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{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{broader|Nut (food)}}
{{broader|Nut (fruit)}}
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Mixed nuts small white2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Mixed nuts in a bowl|A small bowl of mixed nuts]]
[[File:Mixed nuts small white2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Mixed nuts in a bowl|A small bowl of mixed nuts]]
[[File:20130126 Mixed nuts.jpg|thumb|A typical assortment of mixed nuts]]
[[File:20130126 Mixed nuts.jpg|thumb|An assortment of mixed nuts]]
<onlyinclude> <!-- See [[Wikipedia talk:Featured lists]] for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->
<onlyinclude> <!-- See [[Wikipedia talk:Featured lists]] for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->
A '''culinary nut''' is a dry, edible [[fruit]] or [[seed]] that usually, but not always, has a high [[fat]] content. Nuts are used in a wide variety of edible roles, including in baking, as snacks (either roasted or raw), and as flavoring. In addition to [[Nut (fruit)|botanical nuts]], fruits and seeds that have a similar appearance and culinary role are considered to be culinary nuts.<ref>{{cite book
A '''culinary nut''' is a dry, edible [[fruit]] or [[seed]] that usually, but not always, has a high [[fat]] content. Nuts are used in a wide variety of edible roles, including in baking, as snacks (either roasted or raw), and as flavoring. In addition to [[Nut (fruit)|botanical nuts]], fruits and seeds that have a similar appearance and culinary role are considered to be culinary nuts.<ref>{{cite book
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef05e.htm
| url=http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef05e.htm
| title=Nuts and derived products|work=Definition and Classification of Commodities
| title=Nuts and derived products
| work=Definition and Classification of Commodities
| date=1996
| date=1996
| access-date=2011-11-21
| access-date=2011-11-21
| publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)
| publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)
⚫
| archive-date=2018-12-24
⚫
}}</ref>
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170553/http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef05e.htm
| url-status=dead
⚫
}}</ref>
* [[Drupe]]s: seed contained within a pit (stone or [[pyrena]]) that itself is surrounded by a fleshy fruit (e.g. [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s);<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/drupe | work=Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 11th Edition.| publisher=Harper-Collins Publishers | year=2012 | title=Drupe | access-date=2012-09-05 }}</ref>
* [[Drupe]]s: seed contained within a pit (stone or [[pyrena]]) that itself is surrounded by a fleshy fruit (e.g. [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s);<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/drupe | work=Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 11th Edition.| publisher=Harper-Collins Publishers | year=2012 | title=Drupe | access-date=2012-09-05 }}</ref>
* [[Gymnosperm]] seeds: naked seeds, with no enclosure (e.g. [[pine nut]]s);
* [[Gymnosperm]] seeds: naked seeds, with no enclosure (e.g. [[pine nut]]s);
* [[Flowering plant|Angiosperm]]: seeds surrounded by an enclosure, such as a pod or a fruit (e.g. [[peanut]]s).
* [[Flowering plant|Angiosperm]]: seeds surrounded by an enclosure, such as a pod or a fruit (e.g. [[peanut]]s).


Nuts have a rich history as food. For many [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], a wide variety of nuts, including [[acorn]]s, [[Fagus grandifolia|American beech]], and others, served as a major source of [[starch]] and fat over thousands of years.<ref name="moerman">{{cite book
Nuts have a rich history as food. For many [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], a wide variety of nuts, including [[acorn]]s, [[Fagus grandifolia|American beech]], and others, served as a major source of [[starch]] and fat over thousands of years.{{Sfn|Moerman|2010}} Similarly, a wide variety of nuts have served as food for [[Indigenous Australians]] for many centuries.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8eP3zp4DsC
| title=Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
| first1=Daniel E.
| last1=Moerman
⚫
| publisher=Timber Press
| year=2010
| isbn=978-1-60469-189-4
⚫
| access-date=2011-11-21
}}</ref> Similarly, a wide variety of nuts have served as food for [[Indigenous Australians]] for many centuries.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usav1CwZaXEC
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Usav1CwZaXEC
| title=Aboriginal plant collectors: botanists and Australian aboriginal people in the nineteenth century
| title=Aboriginal plant collectors: botanists and Australian aboriginal people in the nineteenth century
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|access-date = 2011-11-22
|access-date = 2011-11-22
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.is/20071023025755/http://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/classroom-history.php
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20071023025755/http://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/classroom-history.php
|archive-date = 2007-10-23
|archive-date = 2007-10-23
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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The following are both culinary and botanical nuts.
The following are both culinary and botanical nuts.


