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The Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom (Hawaiian: Kuʻikahi Pānaʻi Like) was a free trade agreement signed and ratified in 1875 that is generally known as the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875.

The treaty gave free access to the United States market for sugar and other products grown in the Kingdom of Hawaii starting in September 1876. In return, the US received a guarantee that Hawaii would not cede or lease any of its lands to other foreign powers. The treaty led to large investment by Americans in sugarcane plantations in Hawaii.

In a later extension of the treaty, the United States negotiated for exclusive use of lands in the area known as Puʻu Loa, which were later used for the Pearl Harbor naval base.

Background

For decades, the sugar planters in Hawaii had been economically hampered by United States import taxes placed upon their product, and consequently had been attempting negotiations for a free trade agreement. Two previous efforts at reaching an agreement with the United States failed, for many reasons. The planters wanted a treaty, but Hawaiians feared it would lead to annexation by the United States. Sugar refineries in San Francisco lobbied for a clause protecting their interests. The most recent effort before Kalākaua's reign died in the United States Senate.^[1]

Within a year of Kalākaua's election, the treaty would become a reality, although the treaty was not supported by all Hawaiians. There were concerns over American ambitions to annex the islands, with many in the business community willing to cede the exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty. Part of Kalākaua's election platform, as "Hawaii for Hawaiians", had been to oppose the ceding of any sovereign land. Hawaii legislator Joseph Nāwahī predicted the treaty would be "a nation snatching treaty".^[2]

Negotiations

At the urging of Hawaii's businessmen and the kingdom's newspapers, Kalākaua agreed to travel to the United States at the head of a Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter Henry A. P. Carter of C. Brewer & Co., Hawaii Chief Justice Elisha Hunt Allen, and Minister of Foreign Affairs William Lowthian Green.^[3] After several months of negotiations, the treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, ratified by the Kingdom of Hawaii April 17, and ratified by the United States on May 31, without giving away any Hawaiian land.^[4] For the US, signers were Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and president Ulysses S. Grant.^[5] It allowed certain Hawaiian goods, mainly sugar and rice, to be admitted into the United States tax-free, for a period of 7 years. In return, Hawaii agreed not to levy import taxes on American-produced goods coming into Hawaii.^[6] The first shipment of sugar from Hawaii to the United States under the treaty arrived in San Francisco in September 1876 in a ship commanded by Captain William H. Marston.

Extension

In the United States, the complaints about the treaty had been from southern sugar plantation owners who charged that the treaty favored Hawaiian planters, and sugar refiners who believed San Francisco refiners, in particular, that of Claus Spreckels, were given an unfair advantage.^[7] In Hawaii, the government became concerned that the subsequent United States Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, which lowered sugar tariffs imposed on product imported from all nations, had left them at a disadvantage. Article IV of the reciprocity treaty prevented Hawaii from making reciprocity treaties with other nations. President Chester A. Arthur was in favor of modifying the existing treaty.^[8] At the expiration of the treaty's 7 years, it remained in effect on a year-to-year basis. In 1884, Henry A. P. Carter and United States Secretary of State Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen sent a proposal to the United States Senate.^[9] After several months of negotiations, an agreement was reached on December 6, 1884, but it would be another 2 years and 11 months before ratification by both parties. Article II of the extension gave exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States.^[10] Treaty ratifications were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional 7 years.^[11]

Impact

The most immediate result of the treaty was the boom in new sugar plantations. San Francisco sugar refiner Claus Spreckels became a major investor in Hawaii's sugar industry, initially buying half of the first year's production, and ultimately being the major shareholder in the plantations. Claus and his son John D. Spreckels became part owners of the Waihee plantation on the island of Maui. Within 5 years, it was estimated that he owned one-third of the sugar production in Hawaii. By 1882, the year he exported 24 million tons of raw sugar from the islands,^[12] he claimed to have a monopoly on the Hawaiian sugar production. Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates, and by extension, tied in with the king's cabinet minister Walter Murray Gibson.^[13]

Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaii exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products for 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The exportation of sugar during that time period went from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.^[14]

Notes

^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 17–45
^ MacLennan 2014, pp. 74–75
^ George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Green, William Lowthian". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
^ MacLennan 2014, pp. 224–228
^ "Text of the treaty". The Morgan Report web site. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ "King Kalakaua". Evening Star. Washington D. C. December 12, 1874. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 374–380
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 380–381
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 382–384
^ "The New Hawaiian Treaty". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 15, 1886. Retrieved January 26, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 396–397
^ Medcalf & Russell 1991, p. 5
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 59–62
^ Kuykendall 1967, pp. 83–84

References

Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
MacLennan, Carol A. (2014). Sovereign Sugar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3949-9 – via Project MUSE.
Medcalf, Donald; Russell, Ronald (1991) [1978]. Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog (second ed.). Mill Creek, WA: Ronald Russell. ISBN 978-0-9623263-0-1.

