Cyphonism: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Method of torture}} |
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'''Cyphonism''' ( |
'''Cyphonism''' ({{langx|grc|κυφωνισμός|translit=kyphōnismos}}, from {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:κυφός|κῡφός]]}}, "bent, crooked") was a form of punishment using a {{lang|grc|κύφων}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōn}}), a kind of wooden [[pillory]] in which the neck of a malefactor would be fastened.<ref>{{Cite OED|cyphonism}}</ref> Some sources describe cyphonism more specifically as involving a method similar to [[scaphism]], in which a person's naked body, having been locked in the ''kyphōn'', was smeared with honey, and exposed to flies, wasps, and other pests.<ref>{{WD1913 |title=Cyphonism |no-prescript=1}}</ref><ref name="cyclopaedia">{{Cyclopaedia 1728 |title=Cyphonism |no-prescript=1}}</ref> |
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==Greek sources== |
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The Greek term {{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōnismos}} survives in two places.<ref name="Bossi">{{cite journal|last=Bossi|first=Francesco|year=1974|title=Note ad Archiloco|journal=Museum Criticum|issue=8/9|pages=105–106|language=it}}</ref> The first is an explanatory gloss in the [[scholia]] on the ''[[Plutus (play)|Plutus]]'' of [[Aristophanes]]. The scholiast writes merely that the {{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōn}} is a "fetter made of wood", and {{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōnismos}} is the name given to a punishment using it; bad men, therefore, are likewise called {{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōnes}}.<ref>English translation in {{cite book|editor-last=Rutherford|editor-first=William G.|editor-link=William Gunion Rutherford|year=1896|title=Scholia Aristophanica: Being the Comments Adscript to the Text of Aristophanes as Have Been Preserved in the Codex Ravennas|volume=1|at=p. 51, sec. 476|location=London|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/scholiaaristopha01ruthuoft/page/51/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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The ''[[Suda]]'', a medieval Byzantine lexicon, offers a further definition under the headword {{lang|grc|κυφανισμός}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|kyphanismos}}), stating that it refers to a "bad and ruinous" ({{lang|grc|κακός καὶ ὀλέθριος}}) form of punishment.<ref name="Bossi" /><ref>''[[Suda]]'' ⲕ 2796. English translation in {{cite web|translator-last=Whitehead|translator-first=David|date=22 March 2020|title=Kappa 2796|website=Suda On Line|url=https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/2796|accessdate=3 August 2023}}</ref> Elsewhere, describing {{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōnes}}, the ''Suda'' appends a fragment of [[Claudius Aelianus]] recounting a law said to have been in force in the [[Crete|Cretan]] city of [[Lyctus]]: "If someone be so bold and pay no heed to what is in the law, let him be bound to the pillory ({{lang|grc-Latn|kyphōn}}) next to the town hall for 20 days, doused in honey, naked, and in milk, so that he may be dinner for bees and flies. And when the time has passed, that he be pushed off a cliff, wrapping him in a woman's robe."<ref>''[[Suda]]'' ⲕ 2800. English translation in {{cite web|translator-last=Hutton|translator-first=William|date=25 March 2013|title=Kappa 2800|website=Suda On Line|url=https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/kappa/2800|accessdate=3 August 2023}}</ref> |
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==Later use of the term== |
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The term's use in the West dates back to the Renaissance humanist [[Caelius Rhodiginus]], who discussed "{{lang|la|cyphonismus}}" in his 1516 ''{{lang|la|Antiquarum Lectionum}}'' ("Of Ancient Readings") alongside a Latin translation of the Lyctian law from the ''Suda''.<ref name="Rhodiginus">{{cite book|last=Caelius Rhodiginus|author-link=Caelius Rhodiginus|year=1517|orig-date=1516|title=Ludovici Caelii Rhodigini lectionum antiquarum libri XVI|location=Basel|publisher=[[Johann Froben|Frobenius]]|page=259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8g9mAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA259|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gallonio|first=Antonio|translator-last=Louis-Combet|translator-first=Claude|year=2002|orig-date=1591|title=Traité des instruments de martyre et les divers modes de supplice employés par les païens contre les chrétiens|page=49|isbn=2-84137-124-7|location=Grenoble|publisher=Éditions Jérôme Millon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ1xqr5FMk8C&pg=PA49|language=fr}}</ref> Subsequent authors identified the description with a form of torture involving exposure to insects which the late antique Christian historian [[Jerome]] recounted being meted out to past martyrs in his ''[[hagiography|vita]]'' of [[Paul of Thebes]].<ref name="cyclopaedia" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Migne|first=J.-P.|author-link=Jacques Paul Migne|year=1879|chapter=Onomasticon Rerum et Verborum Difficiliorum|title=[[Patrologia Latina]]|volume=74|location=Paris|publisher=Garnier Fratres|at=col. 427|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFNAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA427|language=la}}</ref> This connection would partly obscure the original context of the term: in 1782 the ''{{ill|Deutsche Encyclopädie|de}}'' defined cyphonism as a form of torture suffered by 3rd-century martyrs,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|entry=Cyphonismus|year=1782|encyclopedia=Deutsche Encyclopädie|volume=6|page=616|language=de|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Barrentrapp und Wenner|article-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA616}}</ref> and in 1797 the third edition of the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' pronounced that "the learned are at a loss to determine what [cyphonism] was", noting only its possible relevance to Jerome's account of Paul.