* [[Acorn]] (''[[Quercus]]'', ''[[Lithocarpus]]'' and ''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'' [[Species#Abbreviations|spp.]]), used from ancient times among [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] as a [[staple food]], in particular for making bread and [[porridge]].<ref>[[#moerman|Moerman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8eP3zp4DsC&lpg=PT208&dq=acorn%20food&pg=PT207#v=onepage&q=acorn%20food&f=false pp. 206–212]</ref>
* [[Acorn]] (''[[Quercus]]'', ''[[Lithocarpus]]'' and ''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'' [[Species#Abbreviations|spp.]]), used from ancient times among [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] as a [[staple food]], in particular for making bread and [[porridge]].{{Sfn|Moerman|2010|p=206–212}}
* [[Beech]] (''Fagus'' spp.)
* [[Beech]] (''Fagus'' spp.)
** [[American beech]] (''Fagus grandifolia''), used by [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] as food. Several tribes sought stores of beech nuts gathered by [[chipmunk]]s and [[deer mouse|deer mice]], thus obtaining nuts that were already sorted and shelled.<ref>[[#moerman|Moerman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8eP3zp4DsC&lpg=PT208&dq=acorn%20food&pg=PT115#v=onepage&q=fagus&f=false p. 114]</ref>
** [[American beech]] (''Fagus grandifolia''), used by [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] as food. Several tribes sought stores of beech nuts gathered by [[chipmunk]]s and [[deer mouse|deer mice]], thus obtaining nuts that were already sorted and shelled.{{Sfn|Moerman|2010|p=114}}
** [[European beech]] (''Fagus sylvatica''), although edible, have never been popular as a source of food. They have been used as animal feed and to extract a popular edible oil.<ref>{{cite book
** [[European beech]] (''Fagus sylvatica''), although edible, have never been popular as a source of food. They have been used as animal feed and to extract a popular edible oil.{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=405}}
⚫
* [[Brosimum alicastrum|Breadnut]] (''Brosimum alicastrum''), used by the ancient [[Maya peoples]] as [[animal fodder]], and as an alternative food when yield of other crops was insufficient.{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=276}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&q=european%20beech%20nuts&pg=PA405
| page=405
| title=The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts
| publisher=Cabi Publishing
| first1=Jules
| last1=Janick
| first2=Robert E.
| last2=Paull
| year=2008
| isbn=978-0-85199-638-7
⚫
| access-date=2011-11-21
⚫
}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Brosimum alicastrum|Breadnut]] (''Brosimum alicastrum''), used by the ancient [[Maya peoples]] as [[animal fodder]], and as an alternative food when yield of other crops was insufficient.<ref name="dover">{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&q=breadnut%20food&pg=PA276
| page=276
| title=The Book of Edible Nuts
| publisher=Courier Dover Publications
| year=2004
| isbn=0-486-43499-0
⚫
| access-date=2011-11-21
⚫
}}</ref>
* [[Candlenut]] (''Aleurites moluccana''), used in many [[South East Asia]]n cuisines.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Candlenut]] (''Aleurites moluccana''), used in many [[South East Asia]]n cuisines.<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnsTxepydfQC&q=candlenut%20food&pg=PA231
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnsTxepydfQC&q=candlenut%20food&pg=PA231
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| access-date=2011-11-21
| access-date=2011-11-21
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
** (Note: the [[water chestnut]] is not a nut at all; it is a [[tuber]])
** ''Note that the '[[water chestnut]]' is a [[tuber]], not a nut.''
* [[Pachira glabra|Guinea peanut]] (''Pachira glabra''), like those of the related Malabar chestnut, the seeds taste similar to peanuts<ref name="PBCRC">[http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/201200023.html "''Pachira glabra'' Pasq."] at Plant Biodiversity Conservatory and Research Core of University of Connecticut. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref> and are typically boiled or roasted,<ref>[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+glabra "Pachira glabra - Pasq."] at Plants For A Future. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref> with the roasted seeds sometimes ground to make a hot drink.<ref name="PBCRC"/>
* [[Pachira glabra|Guinea peanut]] (''Pachira glabra''), like those of the related Malabar chestnut, the seeds taste similar to peanuts<ref name="PBCRC">[http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/201200023.html "''Pachira glabra'' Pasq."] at Plant Biodiversity Conservatory and Research Core of University of Connecticut. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref> and are typically boiled or roasted,<ref>[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+glabra "Pachira glabra – Pasq"]. at Plants For A Future. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref> with the roasted seeds sometimes ground to make a hot drink.<ref name="PBCRC"/>
* [[Hazelnut|Hazelnuts]] (''[[Corylus]]'' spp.), most commercial varieties of which descend from the European hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'').<ref name="breeding">{{cite book
* [[Hazelnut|Hazelnuts]] (''[[Corylus]]'' spp.), most commercial varieties of which descend from the European hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'').<ref name="breeding">{{cite book
| work=Fruit Breeding
| work=Fruit Breeding
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| isbn=9780471126690
| isbn=9780471126690
| date=1996-05-02
| date=1996-05-02
⚫
| publisher=John Wiley & Sons
}}</ref> Hazelnuts are used to make [[praline]]s, in the popular [[Nutella]] spread, in [[liqueur]]s, and in many other foods.
}}</ref> Hazelnuts are used to make [[praline (nut confection)|pralines]], in the popular [[Nutella]] spread, in [[liqueur]]s, and in many other foods.
** [[Corylus americana|American hazelnut]] (''Corylus americana''), appealing for breeding because of its relative hardiness.<ref name="breeding" />
** [[Corylus americana|American hazelnut]] (''Corylus americana''), appealing for breeding because of its relative hardiness.<ref name="breeding" />
** Deeknut (''Corylus dikana''), grows in hot, excessively dry areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Common and Exotic Fruit and Nut Trees|url = http://www.rawganique.com/Off-The-Grid-Homesteading/fruit-trees-traditional-exotic.htm|website = www.rawganique.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> An occasional garnish used in Middle Eastern dishes.
** Deeknut (''Corylus dikana''), grows in hot, excessively dry areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Common and Exotic Fruit and Nut Trees|url = http://www.rawganique.com/Off-The-Grid-Homesteading/fruit-trees-traditional-exotic.htm|website = www.rawganique.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> An occasional garnish used in Middle Eastern dishes.
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| isbn=978-1-4262-0372-5
| isbn=978-1-4262-0372-5
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Mongongo]] (''Ricinodendron rautanenii''), abundant source of protein among [[Bushmen]] in the [[Kalahari desert]].<ref>{{cite book
* [[Mongongo]] (''Ricinodendron rautanenii''), abundant source of protein among [[Bushmen]] in the [[Kalahari Desert]].<ref>{{cite book
| author=Lee, Robert B.
| author=Lee, Robert B.
| page=319
| page=319
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| publisher=New Agriculturist
| publisher=New Agriculturist
| access-date=2011-04-28
| access-date=2011-04-28
⚫
| archive-date=2016-03-19
⚫
}}</ref>
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319170958/http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=794
⚫
* [[Oil palm|Palm nuts]] (''Elaeis guineensis''), important [[famine food]] among the [[Himba people]] in Africa.<ref>{{citation
| url-status=dead
⚫
}}</ref>
* [[Sacha inchi]] (''Plukenetia volubilis''), the roasted seeds can be consumed as nuts.
⚫
* [[Elaeis|Palm nuts]] (''Elaeis'' spp.), important [[famine food]] among the [[Himba people]] in Africa<ref>{{citation
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsPO7wYv1VkC&q=%22palm%20nuts%22%20food&pg=PA193
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsPO7wYv1VkC&q=%22palm%20nuts%22%20food&pg=PA193
| page=193
| page=193
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| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Red bopple nut]] (''Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia''), native to the east coast of [[Australia]].<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book|last1=Janick|first1=Jules|last2=Paull|first2=Robert E.|title=The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&q=%22Hicksbeachia+pinnatifolia%22+edible+nuts&pg=PA600|access-date=28 May 2010|year=2008|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-0-85199-638-7|page=600}}</ref> Low in fat, high in [[calcium]] and [[potassium]]. Eaten as [[bush food]]. Considered similar, but inferior to the [[macadamia]].
* [[Red bopple nut]] (''Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia''), native to the east coast of [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=600}} Low in fat, high in [[calcium]] and [[potassium]]. Eaten as [[bush food]]. Considered similar, but inferior to the [[macadamia]].
* [[Yellow walnut]] (''Beilschmiedia bancroftii''), native to [[Australia]] where it served as a [[staple food]] among Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Yellow walnut]] (''Beilschmiedia bancroftii''), native to [[Australia]] where it served as a [[staple food]] among Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHYxSHr86T8C&q=yellow%20walnut%20food&pg=PA364
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHYxSHr86T8C&q=yellow%20walnut%20food&pg=PA364
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A [[drupe]] is a fleshy fruit surrounding a stone, or pit, containing a seed. Some of these seeds are culinary nuts as well.
A [[drupe]] is a fleshy fruit surrounding a stone, or pit, containing a seed. Some of these seeds are culinary nuts as well.