External links

[1] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 17–45

[2] MacLennan 2014, pp. 74–75

[3] George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Green, William Lowthian". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved July 30, 2010.

[4] MacLennan 2014, pp. 224–228

[text-5] "Text of the treaty". The Morgan Report web site. Retrieved 2009-10-02.

[6] "King Kalakaua". Evening Star. Washington D. C. December 12, 1874. Retrieved January 12, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.

[7] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 374–380

[8] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 380–381

[9] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 382–384

[10] "The New Hawaiian Treaty". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. May 15, 1886. Retrieved January 26, 2017 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.

[11] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 396–397

[12] Medcalf & Russell 1991, p. 5

[13] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 59–62

[14] Kuykendall 1967, pp. 83–84

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Treaty between the United States and Hawaii}}
-[[File:Kalakaua and Reciprocity Commission (PP-96-13-03).jpg|thumb|350px|King Kalākaua and members of the Reciprocity Commission: [[John Owen Dominis]], Governor of Oahu; [[Henry A. Peirce]], the presiding U.S. Commissioner to Hawaii; Kalākaua; E. M. Mayor, the king's private secretary, and [[John M. Kapena]], Governor of Maui.]]
+[[File:Kalakaua and Reciprocity Commission (PP-96-13-03).jpg|thumb|300px|King Kalākaua and members of the Reciprocity Commission: [[John Owen Dominis]], Governor of Oahu; [[Henry A. Peirce]], the presiding U.S. Commissioner to Hawaii; King Kalākaua; Henry W. Severance, the Hawaiian Consul in San Francisco, and [[John M. Kapena]], Governor of Maui.]]
-The  '''Treaty of reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom''' ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]: ''Kuʻikahi Pānaʻi Like'') was a [[free trade]] agreement signed and ratified in 1875 that is generally known as the '''Reciprocity Treaty of 1875'''.
+The  '''Treaty of Reciprocity between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom''' ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]: ''Kuʻikahi Pānaʻi Like'') was a [[free trade]] agreement signed and ratified in 1875 that is generally known as the '''Reciprocity Treaty of 1875'''.
-The treaty gave free access to the [[United States]] market for sugar and other products grown in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] starting in September 1876.  In return, the US gained lands in the area known as Pu{{okina}}u Loa for what became known as the [[Pearl Harbor]] naval base. The treaty led to large investment by Americans in [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantations in Hawaii]].
+The treaty gave free access to the [[United States]] market for sugar and other products grown in the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] starting in September 1876.  In return, the US received a guarantee that Hawaii would not cede or lease any of its lands to other foreign powers. The treaty led to large investment by Americans in [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantations in Hawaii]].
+In a later extension of the treaty, the United States negotiated for exclusive use of lands in the area known as Pu{{okina}}u Loa, which were later used for the [[Pearl Harbor]] naval base.
 ==Background==
-For decades, the sugar planters in Hawaii had been economically hampered by United States import taxes placed upon their product, and consequently has been attempting negotiations for a [[free trade]] agreement. Two previous efforts at reaching an agreement with the United States failed, for many reasons.  The planters wanted a treaty, but Hawaiians feared it would lead to annexation by the United States. Sugar refineries in San Francisco lobbied for a clause protecting their interests. The most recent effort before Kalākaua's reign died in the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=17–45}}</ref>
+For decades, the sugar planters in Hawaii had been economically hampered by United States import taxes placed upon their product, and consequently had been attempting negotiations for a [[free trade]] agreement. Two previous efforts at reaching an agreement with the United States failed, for many reasons.  The planters wanted a treaty, but Hawaiians feared it would lead to annexation by the United States. Sugar refineries in San Francisco lobbied for a clause protecting their interests. The most recent effort before Kalākaua's reign died in the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=17–45}}</ref>
 Within a year of [[Kalākaua]]{{`s}} election, the treaty would become a reality, although the treaty was not supported by all Hawaiians. There were concerns over American ambitions to annex the islands, with many in the business community willing to cede the exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States in exchange for the treaty. Part of Kalākaua's election platform, as "Hawaii for Hawaiians", had been to oppose the ceding of any sovereign land. Hawaii legislator [[Joseph Nāwahī]] predicted the treaty would be "a nation snatching treaty".<ref>{{harvnb|MacLennan|2014|pp=74–75}}</ref>
@@ Line 12: / Line 15: @@
 ==Negotiations==
