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{{Short description|Volcanic evacuation warning system}}
The '''Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System''' consists of two separate components, operating in tandem: Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) and the All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) sirens. The AFM system was developed by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) in 1998 and is now maintained by [[Pierce County, Washington|Pierce County]] Emergency Management and the sirens are maintained by Pierce County Emergency Management. The purpose of the warning system is to assist in the evacuation of residents in the river valleys around Mount Rainier, [[Washington state]], in the event of a [[lahar]]. Pierce County works in partnership with the USGS, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN), Washington Military Department's Emergency Management Division, and South Sound 9-1-1 to monitor and operate the system.
The '''Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System''' consists of two separate components, operating in tandem: Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) and the All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) sirens. The AFM system was developed by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) in 1998 and is now maintained by [[Pierce County, Washington|Pierce County]] Emergency Management. The purpose of the warning system is to assist in the evacuation of residents in the river valleys around [[Mount Rainier]], a volcano in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], in the event of a [[lahar]]. Pierce County works in partnership with the USGS, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN), Washington Military Department's Emergency Management Division, and South Sound 9-1-1 to monitor and operate the system.


==History==
==History==
[[Image:Mount Rainier Hazard Map-en.svg|left|upright|thumb|Hazard map]]
[[Image:Mount Rainier Hazard Map-en.svg|left|upright|thumb|Hazard map]]
[[Mount Rainier]] is an active volcano in [[Washington state]] that last erupted in 1882. It has previously buried sections of the surrounding river valleys in a volcanic mudflow, called a lahar. The Puyallup River Valley is at greatest risk. Tens of thousands of people live in areas that may have as little as 40 minutes to as much as 3 hours to move to safety once a large lahar is detected, so the system is robust, warnings are disseminated promptly and widely, and people in harm's way are taught how to respond to the warnings and take protective actions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_rainier/mount_rainier_monitoring_99.html|title=USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier|last=Program|first=Volcano Hazards|website=volcanoes.usgs.gov|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>
[[Mount Rainier]] is an active volcano in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. It has previously buried sections of the surrounding river valleys in a volcanic mudflow, called a lahar. The Puyallup River Valley is at greatest risk. Tens of thousands of people live in areas that may have as little as 40 minutes to as much as three hours to move to safety once a large lahar is detected, so the system is robust, warnings are disseminated promptly and widely, and people in harm's way are taught how to respond to the warnings and take protective actions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_rainier/mount_rainier_monitoring_99.html|title=USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier|last=Program|first=Volcano Hazards|website=volcanoes.usgs.gov|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>


Geologists consider Mount Rainier the most dangerous mountain in the United States,
Geologists consider Mount Rainier the most dangerous mountain in the United States,
<ref name="xx1">Rainier: Danger at our door [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000516&slug=4021445], ''Seattle Times'', May 16, 2000, Accessed March 8, 2009.</ref>
<ref name="xx1">Rainier: Danger at our door [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20000516/4021445/rainier-danger-at-our-door], ''Seattle Times'', May 16, 2000, Accessed March 8, 2009.</ref>
and the USGS has estimated there is a 1-in-7 chance of a catastrophic lahar at Mount Rainier occurring in the next 75 years.
and the USGS has estimated there is a one-in-seven chance of a catastrophic lahar at Mount Rainier occurring in the next 75 years.
<ref name="xx2">5 Natural Disasters Headed for the United States {{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/3852052.html?page=2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-03-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220194041/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/3852052.html?page=2 |archivedate=2009-02-20 |df= }}, ''Popular Mechanics'', October 2006, Accessed March 8, 2009.</ref>
<ref name="xx2">5 Natural Disasters Headed for the United States {{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/3852052.html?page=2 |title=5 Natural Disasters Headed for the United States - Popular Mechanics |accessdate=2009-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220194041/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/3852052.html?page=2 |archivedate=2009-02-20 }}, ''Popular Mechanics'', October 2006, Accessed March 8, 2009.</ref>


[[File:OrtingRainier.jpg|right|thumb|Mount Rainier as seen from the High Cedars Golf Course in Orting, bordering the Carbon River]]
[[File:OrtingRainier.jpg|right|thumb|Mount Rainier as seen from the High Cedars Golf Course in Orting, bordering the Carbon River]]
After a deadly Oso landslide enveloped a neighborhood in 2014, scientists and emergency managers launched a review of how massive mudflows are detected. The Oso event killed 43 people and destroyed nearly 50 structures in Snohomish County on March 22, 2014; the landslide was about 8 million cubic meters of mass, but the projection for a Mount Rainier lahar is far greater, between 250 to 500 million cubic meters of mass.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/mount-rainier-to-get-new-digital-warning-system-for-massive-mudflows/|title=Mount Rainier to get new digital-warning system for massive mudflows|date=2017-01-02|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, Pierce County Emergency Management and the USGS have made plans to upgrade the AFM detection technology, expand the siren component, and are now working on a multiyear project to enhance the system.<ref name=":1" />
Pierce County Emergency Management and the USGS have made plans to upgrade the AFM detection technology, expand the siren component, and are now working on a multiyear project to enhance the system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/mount-rainier-to-get-new-digital-warning-system-for-massive-mudflows/|title=Mount Rainier to get new digital-warning system for massive mudflows|date=2017-01-02|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref>