[[File:Smoked almonds.JPG|thumbnail|alt=Smoked almonds, ready for eating|[[Smoking (cooking)|Smoked]] [[almond]]s]]
[[File:Smoked almonds.JPG|thumbnail|alt=Smoked almonds|[[Smoking (cooking)|Smoked]] almonds]]

* [[Almond#Culinary uses|Almond]]s (''[[Prunus dulcis]]'') have a long and important history of religious, social and cultural significance as a food.<ref>{{cite web
* [[Almond]]s (''Prunus dulcis'') have a long and important history of religious, social and cultural significance as a food.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = Almond Board of California
|publisher = Almond Board of California
|title = History of Almonds
|title = History of Almonds
|access-date = 2011-11-22
|access-date = 2011-11-22
|url = http://www.almondboard.com/CONSUMER/ABOUTALMONDS/Pages/HistoryofAlmonds.aspx
|url = http://www.almondboard.com/CONSUMER/ABOUTALMONDS/Pages/HistoryofAlmonds.aspx
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111126132450/http://www.almondboard.com/CONSUMER/ABOUTALMONDS/Pages/HistoryofAlmonds.aspx#
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111126132450/http://www.almondboard.com/CONSUMER/ABOUTALMONDS/Pages/HistoryofAlmonds.aspx
|archive-date = 2011-11-26
|archive-date = 2011-11-26
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Apricot]] kernels are sometimes used as an almond substitute, an Apricot seed derived ''ersatz''-Marzipan is known as "Persipan" in German and is extensively used in foods like [[Stollen]].
* [[Apricot]] kernels are sometimes used as an almond substitute, an Apricot seed derived ''ersatz''-Marzipan is known as "Persipan" in German and is extensively used in foods like [[Stollen]].
* [[Australian cashew nut]] (''Semecarpus australiensis'') is a source of food for Indigenous Australians of north-eastern [[Queensland]] and Australia's [[Northern Territory]].<ref>[[#encyclopedia|Janick 2008]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&lpg=PA29&dq=%22Semecarpus%20australiensis%22%20food&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 29]</ref>
* [[Australian cashew nut]] (''Semecarpus australiensis'') is a source of food for Indigenous Australians of north-eastern [[Queensland]] and Australia's [[Northern Territory]].{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=29}}
* [[Dipteryx alata|Baru nut (''Dipteryx alata)'']] is a source of food for indigenous Afro-Brazilian communities living in the Brazilian Cerrado. The nut is eaten toasted or boiled.
* [[Baru nut]] (''Dipteryx alata)'' is a source of food for indigenous Afro-Brazilian communities living in the Brazilian Cerrado. The nut is eaten toasted or boiled.
*[[Betel nut|Betel]] or ''areca nuts'' (''Areca catechu'') are chewed in many cultures as a psychoactive drug.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_883_2004-12-17.html|title=Betel chewing|work=Singapore Infopedia|publisher=National Library Singapore|date=May 5, 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015222435/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_883_2004-12-17.html|archive-date=October 15, 2008}}</ref> They are also used in Indian cuisine to make sweet after-dinner treats ({{lang|hi-latn|mukwas}}) and breath-fresheners ({{lang|hi-latn|paan masala}}).<ref>{{cite web
*[[Betel nut|Betel]] or ''areca nuts'' (''Areca catechu'') are chewed in many cultures as a psychoactive drug.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_883_2004-12-17.html|title=Betel chewing |work=Singapore Infopedia|publisher=National Library Singapore|date=May 5, 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015222435/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_883_2004-12-17.html |archive-date=October 15, 2008}}</ref> They are also used in Indian cuisine to make sweet after-dinner treats ({{lang|hi-latn|mukwas}}) and breath-fresheners ({{lang|hi-latn|paan masala}}).<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/betelnut_food.html
|url = http://www.kew.org/plant-cultures/plants/betelnut_food.html
|title = Betelnut–food
|title = Betelnut–food
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|archive-date = 2011-09-18
|archive-date = 2011-09-18
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Borneo tallow nut]]s (''[[Shorea]]'' spp.) are grown in the tropical rain forests of [[South East Asia]], as a source of edible oil.<ref name="axtell">{{cite book
* [[Borneo tallow nut]]s (''[[Shorea]]'' spp.) are grown in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia, as a source of edible oil.<ref name="axtell">{{cite book
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/X5043E00.htm
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/X5043E00.htm
| title=Minor oil crops
| title=Minor oil crops
| publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)
| publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)
| year=1992
| year=1992
| author=Axtell, B.L. from research by R.M. Fairman
| author=Axtell, B.L. |others=Research by R.M. Fairman
| access-date=2011-11-18
| access-date=2011-11-18
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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|archive-date = 2011-11-06
|archive-date = 2011-11-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Cashew#Uses|Cashew]]s (''Anacardium occidentale'') grow as a drupe that is attached to the [[cashew apple]], the fruit of the [[cashew]] tree.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Cashew]]s (''Anacardium occidentale'') grow as a drupe that is attached to the [[cashew apple]], the fruit of the cashew tree.<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&q=cashew%20drupe%20apple&pg=PA61
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&q=cashew%20drupe%20apple&pg=PA61
| page=61
| page=61
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| isbn=1-56022-259-X
| isbn=1-56022-259-X
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Gevuina avellana|Chilean hazel]] (''Gevuina avellana''), from an evergreen native to [[South America]], similar in appearance and taste to the [[hazelnut]].<ref>[[#dover|Edible Nuts]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&lpg=PA281&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 281&ndash;282]</ref>
* [[Chilean hazel]] (''Gevuina avellana''), from an evergreen native to [[South America]], similar in appearance and taste to the [[hazelnut]].{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=281-282}}
* [[Coconut]] (''Cocos nucifera''), used worldwide as a food. The fleshy part of the seed is edible, and used either desiccated or fresh as an ingredient in many foods. The [[coconut oil|pressed oil]] from the coconut is used in cooking as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual on Standardized Research Techniques in Coconut Breeding |editor1=Santos, GA |editor2=Batugal, P.A. |editor3=Othman, A. |editor4=Baudouin, L. |editor5=Labouisse, J.P. |chapter=Botany of the Coconut Palm |publisher=International Plant Genetics Research Institute |url=http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/108/ch02.htm |access-date=2011-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323004031/http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/108/ch02.htm |archive-date=2012-03-23 }}</ref>
* [[Coconut]] (''Cocos nucifera''), used worldwide as a food. The fleshy part of the seed is edible, and used either desiccated or fresh as an ingredient in many foods. The [[coconut oil|pressed oil]] from the coconut is used in cooking as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual on Standardized Research Techniques in Coconut Breeding |editor1=Santos, GA |editor2=Batugal, P.A. |editor3=Othman, A. |editor4=Baudouin, L. |editor5=Labouisse, J.P. |chapter=Botany of the Coconut Palm |publisher=International Plant Genetics Research Institute |url=http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/108/ch02.htm |access-date=2011-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323004031/http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/108/ch02.htm |archive-date=2012-03-23 }}</ref>
