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Coordinates: 41°19′13″N 75°58′22″W / 41.32028°N 75.97278°W / 41.32028; -75.97278
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{{short description|Region in Pennsylvania}}
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The '''Back Mountain''' is a [[region]] and former [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States. It is near the cities of [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]. The population was 33,551 as of 2016. The region has a total area of {{convert|117.59|sqmi|km2}}. The area was not delineated as a CDP for the 2010 census. The name "Back Mountain" refers to the area's location behind the mountain ridge forming the northwest side of the [[Wyoming Valley]]. The area includes the townships of [[Dallas Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Dallas]], [[Franklin Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Franklin]], [[Jackson Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Jackson]], [[Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Kingston]], [[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake]], and [[Lehman Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lehman]]. The region also includes the boroughs of [[Dallas, Pennsylvania|Dallas]] and [[Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania|Harveys Lake]]. Each township and borough is independently governed.
The '''Back Mountain''' is a [[region]] and former [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States. It is near the cities of [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|Wilkes-Barre]]. The population was 33,551 as of 2016.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} The region has a total area of {{convert|117.59|sqmi|km2}}. The area was not delineated as a CDP for the 2010 census. The name "Back Mountain" refers to the area's location behind the mountain ridge forming the northwest side of the [[Wyoming Valley]]. The area includes the townships of [[Dallas Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Dallas]], [[Franklin Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Franklin]], [[Jackson Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Jackson]], [[Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Kingston]], [[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake]], and [[Lehman Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lehman]]. The region also includes the boroughs of [[Dallas, Pennsylvania|Dallas]] and [[Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania|Harveys Lake]]. Each township and borough is independently governed.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Harvey's Lake, Pennsylvania (63532).jpg|thumb|left|[[Postcard]] of Harveys Lake and the Back Mountain (early 20th century)]]
[[File:Harvey's Lake, Pennsylvania (63532).jpg|thumb|left|[[Postcard]] of Harveys Lake and the Back Mountain (early 20th century)]]
[[File:Warden Place, Harvey's Lake, Pennsylvania (75648).jpg|thumb|left|Postcard of Harveys Lake (early 20th century)]]
[[File:Warden Place, Harvey's Lake, Pennsylvania (75648).jpg|thumb|left|Postcard of Harveys Lake (early 20th century)]]
The townships of Dallas, Franklin, Jackson, Kingston, Lake, and Lehman were formed in the early days of the Back Mountain. The area now known as Dallas was first settled in 1797. It was later incorporated as a borough on April 21, 1879. It was created from a section of Dallas Township.<ref name="books.google.com">[[Henry C. Bradsby|Bradsby, Henry C.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4BkVAAAAYAAJ History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 1893]</ref> The township had been formed in 1817<ref name="books.google.com" /> and was named for [[Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)|Alexander J. Dallas]], who was the 6th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] and the father of [[George M. Dallas]] (the vice president of [[James Polk]]). The Borough of Dallas has been described by some as the “Pride” of the Back Mountain.
The townships of Dallas, Franklin, Jackson, Kingston, Lake, and Lehman were formed in the 1800s. The area now known as Dallas was first settled in 1797. It was incorporated as a borough on April 21, 1879, from a section of Dallas Township.<ref name="books.google.com">[[Henry C. Bradsby|Bradsby, Henry C.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4BkVAAAAYAAJ History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 1893]</ref> The township, formed in 1817,<ref name="books.google.com" /> and was named for [[Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)|Alexander J. Dallas]], the 6th [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] and the father of [[George M. Dallas]] the vice president of [[James Polk]]. The Borough of Dallas is known as the “Pride” of the Back Mountain.


The second borough in the Back Mountain region is Harveys Lake. The lake was named after Benjamin Harvey, who inadvertently discovered the [[Harveys Lake (Pennsylvania)|lake]] in 1781. He was a member of the [[Sons of Liberty]], an eminent colonial-era group that eventually defeated the notion of [[Great Britain]]'s [[Stamp Act]]. The first resident in the vicinity of the lake was Matthew Scouten, who arrived in the early 1790s, but the first settlers were the Worthingtons, who arrived in 1806.
The second borough in the Back Mountain region is Harveys Lake. The lake was named after Benjamin Harvey, who discovered the [[Harveys Lake (Pennsylvania)|lake]] in 1781. He was a member of the [[Sons of Liberty]], an eminent colonial-era group opposed to [[Great Britain]]'s [[Stamp Act]] and a driving force behind the [[American Revolution]]. The first resident in the vicinity of the lake, Matthew Scouten, arrived in the early 1790s, others settlers, the Worthingtons, arrived in 1806.