-At the urging of Hawaii's businessmen and the kingdom's newspapers, [[Kalākaua]] agreed to head a Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter [[Henry A. P. Carter]] of [[C. Brewer & Co.]], Hawaii Chief Justice [[Elisha Hunt Allen]], and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[William Lowthian Green]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders |year=1925 |publisher= [[Honolulu Star Bulletin]] |editor= George F. Nellist |url= http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/green25bs.txt |chapter= Green, William Lowthian |accessdate= July 30, 2010  }}</ref>  After several months of negotiations, the treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, ratified by the Kingdom of Hawaii April 17, and ratified by the United States on May 31, without giving away any Hawaiian land.<ref>{{harvnb|MacLennan|2014|pp=224–228}}</ref>  For the US, signers were Secretary of State [[Hamilton Fish]] and president [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref name="text">{{cite web |url=http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875 |accessdate=2009-10-02 |title=Text of the treaty |work=The Morgan Report web site }}</ref>  It allowed certain Hawaiian goods, mainly sugar and rice, to be admitted into the United States tax-free, for a period of 7 years. In return, Hawaii agreed not to levy import taxes on American-produced goods coming into Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Kalakaua|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/|accessdate=January 12, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=Evening Star|date=December 12, 1874|location=Washington D. C.}}</ref> The first shipment of sugar from Hawaii to the United States under the treaty arrived in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in September 1876 in a ship commanded by Captain [[William H. Marston]].
+At the urging of Hawaii's businessmen and the kingdom's newspapers, [[Kalākaua]] agreed to [[Kalākaua's 1874–75 state visit to the United States|travel to the United States]] at the head of a Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter [[Henry A. P. Carter]] of [[C. Brewer & Co.]], Hawaii Chief Justice [[Elisha Hunt Allen]], and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[William Lowthian Green]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders |year=1925 |publisher= [[Honolulu Star Bulletin]] |editor= George F. Nellist |url= http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/green25bs.txt |chapter= Green, William Lowthian |access-date= July 30, 2010  }}</ref>  After several months of negotiations, the treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, ratified by the Kingdom of Hawaii April 17, and ratified by the United States on May 31, without giving away any Hawaiian land.<ref>{{harvnb|MacLennan|2014|pp=224–228}}</ref>  For the US, signers were Secretary of State [[Hamilton Fish]] and president [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref name="text">{{cite web |url=http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875 |access-date=2009-10-02 |title=Text of the treaty |work=The Morgan Report web site }}</ref>  It allowed certain Hawaiian goods, mainly sugar and rice, to be admitted into the United States tax-free, for a period of 7 years. In return, Hawaii agreed not to levy import taxes on American-produced goods coming into Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Kalakaua|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 12, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=Evening Star|date=December 12, 1874|location=Washington D. C.}}</ref> The first shipment of sugar from Hawaii to the United States under the treaty arrived in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in September 1876 in a ship commanded by Captain [[William H. Marston]].
 ==Extension==
-In the United States, the complaints about the treaty had been from southern sugar plantation owners who charged that the treaty favored Hawaiian planters, and sugar refiners who believed San Francisco refiners, in particular that of Claus Spreckels, were given unfair advantage.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=374–380}}</ref> In Hawaii, the government became concerned that the subsequent [[Tariff of 1883|United States Tariff Act of March 3, 1883]], which lowered sugar tariffs imposed on product imported from all nations, had left them at a disadvantage.  Article IV of the reciprocity treaty prevented Hawaii from making reciprocity treaties with other nations. President Chester A. Arthur was in favor of modifying the existing treaty.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=380–381}}</ref> At the expiration of the treaty's 7 years, it remained in effect on a year-to-year basis. In 1884, Henry{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}P.{{nbsp}}Carter and United States Secretary of State [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]] sent a proposal to the United States Senate.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=382–384}}</ref> After several months of negotiations, an agreement was reached on December 6, 1884, but it would be another 2 years and 11 months before ratification by both parties. Article II of the extension gave exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The New Hawaiian Treaty|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/|accessdate=January 26, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=May 15, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}}</ref> Treaty ratifications were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional 7 years.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=396–397}}</ref>