* [[Coula edulis|Gabon nut]] (''Coula edulis'') has a taste comparable to hazelnut or chestnut. It is eaten raw, grilled or boiled.<ref>{{cite web
* [[Gabon nut]] (''Coula edulis'') has a taste comparable to hazelnut or chestnut. It is eaten raw, grilled or boiled.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = World Agroforestry Tree Database
|publisher = World Agroforestry Tree Database
|url = http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=605
|url = http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=605
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|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Hickory#Uses|Hickory]] (''[[Carya]]'' spp.)
* [[Hickory]] (''[[Carya]]'' spp.)
** [[Mockernut hickory]] (''Carya tomentosa''), named after the heavy hammer (''{{lang|nl|moker}}'' in [[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]) required to crack the heavy shell and remove the tasty nutmeat.<ref>{{cite book
** [[Mockernut hickory]] (''Carya tomentosa''), native to North America, named after the heavy hammer (''{{lang|nl|moker}}'' in [[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]) required to crack the heavy shell and remove the tasty nutmeat.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants
| title=Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05Jsi7BOW_oC&q=edible%20carya%20tomentosa&pg=PA171
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05Jsi7BOW_oC&q=edible%20carya%20tomentosa&pg=PA171
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| publisher=USDA-ARS Pecan Genetics
| publisher=USDA-ARS Pecan Genetics
| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
⚫
| archive-date=2011-12-02
}}</ref>
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202184601/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/carya/species/ovata/ovata.htm
⚫
** [[Shellbark Hickory|Shellbark hickory]] (''Carya laciniosa'') nuts are sweet, and are the largest of the hickories. They are also eaten by a wide variety of wildlife.<ref>{{cite web
| url-status=dead
⚫
}}</ref>
⚫
** [[Shellbark hickory]] (''Carya laciniosa'') nuts are sweet, and are the largest of the hickories. They are also eaten by a wide variety of wildlife.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cala21.pdf
| url=http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cala21.pdf
| publisher=[[USDA]]
| publisher=[[USDA]]
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* ''[[Irvingia]]'' spp. are native to Africa
* ''[[Irvingia]]'' spp. are native to Africa
** Bush mango (''[[Irvingia gabonensis]]'') has both edible fruit and an edible nut, which is used as a [[thickening agent]] in stews and soups in West African cuisines.<ref name="irvingia">[[#encyclopedia|Janick 2008]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&lpg=PA420&dq=Ogbono%20nut&pg=PA419#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 420]</ref>
** Bush mango (''[[Irvingia gabonensis]]'') has both edible fruit and an edible nut, which is used as a [[thickening agent]] in stews and soups in West African cuisines.{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=420}}
** [[Ogbono nut]] (''Irvingia wombolu'') is similar to the bush mango, but the fruit is not edible.<ref name="irvingia" />
** [[Ogbono nut]] (''Irvingia wombolu'') is similar to the bush mango, but the fruit is not edible.{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=420}}
* [[Jackfruit|Jack nuts]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'') are the seeds of the jack fruit. With a taste like [[chestnut]]s, they have an extremely low fat content of less than 1%.<ref>[[#dover|Edible Nuts]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&lpg=PA281&dq=chilean%20hazel&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 294]</ref>
* [[Jackfruit|Jack nuts]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'') are the seeds of the jack fruit. With a taste like [[chestnut]]s, they have an extremely low fat content of less than 1%.{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=294}}
*[[Butia capitata|Jelly Palm Nut]] (''Butia capitata''), sweet edible fruit, and edible nut.
*[[Butia capitata|Jelly palm nut]] (''Butia capitata''), sweet edible fruit, and edible nut.
*[[Artocarpus camansi|Bread Nuts]] (''Artocarpus camansi'') similarly have a chesnut taste and very low fat content
*[[Artocarpus camansi|Bread nuts]] (''Artocarpus camansi'') similarly have a chesnut taste and very low fat content
* [[Panda (plant)|''Panda oleosa'']] is used in [[Gabon]] in a similar way to bush mango nuts, as well as to extract an edible oil.<ref>{{citation
* ''[[Panda oleosa]]'' is used in [[Gabon]] in a similar way to bush mango nuts, as well as to extract an edible oil.<ref>{{citation
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YW-ZbQnWQYsC&q=Panda%20oleosa&pg=PA129
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YW-ZbQnWQYsC&q=Panda%20oleosa&pg=PA129
| page=129
| page=129
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| isbn=978-90-5782-191-2
| isbn=978-90-5782-191-2
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Caryocar nuciferum|Pekea nut]], or butter-nut of [[Guyana|Guiana]] (''Caryocar nuciferum''), harvested locally for its highly prized edible oil.<ref name="axtell" />
* [[Pekea nut]], or butter-nut of [[Guyana]] (''Caryocar nuciferum''), harvested locally for its highly prized edible oil.<ref name="axtell" />
* [[Pistachio#Cultivation and uses|Pistachio]] (''Pistacia vera'' L.), cultivated for thousands of years, native to [[West Asia]].<ref>{{cite web
* [[Pistachio]] (''Pistacia vera'' L.), cultivated for thousands of years, native to [[West Asia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pgai.com.au/html/history.html
|url = http://www.pgai.com.au/html/history.html
|publisher = Pistachio Growers Association
|publisher = Pistachio Growers Association
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| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
** [[Butternut tree|Butternut]] (''Juglans cinerea'') (or white walnut) is native to North America. Used extensively, in the past, by Native American tribes as food.<ref>[[#moerman|Moerman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8eP3zp4DsC&lpg=PT132&dq=juglans%20cinerea%20food&pg=PT132#v=onepage&q&f=false p 132].</ref>
** [[Juglans cinerea|Butternut]] (''Juglans cinerea'') (or white walnut) is native to North America. Used extensively, in the past, by Native American tribes as food.{{Sfn|Moerman|2010|p=132}}
** [[Juglans regia|English walnut]] (''Juglans regia'') (or Persian walnut) was introduced to [[California]] around 1770. California now represents 99% of US walnut growth.<ref>{{cite book
** [[English walnut]] (''Juglans regia'') (or Persian walnut) was introduced to [[California]] around 1770. California now represents 99% of US walnut growth.<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKawaOt88A0C&lpg=PA8
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKawaOt88A0C&pg=PA8
| page=8
| page=8
| title=Walnut production manual
| title=Walnut production manual
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| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref> It is often combined with salads, vegetables, fruits or desserts because of its distinctive taste.
}}</ref> It is often combined with salads, vegetables, fruits or desserts because of its distinctive taste.
** [[Heartnut]], or Japanese walnut (''Juglans aitlanthifolia''), native to [[Japan]], with a characteristic [[Heart-shaped|cordate]] shape.<ref>[[#dover|Edible Nuts]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&lpg=PA276&dq=breadnut%20food&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=breadnut%20food&f=false p. 288]</ref> Heartnuts are often toasted or baked, and can be used as a substitute for English walnuts.
** [[Heartnut]], or Japanese walnut (''Juglans aitlanthifolia''), native to [[Japan]], with a characteristic [[Heart-shaped|cordate]] shape.{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=288}} Heartnuts are often toasted or baked, and can be used as a substitute for English walnuts.