Historically the area offered many forms of recreation and entertainment, which brought tourists from all over the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]. Harveys Lake became a major resort destination in the early 20th century. [[Hotels]], [[boathouses]], a [[casino]], and even an [[amusement park]] were all constructed around Harveys Lake. Grand Hotel Oneonta was especially prominent in the early 1900s, and former [[United States President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] visited the hotel in August 1912.<ref name = "backmountain">{{Citation|author = Harrison Wick|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lQy3U1_PissC&pg=PA118|title = Pennsylvania's Back Mountain|pages = 116&ndash;119|year = 2009|isbn = 9780738562780}}</ref> Harveys Lake was not officially incorporated as a borough until 1968.
Historically the area offered many forms of recreation and entertainment attracting tourists from all over the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]. Harveys Lake became a major resort destination in the early 20th century. [[Hotels]], [[boathouses]], a [[casino]], and an [[amusement park]] were constructed around Harveys Lake. Grand Hotel Oneonta was especially prominent in the early 1900s, and former [[United States President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] visited the hotel in August 1912.<ref name = "backmountain">{{Citation|author = Harrison Wick|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lQy3U1_PissC&pg=PA118|title = Pennsylvania's Back Mountain|pages = 116&ndash;119|year = 2009|isbn = 9780738562780}}</ref> Harveys Lake was incorporated as a borough in 1968.


[[Frances Slocum State Park]] is the only [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|state park]] in the Back Mountain. In 1968, the lake, which is the centerpiece of the park, was built to control [[flood]]ing in the [[North Branch Susquehanna River]]. In 1972, the park became a temporary home to 280 families who were displaced by the [[Hurricane Agnes|Agnes]] floods. The park was closed to the public; it was not reopened until 1974 when all the families were relocated.
[[Frances Slocum State Park]] is the only [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|state park]] in the Back Mountain. In 1968, the lake, which is the centerpiece of the park, was built to control [[flood]]ing in the [[North Branch Susquehanna River]]. In 1972, the park became a temporary home to 280 families who were displaced by the [[Hurricane Agnes|Agnes]] floods. The park was closed temporarily to the public and reopened in 1974 after all the families were relocated.


== Population and geography ==
== Population and geography ==
As of 2016, 33,551 people lived in the Back Mountain. It consists of six townships and two boroughs. The Back Mountain is located at {{coord|41|19|13|N|75|58|22|W|type:city}} (41.320230, -75.972645).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The region has a total area of {{convert|117.59|sqmi|km2}}. It is home to [[Frances Slocum State Park]], [[Lake Louise (Pennsylvania)|Lake Louise]], and [[Harveys Lake (Pennsylvania)|Harveys Lake]].
[[File:Backmountainmap.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A map of Luzerne County. The Back Mountain is outlined in red.]]
As of 2016, 33,551 people lived in the Back Mountain. It consists of six townships and two boroughs. The Back Mountain is located at {{coord|41|19|13|N|75|58|22|W|type:city}} (41.320230, -75.972645).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The region has a total area of {{convert|117.59|sqmi|km2}}. It is home to [[Frances Slocum State Park]], [[Lake Louise (Pennsylvania)|Lake Louise]], and [[Harveys Lake (Pennsylvania)|Harveys Lake]].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of community !!Population as of 2016!!Total area
!Name of community !!Population as of 2016!!Total area
|-
|-
|[[Dallas, Pennsylvania|Dallas Borough]]||2,768||2.42 sq mi (6.25&nbsp;km²)
|[[Dallas, Pennsylvania|Dallas Borough]]||2,768||2.42 sq mi (6.25&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Dallas Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Dallas Township]]||9,216||18.7 sq mi (48.5&nbsp;km²)
|[[Dallas Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Dallas Township]]||9,216||18.7 sq mi (48.5&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Franklin Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Franklin Township]]||1,745||13.1 sq mi (33.8&nbsp;km²)
|[[Franklin Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Franklin Township]]||1,745||13.1 sq mi (33.8&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania|Harveys Lake Borough]]||2,773||6.17 sq mi (15.99&nbsp;km²)
|[[Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania|Harveys Lake Borough]]||2,773||6.17 sq mi (15.99&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Jackson Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Jackson Township]]||4,633||13.4 sq mi (34.6&nbsp;km²)
|[[Jackson Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Jackson Township]]||4,633||13.4 sq mi (34.6&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Kingston Township]]||6,935||13.9 sq mi (36.0&nbsp;km²)
|[[Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Kingston Township]]||6,935||13.9 sq mi (36.0&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake Township]]||2,025||26.7 sq mi (69.1&nbsp;km²)
|[[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake Township]]||2,025||26.7 sq mi (69.1&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|[[Lehman Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lehman Township]]||3,456||23.2 sq mi (60.1&nbsp;km²)
|[[Lehman Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lehman Township]]||3,456||23.2 sq mi (60.1&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})
|-
|-
|'''Total'''||'''33,551'''||'''117.59 sq mi (304.34&nbsp;km²)'''
|'''Total'''||'''33,551'''||'''117.59 sq mi (304.34&nbsp;km{{sup|2}})'''
|-bgcolor="#ddeeff"-
|-bgcolor="#ddeeff"-
|}
|}