+In the United States, the complaints about the treaty had been from southern sugar plantation owners who charged that the treaty favored Hawaiian planters, and sugar refiners who believed San Francisco refiners, in particular, that of Claus Spreckels, were given an unfair advantage.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=374–380}}</ref> In Hawaii, the government became concerned that the subsequent [[Tariff of 1883|United States Tariff Act of March 3, 1883]], which lowered sugar tariffs imposed on product imported from all nations, had left them at a disadvantage.  Article IV of the reciprocity treaty prevented Hawaii from making reciprocity treaties with other nations. President Chester A. Arthur was in favor of modifying the existing treaty.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=380–381}}</ref> At the expiration of the treaty's 7 years, it remained in effect on a year-to-year basis. In 1884, Henry{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}P.{{nbsp}}Carter and United States Secretary of State [[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]] sent a proposal to the United States Senate.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=382–384}}</ref> After several months of negotiations, an agreement was reached on December 6, 1884, but it would be another 2 years and 11 months before ratification by both parties. Article II of the extension gave exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The New Hawaiian Treaty|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=January 26, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=May 15, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}}</ref> Treaty ratifications were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional 7 years.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=396–397}}</ref>
 ==Impact==
@@ Line 23: / Line 26: @@
 Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaii exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products for 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The exportation of sugar during that time period went from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=83–84}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+* [[Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations|Hawaiian Kingdom—United States relations]]
 * [[Honolulu Courthouse Riot]]
 * [[Pearl Harbor#19th century|Early History of Pearl Harbor]]
+* [[Entry into force]]
 * [[List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii]]
+* [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom]]
+* [[Reciprocity (international relations)]]
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 33: / Line 41: @@
 ==References==
-*{{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|authorlink=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|volume=3|year=1967|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-433-1|oclc=500374815|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|volume=3|year=1967|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-433-1|oclc=500374815}}
-*{{cite book|last1=MacLennan|first1=Carol A.|title=Sovereign Sugar|date=2014|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=978-0-8248-3949-9|ref=harv|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077|via=Project MUSE}}
+*{{cite book|last1=MacLennan|first1=Carol A.|title=Sovereign Sugar|date=2014|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=978-0-8248-3949-9|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077|via=Project MUSE}}
-*{{cite book|last=Medcalf|first=Donald|last2=Russell|first2=Ronald|title=Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog|edition=second|year=1991| origyear=1978|publisher=Ronald Russell<!-- This is a reliable source although partially self-published as Medcalf was a major coin dealer in Honolulu and an expert, the book appears thoroughly researched, and it is presently sold by the government-run Iolani Palace gift shop -->
+*{{cite book|last=Medcalf|first=Donald|last2=Russell|first2=Ronald|title=Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog|edition=second|year=1991| orig-year=1978|publisher=Ronald Russell<!-- This is a reliable source although partially self-published as Medcalf was a major coin dealer in Honolulu and an expert, the book appears thoroughly researched, and it is presently sold by the government-run Iolani Palace gift shop -->
-|location=Mill Creek, WA|isbn=978-0-9623263-0-1|ref=harv}}
+|location=Mill Creek, WA|isbn=978-0-9623263-0-1}}
 ==Further reading==
-*{{cite journal|last1=Dozer|first1=Donald Marquand|title=The Opposition to Hawaiian Reciprocity, 1876-1888|journal=Pacific Historical Review|date=1945|volume=14|issue=2|pages=157–183|doi=10.2307/3634970|publisher=University of California Press|jstor=3634970 |subscription=yes}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Dozer|first1=Donald Marquand|title=The Opposition to Hawaiian Reciprocity, 1876–1888|journal=Pacific Historical Review|date=1945|volume=14|issue=2|pages=157–183|doi=10.2307/3634970|publisher=University of California Press|jstor=3634970}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 50: / Line 58: @@
 [[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
 [[Category:1875 treaties]]
-[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hawaii]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Hawaiian Kingdom]]
 [[Category:History of sugar]]
 [[Category:Free trade agreements of the United States]]
+[[Category:Sugar industry of Hawaii]]
+[[Category:Sugar industry of the United States]]