== Nut-like gymnosperm seeds ==
== Nut-like gymnosperm seeds ==
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| url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/mackey.html
| url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/mackey.html
| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
⚫
| archive-date=2015-02-27
}}</ref>
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227073800/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/cycad/mackey.html
| url-status=dead
⚫
}}</ref>
** [[Burrawang nut]] (''Macrozamia communis''), a major source of starch for Indigenous Australians around [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite conference
** [[Burrawang nut]] (''Macrozamia communis''), a major source of starch for Indigenous Australians around [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite conference
| title=Aboriginal Uses of Plants Around Sydney
| title=Aboriginal Uses of Plants Around Sydney
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* ''[[Araucaria]]'' spp.
* ''[[Araucaria]]'' spp.
** [[Araucaria bidwillii|Bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii'') is native to [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Nuts are the size of walnuts, and rich in starch.<ref name="nugent">{{cite book
** [[Araucaria bidwillii|Bunya nut]] (''Araucaria bidwillii'') is native to [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Nuts are the size of walnuts, and rich in starch.{{Sfn|Nugent|Boniface|2004|p=41}}
⚫
** [[Araucaria araucana|Monkey-puzzle nut]] (''Araucaria araucana'') has nuts twice the size of almonds. Rich in starch. Roasted, boiled, eaten raw, or fermented in Chile and Argentina.{{Sfn|Nugent|Boniface|2004|p=41}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC&q=araucaria%20araucana%20nut&pg=PA41
| page=41
| title=Permaculture plants: a selection
| author1=Nugent, Jeff
| author2=Boniface, Julia
| edition=Second
| publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing
| year=2004
| isbn=1-85623-029-5
⚫
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref>
⚫
** [[Araucaria araucana|Monkey-puzzle nut]] (''Araucaria araucana'') has nuts twice the size of almonds. Rich in starch. Roasted, boiled, eaten raw, or fermented in Chile and Argentina.<ref name="nugent" />
** [[Araucaria angustifolia|Paraná pine nut]] (''Araucaria angustifolia'') (or Brazil pine nut) is an edible seed similar to pine nuts.<ref>{{cite book
** [[Araucaria angustifolia|Paraná pine nut]] (''Araucaria angustifolia'') (or Brazil pine nut) is an edible seed similar to pine nuts.<ref>{{cite book
| title=The Cultural history of plants
| title=The Cultural history of plants
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| pages=114–116
| pages=114–116
| title=Nut fruits for the Himalayas
| title=Nut fruits for the Himalayas
| author=Dewan, M. L.; Nautiyal, M. C.; Sah, V. K.; Trees for Life, India (Organization)
| author=Dewan, M. L. | author2=Nautiyal, M. C. | author3=Sah, V. K. | author4=Trees for Life, India
| publisher=Concept Publishing Company
| publisher=Concept Publishing Company
| year=1992
| year=1992
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| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
** [[Pinus koraiensis|Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis''), a pine-nut yielding species native to Asia.<ref name="janick_p595">[[#encyclopedia|Janick 2008]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&lpg=PA595&dq=pinus%20koraiensis%20nuts&pg=PA595#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 595]</ref>
** [[Pinus koraiensis|Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis''), a pine-nut yielding species native to Asia.{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=595}}
** [[Mexican Pinyon|Mexican pinyon]] (''Pinus cembroides''), found in Mexico and Arizona. Nuts are eaten raw, roasted, or made into flour.<ref>[[#nugent|Nugent]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC&lpg=PA43&dq=pinus%20cembroides%20nut&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 43]</ref>
** [[Mexican Pinyon|Mexican pinyon]] (''Pinus cembroides''), found in Mexico and Arizona. Nuts are eaten raw, roasted, or made into flour.{{Sfn|Nugent|Boniface|2004|p=43}}
** [[Single-leaf Pinyon|Single-leaf pinyon]] (''Pinus monophylla'') grows in foothills from Mexico to Idaho. Eaten as other pine nuts. Also sometimes ground and made into pancakes.<ref>[[#nugent|Nugent]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC&lpg=PA43&dq=pinus%20cembroides%20nut&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 44]</ref>
** [[Single-leaf Pinyon|Single-leaf pinyon]] (''Pinus monophylla'') grows in foothills from Mexico to Idaho. Eaten as other pine nuts. Also sometimes ground and made into pancakes.{{Sfn|Nugent|Boniface|2004|p=44}}
** [[Stone pine]], or ''pignolia nut'' (''Pinus pinea'') is the most commercially important pine nut.<ref name="janick_p595"/>
** [[Stone pine]], or ''pignolia nut'' (''Pinus pinea'') is the most commercially important pine nut.{{Sfn|Janick|Paull|2008|p=595}}