== Demographics when it was a CDP ==
== Demographics when it was a CDP ==
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 }}</ref> of 2000, there were 26,690 people, 9,267 households, and 6,894 families residing in the [[census-designated place]] (CDP). The [[population density]] was 249.5 people per square mile (96.3/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 9,997 housing units at an average density of 93.5/sq&nbsp;mi (36.1/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.45% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.30% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.10% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.18% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.43% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.05% of the population.
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 26,690 people, 9,267 households, and 6,894 families residing in the [[census-designated place]] (CDP). The [[population density]] was 249.5 people per square mile (96.3/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 9,997 housing units at an average density of 93.5/sq&nbsp;mi (36.1/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.45% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.30% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.10% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.18% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.43% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.05% of the population.


There were 9,267 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.01.
There were 9,267 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.01.
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
*[[Lisa Baker (Pennsylvania politician)|Lisa Baker]], [[Pennsylvania State Senate|State Senator]] from Pennsylvania
*[[Lisa Baker (Pennsylvania politician)|Lisa Baker]], [[Pennsylvania State Senate|State Senator]] from Pennsylvania
*[[Raye Hollitt]], an [[United States|American]] [[actress]], [[female bodybuilding|female bodybuilder]], and one of the original cast members of ''[[American Gladiators (1989 TV series)|American Gladiators]]''
*[[Raye Hollitt]], an [[United States|American]] actress, [[female bodybuilding|female bodybuilder]], and one of the original cast members of ''[[American Gladiators (1989 TV series)|American Gladiators]]''
*[[Mitchell Jenkins]], a former Republican U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania; he lived in Shavertown toward the end of his life
*[[Mitchell Jenkins]], a former Republican U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania; he lived in Shavertown toward the end of his life
*[[Greg Manusky]], professional [[American football|football]] player
*[[Greg Manusky]], NFL [[American football|football]] player and coach.
*[[Francis T. McAndrew]], Psychologist/Professor/Author
*[[Francis T. McAndrew]], Psychologist/Professor/Author
*[[Jay McCarroll]], the winning designer of Season 1 of ''[[Project Runway]]''; he grew up in Lehman and attended Lake Lehman High School
*[[Jay McCarroll]], the winning designer of Season 1 of ''[[Project Runway]]''; he grew up in Lehman and attended Lake Lehman High School
*[[Dan Meuser]], U.S. Representative
*[[Paige Selenski]], field hockey player for the [[US Olympic Team]]
*[[Paige Selenski]], field hockey player for the [[United States at the Summer Olympics|US Olympic Team]]
*[[Greg Skrepenak]], former NFL player, Luzerne County Commissioner, and convicted felon
*[[Greg Skrepenak]], former NFL player, Luzerne County Commissioner, and convicted felon
*[[Randy Stair]], Eaton Township Weis Market Shooter
*[[Stacey Williams]], Fashion Model
*[[T. Newell Wood]], Pennsylvania State Senator


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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{{Luzerne County, Pennsylvania}}
{{Luzerne County, Pennsylvania}}
{{Wyoming Valley}}
{{Wyoming Valley}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 12 November 2024

Back Mountain
From top, left to right: Cornell Road in Lehman Township, boats on Harveys Lake, Pennsylvania Route 415 in Dallas, scenery of the Dallas area, a church in the Dallas area, scenery of the Back Mountain Region
Back Mountain is located in Pennsylvania
Back Mountain
Back Mountain
Location of Back Mountain in Pennsylvania
Back Mountain is located in the United States
Back Mountain
Back Mountain
Back Mountain (the United States)
Coordinates: 41°19′13″N 75°58′22″W / 41.32028°N 75.97278°W / 41.32028; -75.97278
CountryUnited States
StatePennsylvania
CountyLuzerne
Area
 • Total
117.59 sq mi (304.6 km2)
Population
 (2016)
 • Total
33,551
 • Density290/sq mi (110/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Area code570

The Back Mountain is a region and former census-designated place (CDP) in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the cities of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. The population was 33,551 as of 2016.[citation needed] The region has a total area of 117.59 square miles (304.6 km2). The area was not delineated as a CDP for the 2010 census. The name "Back Mountain" refers to the area's location behind the mountain ridge forming the northwest side of the Wyoming Valley. The area includes the townships of Dallas, Franklin, Jackson, Kingston, Lake, and Lehman. The region also includes the boroughs of Dallas and Harveys Lake. Each township and borough is independently governed.