==Components==
==Components==
Line 19: Line 20:
'''Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM):''' An automated system detects lahar flows by using a network of small sensors called acoustic flow monitors (AFMs) embedded underground to measure ground vibrations made by passing lahars. Computer base stations located in the Washington State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) continuously analyze signals from the field stations. Upon detection of a lahar, the computer alerts local 24–hour emergency monitoring and notification centers, who initiate the warning component of the system. Warning messages would trigger immediate, preplanned emergency-response actions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_rainier/mount_rainier_monitoring_99.html|title=USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier|last=Program|first=Volcano Hazards|website=volcanoes.usgs.gov|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>
'''Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM):''' An automated system detects lahar flows by using a network of small sensors called acoustic flow monitors (AFMs) embedded underground to measure ground vibrations made by passing lahars. Computer base stations located in the Washington State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) continuously analyze signals from the field stations. Upon detection of a lahar, the computer alerts local 24–hour emergency monitoring and notification centers, who initiate the warning component of the system. Warning messages would trigger immediate, preplanned emergency-response actions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_rainier/mount_rainier_monitoring_99.html|title=USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier|last=Program|first=Volcano Hazards|website=volcanoes.usgs.gov|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>


'''All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) Sirens:''' The Mount Rainier Lahar Siren project is part of an overall emergency communications system for Pierce County. The focus for the sirens is to warn the residents in the Puyallup River Valley of the need to evacuate due to a volcanic disaster from the Mount Rainier Volcano. When imminent volcanic danger threatens, the sirens will be activated. Citizens will be advised to evacuate the valley floor and head to higher ground by vehicle or foot. The outdoor lahar warning sirens are tested at noon on the first Monday of every month. The sirens wail for approximately five minutes during the testing. During a real event, the sirens will continuously wail until the batteries die or they are destroyed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.co.pierce.wa.us/917/Alert-Warning|title=Alert & Warning {{!}} Pierce County, WA - Official Website|website=www.co.pierce.wa.us|language=en|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>
'''All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) Sirens:''' The Mount Rainier Lahar Siren project is part of an overall emergency communications system for Pierce County. The focus for the [[Civil defense siren|sirens]] is to warn the residents in the Puyallup River Valley of the need to evacuate due to a volcanic disaster from the Mount Rainier Volcano. Over 40 [[Federal Signal Modulator]] sirens are strategically placed through the valley. When imminent volcanic danger threatens, the sirens will be activated, utilizing the emergency “wailing” tone. Citizens will be advised to evacuate the valley floor and head to higher ground by vehicle or foot. The outdoor lahar warning sirens are tested at noon on the first Monday of months January-September, November-December, using the “[[Westminster Quarters|Westminster Chime]]” tone for eight seconds followed by a voice announcement to ensure the sirens are working. Every October on the first Monday at Noon, the emergency warbling “wail” tone is tested for approximately five minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article246489805.html|title=Mount Rainier lahar sirens test will sound different from now on|last=Mount Rainier lahar sirens test|first=will sound different from now on|website=www.thenewstribune.com/|access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref> During a real volcanic event or other disaster, the sirens will continuously “wail” in 5 minute increments to warn residents and tourists to evacuate. They will continue to wail until the batteries die or the sirens themselves are destroyed by the lahar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.co.pierce.wa.us/917/Alert-Warning|title=Alert & Warning {{!}} Pierce County, WA - Official Website|website=www.co.pierce.wa.us|language=en|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>


==Warning Process==
==Warning process==


* The Washington Military Department's Emergency Management Division and South Sound 9-1-1 house the AFM detection system and are responsible for initiating notification of a lahar.<ref name=":0" />
* The [[Washington Military Department]]'s Emergency Management Division and South Sound 9-1-1 house the AFM detection system and are responsible for initiating notification of a lahar.<ref name=":0" />
* Once initiated, television and radio stations, such as NOAA Weather Radio, would broadcast alerts. More than two dozen sirens scattered in cities from Orting to the Port of Tacoma would activate.<ref name=":2" />
* Once initiated, television and radio stations, such as NOAA Weather Radio, would broadcast alerts. Forty-two sirens scattered in cities from Orting to the Port of Tacoma would activate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.co.pierce.wa.us/5888/Outdoor-Warning-System|title=Outdoor Warning System|access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref>
* Residents can sign up for alert notifications via [http://wa-piercecounty2.civicplus.com/921/Pierce-County-ALERT Pierce County ALERT], a free service that allows fire, police and other agencies dealing with emergency response to send out accurate and up-to-date information.<ref name=":2" />
* Residents can sign up for alert notifications via [http://wa-piercecounty2.civicplus.com/921/Pierce-County-ALERT Pierce County ALERT], a free service that allows fire, police and other agencies dealing with emergency response to send out accurate and up-to-date information.<ref name=":2" />


Revision as of 03:45, 13 November 2024

The Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System consists of two separate components, operating in tandem: Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) and the All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) sirens. The AFM system was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1998 and is now maintained by Pierce County Emergency Management. The purpose of the warning system is to assist in the evacuation of residents in the river valleys around Mount Rainier, a volcano in Washington, in the event of a lahar. Pierce County works in partnership with the USGS, the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN), Washington Military Department's Emergency Management Division, and South Sound 9-1-1 to monitor and operate the system.

