Hitbox hitbox.tv October 2013 Acquired by Azubu and then succeeded by Smashcast
Caffeine caffeine.tv January 31, 2018 Caffeine has shut down on June 26, 2024.[51]
[edit]
Main article: Legal issues with Let's Play videos

Live streaming of video games has many of the same legal issues that Let's Play videos may have. First and foremost, such videos can be considered a copyright violation, though is argued to be protected by fair use defenses. Streamers with larger audiences can also promote the game before its release by receiving a copy of the game from the developer to play on their platform, which runs the risk of violating ethical business practices if they stand to make a substantial amount of income from this promotion.[52]

Nintendo has generally taken a strong stance compared to other publishers for allowing their games to be streamed or recorded. Initially, they have used YouTube's Content ID system to register their games such that they can generate ad revenue from streaming videos and Let's Play videos.[53] By about 2014, Nintendo crafted its Nintendo Creators Program, which would allow players providing live streams and Let's Plays of Nintendo games that sign onto the program to receive some monetization of these videos through YouTube.[54][55] However, in September 2017, Nintendo changed the program specifically preventing affiliates from streaming video of Nintendo games, monetized or not, though non-affiliated accounts, and Let's Plays with commentary, remain unaffected.[56] However, on November 28, 2018, Nintendo announced that the program was shutting down.[57][58]