== Nut-like angiosperm seeds ==
== Nut-like angiosperm seeds ==


[[File:Macadamia nut.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Macadamia, in the husk|[[Macadamia nut]]s are edible [[angiosperm]] seeds.]]
[[File:Macadamia nut.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Macadamia, in the husk|[[Macadamia nut]]s are [[angiosperm]] seeds.]]


These culinary nuts are seeds contained within a larger fruit, and are [[angiosperm|flowering plants]].
These culinary nuts are seeds contained within a larger fruit, and are [[angiosperm|flowering plants]].


* [[Brazil nut]]s (''Bertholletia excelsa'') are harvested from an estimated 250,000&ndash;400,000 trees per year. Highly valued edible nut used in the [[confectionery]] and baking trades.<ref name="axtell" /> Excellent dietary source of [[selenium]].<ref>{{cite book
* [[Brazil nut]] (''Bertholletia excelsa'') is harvested from an estimated 250,000&ndash;400,000 trees per year. Highly valued, and used in the [[confectionery]] and baking trades.<ref name="axtell" /> Excellent dietary source of [[selenium]].<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu4nzKx74noC&q=brazil%20nut%20selenium&pg=PA148
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu4nzKx74noC&q=brazil%20nut%20selenium&pg=PA148
| page=148
| page=148
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| author-link2=Fereidoon Shahidi
| author-link2=Fereidoon Shahidi
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[Macadamia]] (''Macadamia'' spp.) are primarily produced in [[Hawaii]] and [[Australia]]. Both species are native to [[Australia]]. They are a highly valued edible nut. Waste nuts are commonly used to extract an edible oil.<ref name="axtell" />
* [[Macadamia]] (''Macadamia'' spp.) are primarily produced in [[Hawaii]] and [[Australia]]. Both species are native to [[Australia]]. They are a highly valued nut. Waste nuts are commonly used to extract an edible oil.<ref name="axtell" />
** [[Macadamia tetraphylla|Macadamia nut]] (''Macadamia tetraphylla'') has a rough shell, and is the subject of some commercialization.<ref name="rieger">{{cite book
** [[Macadamia tetraphylla|Macadamia nut]] (''Macadamia tetraphylla'') has a rough shell, and is the subject of some commercialization.<ref name="rieger">{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hF8bpk7fbsQC&q=macadamia%20integrifolia&pg=PA259
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hF8bpk7fbsQC&q=macadamia%20integrifolia&pg=PA259
Line 566: Line 543:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
** [[Macadamia integrifolia|Queensland macadamia nut]] (''Macadamia integrifolia'') has a smooth shell, and is the principal commercial macadamia nut.<ref name="rieger" />
** [[Macadamia integrifolia|Queensland macadamia nut]] (''Macadamia integrifolia'') has a smooth shell, and is the principal commercial macadamia nut.<ref name="rieger" />
* [[Lecythis|Paradise nut]] (''Lecythis usitata''), native to the [[Amazon rain forest]], highly regarded by indigenous tribal people.<ref>[[#dover|Edible Nuts]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&lpg=PA306&dq=Paradise%20nut&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 306]</ref>
* [[Lecythis|Paradise nut]] (''Lecythis usitata''), native to the [[Amazon rainforest]], highly regarded by indigenous tribal people.{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=306}}
* [[Peanut]], or groundnut (''Arachis hypogaea''), originally from South America, has grown from a relatively minor crop to one of the most important commercial nut crops, in part due to the work of [[George Washington Carver]] at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="peanut" />
* [[Peanut]], or groundnut (''Arachis hypogaea''), a [[legume]] and grown on the ground, not on a tree or bush, originally from South America, has grown from a relatively minor crop to one of the most important commercial nut crops, in part due to the work of [[George Washington Carver]] at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="peanut" />
* [[Peanut tree]] (''Sterculia quadrifida'') or bush peanut, native to Australia. Requires no preparation.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Peanut tree]] (''Sterculia quadrifida'') or bush peanut, native to Australia. Requires no preparation.<ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjcJAQAAMAAJ&q=Sterculia+quadrifida
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjcJAQAAMAAJ&q=Sterculia+quadrifida
Line 578: Line 555:
| access-date=2011-11-22
| access-date=2011-11-22
}}</ref><ref group="note">Not to be confused with peanuts (groundnuts).</ref>
}}</ref><ref group="note">Not to be confused with peanuts (groundnuts).</ref>
* [[Soybean]]s (''Glycine max'') are used as a nut, in addition to their use as [[oil seed]]s.<ref>[[#dover|Edible Nuts]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&lpg=PA276&dq=breadnut%20food&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q=breadnut%20food&f=false p. 324]</ref>
* [[Soybean]] (''Glycine max''), a [[legume]] and grown on the ground, not on a tree or bush, is used as a nut, secondary to its use as an [[oil seed]].{{Sfn|Rosengarten, Jr.|2004|p=324}}