History

[edit]
Postcard of Harveys Lake and the Back Mountain (early 20th century)
Postcard of Harveys Lake (early 20th century)

The townships of Dallas, Franklin, Jackson, Kingston, Lake, and Lehman were formed in the 1800s. The area now known as Dallas was first settled in 1797. It was incorporated as a borough on April 21, 1879, from a section of Dallas Township.[1] The township, formed in 1817,[1] and was named for Alexander J. Dallas, the 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury and the father of George M. Dallas the vice president of James Polk. The Borough of Dallas is known as the “Pride” of the Back Mountain.

The second borough in the Back Mountain region is Harveys Lake. The lake was named after Benjamin Harvey, who discovered the lake in 1781. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty, an eminent colonial-era group opposed to Great Britain's Stamp Act and a driving force behind the American Revolution. The first resident in the vicinity of the lake, Matthew Scouten, arrived in the early 1790s, others settlers, the Worthingtons, arrived in 1806.

Historically the area offered many forms of recreation and entertainment attracting tourists from all over the Northeast. Harveys Lake became a major resort destination in the early 20th century. Hotels, boathouses, a casino, and an amusement park were constructed around Harveys Lake. Grand Hotel Oneonta was especially prominent in the early 1900s, and former United States President Theodore Roosevelt visited the hotel in August 1912.[2] Harveys Lake was incorporated as a borough in 1968.

Frances Slocum State Park is the only state park in the Back Mountain. In 1968, the lake, which is the centerpiece of the park, was built to control flooding in the North Branch Susquehanna River. In 1972, the park became a temporary home to 280 families who were displaced by the Agnes floods. The park was closed temporarily to the public and reopened in 1974 after all the families were relocated.

Population and geography

[edit]

As of 2016, 33,551 people lived in the Back Mountain. It consists of six townships and two boroughs. The Back Mountain is located at 41°19′13″N 75°58′22″W / 41.32028°N 75.97278°W / 41.32028; -75.97278 (41.320230, -75.972645).[3] The region has a total area of 117.59 square miles (304.6 km2). It is home to Frances Slocum State Park, Lake Louise, and Harveys Lake.

Name of community Population as of 2016 Total area
Dallas Borough 2,768 2.42 sq mi (6.25 km2)
Dallas Township 9,216 18.7 sq mi (48.5 km2)
Franklin Township 1,745 13.1 sq mi (33.8 km2)
Harveys Lake Borough 2,773 6.17 sq mi (15.99 km2)
Jackson Township 4,633 13.4 sq mi (34.6 km2)
Kingston Township 6,935 13.9 sq mi (36.0 km2)
Lake Township 2,025 26.7 sq mi (69.1 km2)
Lehman Township 3,456 23.2 sq mi (60.1 km2)
Total 33,551 117.59 sq mi (304.34 km2)

Demographics when it was a CDP

[edit]

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 26,690 people, 9,267 households, and 6,894 families residing in the census-designated place (CDP). The population density was 249.5 people per square mile (96.3/km2). There were 9,997 housing units at an average density of 93.5/sq mi (36.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.45% White, 4.30% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.05% of the population.

There were 9,267 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $49,298, and the median income for a family was $57,342. Males had a median income of $39,566 versus $27,202 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,105. About 4.8% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education

[edit]
Penn State Wilkes-Barre in Lehman Township, Luzerne County

Public school districts

[edit]

Colleges and universities

[edit]

Libraries

[edit]
  • Back Mountain Memorial Library

Transportation

[edit]
Pennsylvania Route 29 in Lake Township, Luzerne County

Highways

[edit]

Nearby airports

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]
[edit]
Swampland in Frances Slocum State Park
Harveys Lake
Lake Louise
Undeveloped land in Lake Township
A bicyclist in Dallas Township

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bradsby, Henry C., History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 1893
  2. ^ Harrison Wick (2009), Pennsylvania's Back Mountain, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 116–119, ISBN 9780738562780
  3. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.