History

Hazard map

Mount Rainier is an active volcano in Washington. It has previously buried sections of the surrounding river valleys in a volcanic mudflow, called a lahar. The Puyallup River Valley is at greatest risk. Tens of thousands of people live in areas that may have as little as 40 minutes to as much as three hours to move to safety once a large lahar is detected, so the system is robust, warnings are disseminated promptly and widely, and people in harm's way are taught how to respond to the warnings and take protective actions.[1]

Geologists consider Mount Rainier the most dangerous mountain in the United States, [2] and the USGS has estimated there is a one-in-seven chance of a catastrophic lahar at Mount Rainier occurring in the next 75 years. [3]

Mount Rainier as seen from the High Cedars Golf Course in Orting, bordering the Carbon River

Pierce County Emergency Management and the USGS have made plans to upgrade the AFM detection technology, expand the siren component, and are now working on a multiyear project to enhance the system.[4]

Components

One of many emergency evacuation route signs in case of volcanic eruption or lahar around Mt. Rainier

Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM): An automated system detects lahar flows by using a network of small sensors called acoustic flow monitors (AFMs) embedded underground to measure ground vibrations made by passing lahars. Computer base stations located in the Washington State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) continuously analyze signals from the field stations. Upon detection of a lahar, the computer alerts local 24–hour emergency monitoring and notification centers, who initiate the warning component of the system. Warning messages would trigger immediate, preplanned emergency-response actions.[5]

All Hazard Alert Broadcast (AHAB) Sirens: The Mount Rainier Lahar Siren project is part of an overall emergency communications system for Pierce County. The focus for the sirens is to warn the residents in the Puyallup River Valley of the need to evacuate due to a volcanic disaster from the Mount Rainier Volcano. Over 40 Federal Signal Modulator sirens are strategically placed through the valley. When imminent volcanic danger threatens, the sirens will be activated, utilizing the emergency “wailing” tone. Citizens will be advised to evacuate the valley floor and head to higher ground by vehicle or foot. The outdoor lahar warning sirens are tested at noon on the first Monday of months January-September, November-December, using the “Westminster Chime” tone for eight seconds followed by a voice announcement to ensure the sirens are working. Every October on the first Monday at Noon, the emergency warbling “wail” tone is tested for approximately five minutes.[6] During a real volcanic event or other disaster, the sirens will continuously “wail” in 5 minute increments to warn residents and tourists to evacuate. They will continue to wail until the batteries die or the sirens themselves are destroyed by the lahar.[7]

Warning process

  • The Washington Military Department's Emergency Management Division and South Sound 9-1-1 house the AFM detection system and are responsible for initiating notification of a lahar.[1]
  • Once initiated, television and radio stations, such as NOAA Weather Radio, would broadcast alerts. Forty-two sirens scattered in cities from Orting to the Port of Tacoma would activate.[8]
  • Residents can sign up for alert notifications via Pierce County ALERT, a free service that allows fire, police and other agencies dealing with emergency response to send out accurate and up-to-date information.[8]

Cultural references

  • An episode in the 2006 History Channel series Mega Disasters, titled "American Volcano", was about the impacts of a catastrophic lahar resulting from the eruption of Mount Rainier.
  • An episode of It Could Happen Tomorrow discusses what would happen if Mount Rainier erupted and caused a lahar.

References

  1. ^ a b Program, Volcano Hazards. "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  2. ^ Rainier: Danger at our door [1], Seattle Times, May 16, 2000, Accessed March 8, 2009.
  3. ^ 5 Natural Disasters Headed for the United States "5 Natural Disasters Headed for the United States - Popular Mechanics". Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-03-09., Popular Mechanics, October 2006, Accessed March 8, 2009.
  4. ^ "Mount Rainier to get new digital-warning system for massive mudflows". The Seattle Times. 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  5. ^ Program, Volcano Hazards. "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier". volcanoes.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  6. ^ Mount Rainier lahar sirens test, will sound different from now on. "Mount Rainier lahar sirens test will sound different from now on". www.thenewstribune.com/. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  7. ^ "Alert & Warning | Pierce County, WA - Official Website". www.co.pierce.wa.us. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  8. ^ a b "Outdoor Warning System". Retrieved 2020-12-02.
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