==See also==
==See also==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Reflist|20em}}
==Works cited==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Janick |first1=Jules |last2=Paull |first2=Robert E. |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts |date=2008 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |access-date=2022-09-11}}
* {{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8eP3zp4DsC | title=Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary | first1=Daniel E. | last1=Moerman | publisher=Timber Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-60469-189-4 | access-date=2011-11-21}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40n-Z_8ihZMC | title=Permaculture plants: a selection | last1=Nugent |first1=Jeff | last2=Boniface |first2=Julia | edition=2nd | publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing | year=2004 | isbn=1-85623-029-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rosengarten, Jr. |first1=Frederic
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC | title=The Book of Edible Nuts | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | year=2004 | isbn=0-486-43499-0 | access-date=2011-11-21}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==


{{featured list}}
{{featured list}}
{{Plant-based diets}}
[[Category:Lists of plants|Culinary nuts]]
[[Category:Lists of plants|Culinary nuts]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds| ]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds|+]]

[[ar:قائمة المكسرات]]

Latest revision as of 16:27, 13 November 2024

For broader coverage of this topic, see Nut (fruit).

Mixed nuts in a bowl
A small bowl of mixed nuts
An assortment of mixed nuts

A culinary nut is a dry, edible fruit or seed that usually, but not always, has a high fat content. Nuts are used in a wide variety of edible roles, including in baking, as snacks (either roasted or raw), and as flavoring. In addition to botanical nuts, fruits and seeds that have a similar appearance and culinary role are considered to be culinary nuts.[1] Culinary nuts are divided into fruits or seeds in one of four categories:

Nuts have a rich history as food. For many indigenous peoples of the Americas, a wide variety of nuts, including acorns, American beech, and others, served as a major source of starch and fat over thousands of years.[5] Similarly, a wide variety of nuts have served as food for Indigenous Australians for many centuries.[6] Other culinary nuts, though known from ancient times, have seen dramatic increases in use in modern times. The most striking such example is the peanut. Its usage was popularized by the work of George Washington Carver, who discovered and popularized many applications of the peanut after employing peanut plants for soil amelioration in fields used to grow cotton.[7]

True nuts

[edit]
Common hazelnut, as it grows on the tree
Corylus maxima, native to Europe and Western Asia
A slice of chestnut cake, prepared using chestnuts
The segmented kola nut, in the shell and separated
A kola nut

The following are both culinary and botanical nuts.

Drupe seeds

[edit]

A drupe is a fleshy fruit surrounding a stone, or pit, containing a seed. Some of these seeds are culinary nuts as well.