The playing of copyrighted music without proper permission may cause archived streams to be removed or muted. Streamers can also be suspended, due to complaints under laws such as the U.S. Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, or automated content matching. More than 10 popular Twitch streamers, including Félix "xQc" Lengyel and Zachary "Sneaky" Scuderi, were banned for 24 hours for allegedly playing a song by Juice WRLD in June 2018. Some of the bans were lifted, with the artist's record label Interscope claiming that the ban was accidental.[59][60] Even backlash from small streamers is on the rise. English live streamer PhatUnicorn420 uses music from his real life brother, music producer SampleTheChef. Even after rejecting and disputing over 200 video mutes to his channel, Twitch are still unable to identify Phat's claims and to stop them reoccurring. Twitch sent a letter to users in October 2020 stating that it would remove videos or channels that had copyrighted music on them, and that it could not stop streamers from facing punishments due to Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) violations.[61]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Investigation of the effects of acoustics on the game streaming sound quality". zoomg.
  2. ^ a b Kohls, Harper; Hiler, Jacob L.; Cook, Laurel Aynne (1 January 2023). "Why do we twitch? Vicarious consumption in video-game livestreaming". Journal of Consumer Marketing. 40 (6): 639–650. doi:10.1108/jcm-03-2020-3727. S2CID 258118414.
  3. ^ a b "Twitch Ads | Audience". Twitch.tv.
  4. ^ Wilson, Nick (30 May 2013). "Own3D ceases operations; all content to be deleted within 24 hours, forever". PCGamesN. Retrieved 2022-09-18.
  5. ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (March 15, 2017). "Gamer's Death Pushes Risks of Live Streaming Into View". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  6. ^ Mugen (2019-12-15). "Mit der PS4 auf Twitch streamen - Guide". Mugens Reviews. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  7. ^ a b c d Graziano, Dan (September 4, 2014). "The complete guide to streaming games on Twitch". CNET. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  8. ^ Dredge, Stuart (August 26, 2015). "Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch". The Guardian. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  9. ^ "Riot signs 3-year deal granting Bilibili exclusive broadcasting rights in China for international events". Dot Esports. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  10. ^ "Rod Breslau on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2020-08-03. at this point between Huya, Douyu (who were both outbid for the Riot deal), and Bilibili alone, China's live streaming market feels like it's bigger than Twitch, YouTube Gaming, and Facebook Gaming combined
  11. ^ a b c Johnson, Mark R; Woodcock, Jamie (2019-07-01). "The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry". Media, Culture & Society. 41 (5): 670–688. doi:10.1177/0163443718818363. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 150186565.
  12. ^ Morozov, Ilya; Huang, Yufeng (6 October 2023). "The Promotional Effects of Live Streams by Twitch Influencers". SSRN Working Papers. SSRN 4065064.
  13. ^ Huda, Irfan Nabil; Salehudin, Imam (26 March 2024). "Escapism, family and friends, and social interactions: How watching esports increases gaming and in-game purchase intentions". Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pemasaran Jasa. 17 (1): 1–22. doi:10.25105/jmpj.v17i1.18463.
  14. ^ a b van der Molen, Kas (2022-08-18). "Valorant and the Platformization of Free-To-Play Games - Library Search". Press Start. 8 (2).
  15. ^ a b c d Drenth, A. R. van (2018). "eSports from the Virtual Stands". Utrecht University Repository. hdl:1874/368808. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  16. ^ James, Ford (4 February 2020). "Top esports games 2020: Which titles are the biggest in competitive gaming?". gamesradar. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  17. ^ Johnson, Mark R; Woodcock, Jamie (July 2019). "The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry" (PDF). Media, Culture & Society. 41 (5): 670–688. doi:10.1177/0163443718818363. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 150186565.
  18. ^ "Evo: An oral history of Super Smash Bros. Melee". ESPN.com. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  19. ^ a b c d Jackson, Nathan J. (2020). "Understanding Memetic Media and Collective Identity Through Streamer Persona on Twitch.tv". Persona Studies. 6 (2): 69–87. doi:10.21153/psj2020vol6no2art966. S2CID 233700032.
  20. ^ Favis, Elise. "Livestreams are the new telethons, and they're raising millions for charities". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  21. ^ a b c "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Among Us game watched by 400,000". BBC News. 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  22. ^ Smith, Thomas; Obrist, Marianna; Wright, Peter (2013-06-24). "Live-streaming changes the (Video) game". Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Interactive TV and Video. EuroITV '13. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 131–138. doi:10.1145/2465958.2465971. ISBN 978-1-4503-1951-5. S2CID 16003393.
  23. ^ Leslie, Callum (2014-12-31). "Hearthstone players won more than $1 million in the game's first year". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
  24. ^ Bailey, Dustin (October 19, 2017). "Gaming videos are bigger than HBO, Netflix, and Hulu combined". PCGamesN. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  25. ^ Johnson, Mark R. (August 2019). "View of The imperative to be seen: The moral economy of celebrity video game streaming on Twitch.tv | First Monday". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v24i8.8279. S2CID 199571895. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  26. ^ Zhang, Xiaoxing; Xiang, Yu; Hao, Lei (2019-07-03). "Virtual gifting on China's live streaming platforms: hijacking the online gift economy". Chinese Journal of Communication. 12 (3): 340–355. doi:10.1080/17544750.2019.1583260. ISSN 1754-4750. S2CID 151095283.
  27. ^ "Newsfile Corp.: Fortnite World Cup Dominated by UMG Series Competitors: 16-year old, Kyle 'BUGHA' Geirsdorf wins UMG's Friday Fortnite and the Fortnite World Cup". Newstex Finance & Accounting Blogs. 29 July 2019. ProQuest 2265730428.[self-published source?]
  28. ^ a b c d Johnson, Mark R.; Woodcock, Jamie (2019-02-23). "'It's like the gold rush': the lives and careers of professional video game streamers on Twitch.tv" (PDF). Information, Communication & Society. 22 (3): 336–351. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1386229. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 149025429.
  29. ^ D'Anastasio, Cecilia (May 2, 2017). "When Fans Take Their Love For Twitch Streamers Too Far". Kotaku. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  30. ^ Hern, Alex (2015-02-05). "Gamer raided by Swat team in front of thousands of viewers". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  31. ^ Manna, Nicole (2017-12-29). "Call of Duty gaming community points to 'swatting' in deadly Wichita police shooting". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  32. ^ Darrah, Nicole (2017-12-29). "Kansas police investigate whether fatal shooting was result of prank called 'swatting'". Fox News. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  33. ^ Sommerfeldt, Chris (2017-12-29). "Kansas man shot to death by police was reportedly unintended victim of 'Call of Duty' 'swatting' prank". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2017-12-29.Sommerfeldt, Chris (29 December 2017). "Kan. man killed by cops was victim of 'swatting' prank". NY Daily News.
  34. ^ "Kansas Man Killed In 'SWATting' Attack — Krebs on Security". krebsonsecurity.com. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
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Further reading

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