Smoked almonds
Smoked almonds
  • Almonds (Prunus dulcis) have a long and important history of religious, social and cultural significance as a food.[31] Speculated to have originated as a natural hybrid in Central Asia, almonds spread throughout the Middle East in ancient times and thence to Eurasia. The almond is one of only two nuts mentioned in the Bible.[32]
  • Apricot kernels are sometimes used as an almond substitute, an Apricot seed derived ersatz-Marzipan is known as "Persipan" in German and is extensively used in foods like Stollen.
  • Australian cashew nut (Semecarpus australiensis) is a source of food for Indigenous Australians of north-eastern Queensland and Australia's Northern Territory.[33]
  • Baru nut (Dipteryx alata) is a source of food for indigenous Afro-Brazilian communities living in the Brazilian Cerrado. The nut is eaten toasted or boiled.
  • Betel or areca nuts (Areca catechu) are chewed in many cultures as a psychoactive drug.[34] They are also used in Indian cuisine to make sweet after-dinner treats (mukwas) and breath-fresheners (paan masala).[35]
  • Borneo tallow nuts (Shorea spp.) are grown in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia, as a source of edible oil.[36]
  • Canarium spp.
    • Canarium nut (Canarium harveyi, Canarium indicum, or Canarium commune) has long been an important food source in Melanesia.[37]
    • Chinese olive (Canarium album) pits are processed before use as an ingredient in Chinese cooking.[38]
    • Pili nuts (Canarium ovatum) are native to the Philippines, where they have been cultivated for food from ancient times.[39]
  • Cashews (Anacardium occidentale) grow as a drupe that is attached to the cashew apple, the fruit of the cashew tree.[40] Native to northeastern Brazil, the cashew was introduced to India and East Africa in the sixteenth century, where they remain a major commercial crop. The nut must be roasted (or steamed) to remove the caustic shell oil before being consumed.[41]
  • Chilean hazel (Gevuina avellana), from an evergreen native to South America, similar in appearance and taste to the hazelnut.[42]
  • Coconut (Cocos nucifera), used worldwide as a food. The fleshy part of the seed is edible, and used either desiccated or fresh as an ingredient in many foods. The pressed oil from the coconut is used in cooking as well.[43]
  • Gabon nut (Coula edulis) has a taste comparable to hazelnut or chestnut. It is eaten raw, grilled or boiled.[44]
  • Hickory (Carya spp.)
    • Mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), native to North America, named after the heavy hammer (moker in Dutch) required to crack the heavy shell and remove the tasty nutmeat.[45]
    • Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) are the only major commercial nut tree native to North America.[46] Pecans are eaten as a snack food, and used as an ingredient in baking and other food preparation.
    • Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) has over 130 named cultivars. They are a valuable source of food for wildlife, and were eaten by indigenous peoples of the Americas and settlers alike.[47]
    • Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) nuts are sweet, and are the largest of the hickories. They are also eaten by a wide variety of wildlife.[48]
  • Irvingia spp. are native to Africa
  • Jack nuts (Artocarpus heterophyllus) are the seeds of the jack fruit. With a taste like chestnuts, they have an extremely low fat content of less than 1%.[50]
  • Jelly palm nut (Butia capitata), sweet edible fruit, and edible nut.
  • Bread nuts (Artocarpus camansi) similarly have a chesnut taste and very low fat content
  • Panda oleosa is used in Gabon in a similar way to bush mango nuts, as well as to extract an edible oil.[51]
  • Pekea nut, or butter-nut of Guyana (Caryocar nuciferum), harvested locally for its highly prized edible oil.[36]
  • Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), cultivated for thousands of years, native to West Asia.[52] It is one of only two nuts mentioned in the Bible.[32]
  • Walnut (Juglans spp.)
    • Black walnut (Juglans nigra), also popular as food for wildlife, with an appealing, distinctive flavor. Native of North America.[53]
    • Butternut (Juglans cinerea) (or white walnut) is native to North America. Used extensively, in the past, by Native American tribes as food.[54]
    • English walnut (Juglans regia) (or Persian walnut) was introduced to California around 1770. California now represents 99% of US walnut growth.[55] It is often combined with salads, vegetables, fruits or desserts because of its distinctive taste.
    • Heartnut, or Japanese walnut (Juglans aitlanthifolia), native to Japan, with a characteristic cordate shape.[56] Heartnuts are often toasted or baked, and can be used as a substitute for English walnuts.

Nut-like gymnosperm seeds

[edit]
Pine nuts, in the husk, and separated
Pine nuts are edible gymnosperm seeds.

A gymnosperm, from the Greek gymnospermos (γυμνόσπερμος), meaning "naked seed", is a seed that does not have an enclosure. The following gymnosperms are culinary nuts. All but the ginkgo nut are from evergreens.

  • Cycads (Macrozamia spp.)[57]
  • Ginkgo nuts (Ginkgo biloba) are a common ingredient in Chinese cooking. They are starchy, low in fat, protein and calories, but high in vitamin C.[59]
  • Araucaria spp.
    • Bunya nut (Araucaria bidwillii) is native to Queensland, Australia. Nuts are the size of walnuts, and rich in starch.[60]
    • Monkey-puzzle nut (Araucaria araucana) has nuts twice the size of almonds. Rich in starch. Roasted, boiled, eaten raw, or fermented in Chile and Argentina.[60]
    • Paraná pine nut (Araucaria angustifolia) (or Brazil pine nut) is an edible seed similar to pine nuts.[61]
  • Pine nuts (Pinus spp.) Pine nuts can be toasted and added to salads and are used as an ingredient in pesto, among other regional uses.
    • Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana), common in Central Asia. Nuts are used raw, roasted or in confectionery products.[62]
    • Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), in great demand as an edible nut, with average annual production of 454 to 900 tonnes.[63]
    • Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), a pine-nut yielding species native to Asia.[64]
    • Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides), found in Mexico and Arizona. Nuts are eaten raw, roasted, or made into flour.[65]
    • Single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) grows in foothills from Mexico to Idaho. Eaten as other pine nuts. Also sometimes ground and made into pancakes.[66]
    • Stone pine, or pignolia nut (Pinus pinea) is the most commercially important pine nut.[64]

Nut-like angiosperm seeds

[edit]
Macadamia, in the husk
Macadamia nuts are angiosperm seeds.

These culinary nuts are seeds contained within a larger fruit, and are flowering plants.

  • Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is harvested from an estimated 250,000–400,000 trees per year. Highly valued, and used in the confectionery and baking trades.[36] Excellent dietary source of selenium.[67]
  • Macadamia (Macadamia spp.) are primarily produced in Hawaii and Australia. Both species are native to Australia. They are a highly valued nut. Waste nuts are commonly used to extract an edible oil.[36]
    • Macadamia nut (Macadamia tetraphylla) has a rough shell, and is the subject of some commercialization.[68]
    • Queensland macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) has a smooth shell, and is the principal commercial macadamia nut.[68]
  • Paradise nut (Lecythis usitata), native to the Amazon rainforest, highly regarded by indigenous tribal people.[69]
  • Peanut, or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), a legume and grown on the ground, not on a tree or bush, originally from South America, has grown from a relatively minor crop to one of the most important commercial nut crops, in part due to the work of George Washington Carver at the beginning of the 20th century.[7]
  • Peanut tree (Sterculia quadrifida) or bush peanut, native to Australia. Requires no preparation.[70][note 1]
  • Soybean (Glycine max), a legume and grown on the ground, not on a tree or bush, is used as a nut, secondary to its use as an oil seed.[71]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Not to be confused with peanuts (groundnuts).

References

[edit]
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  8. ^ Moerman 2010, p. 206–212.
  9. ^ Moerman 2010, p. 114.
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  66. ^ Nugent & Boniface 2004, p. 44.
  67. ^ Alasalvar, Cesarettin; Shahidi, Fereidoon (2008). Tree nuts: composition, phytochemicals, and health effects. CRC Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8493-3735-2. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
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  70. ^ Isaacs, Jennifer (1987). Bush food: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine. Weldons. p. 85. ISBN 0-949708-33-X. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
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Works cited

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