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1797|entry=Cyphonism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|edition=3rd|volume=5|page=634|location=Edinburgh|publisher=A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar|article-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXtBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA634}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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*{{1913}} |
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*{{1728}} |
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[[Category:Ancient Greek law]] |
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[[Category:Physical restraint]] |
[[Category:Physical restraint]] |
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[[Category:Pillories]] |
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[[Category:Punishments]] |
[[Category:Punishments]] |
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[[Category:Torture]] |
[[Category:Torture]] |
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{{torture-stub}} |
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[[el:Κύφωνας]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:26, 13 November 2024
Cyphonism (Ancient Greek: κυφωνισμός, romanized: kyphōnismos, from κῡφός, "bent, crooked") was a form of punishment using a κύφων (kyphōn), a kind of wooden pillory in which the neck of a malefactor would be fastened.[1] Some sources describe cyphonism more specifically as involving a method similar to scaphism, in which a person's naked body, having been locked in the kyphōn, was smeared with honey, and exposed to flies, wasps, and other pests.[2][3]
Greek sources
[edit]The Greek term kyphōnismos survives in two places.[4] The first is an explanatory gloss in the scholia on the Plutus of Aristophanes. The scholiast writes merely that the kyphōn is a "fetter made of wood", and kyphōnismos is the name given to a punishment using it; bad men, therefore, are likewise called kyphōnes.[5]
The Suda, a medieval Byzantine lexicon, offers a further definition under the headword κυφανισμός (kyphanismos), stating that it refers to a "bad and ruinous" (κακός καὶ ὀλέθριος) form of punishment.[4][6] Elsewhere, describing kyphōnes, the Suda appends a fragment of Claudius Aelianus recounting a law said to have been in force in the Cretan city of Lyctus: "If someone be so bold and pay no heed to what is in the law, let him be bound to the pillory (kyphōn) next to the town hall for 20 days, doused in honey, naked, and in milk, so that he may be dinner for bees and flies. And when the time has passed, that he be pushed off a cliff, wrapping him in a woman's robe."[7]
Later use of the term
[edit]The term's use in the West dates back to the Renaissance humanist Caelius Rhodiginus, who discussed "cyphonismus" in his 1516 Antiquarum Lectionum ("Of Ancient Readings") alongside a Latin translation of the Lyctian law from the Suda.[8][9] Subsequent authors identified the description with a form of torture involving exposure to insects which the late antique Christian historian Jerome recounted being meted out to past martyrs in his vita of Paul of Thebes.[3][10] This connection would partly obscure the original context of the term: in 1782 the Deutsche Encyclopädie defined cyphonism as a form of torture suffered by 3rd-century martyrs,[11] and in 1797 the third edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica pronounced that "the learned are at a loss to determine what [cyphonism] was", noting only its possible relevance to Jerome's account of Paul.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ "cyphonism". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Porter, Noah, ed. (1913). "Cyphonism". Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co.
- ^ a b
Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Cyphonism". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
- ^ a b Bossi, Francesco (1974). "Note ad Archiloco". Museum Criticum (in Italian) (8/9): 105–106.
- ^ English translation in Rutherford, William G., ed. (1896). Scholia Aristophanica: Being the Comments Adscript to the Text of Aristophanes as Have Been Preserved in the Codex Ravennas. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 51, sec. 476.
- ^ Suda ⲕ 2796. English translation in "Kappa 2796". Suda On Line. Translated by Whitehead, David. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ Suda ⲕ 2800. English translation in "Kappa 2800". Suda On Line. Translated by Hutton, William. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ Caelius Rhodiginus (1517) [1516]. Ludovici Caelii Rhodigini lectionum antiquarum libri XVI (in Latin). Basel: Frobenius. p. 259.
- ^ Gallonio, Antonio (2002) [1591]. Traité des instruments de martyre et les divers modes de supplice employés par les païens contre les chrétiens (in French). Translated by Louis-Combet, Claude. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon. p. 49. ISBN 2-84137-124-7.
- ^ Migne, J.-P. (1879). "Onomasticon Rerum et Verborum Difficiliorum". Patrologia Latina (in Latin). Vol. 74. Paris: Garnier Fratres. col. 427.
- ^ "Cyphonismus". Deutsche Encyclopädie (in German). Vol. 6. Frankfurt am Main: Barrentrapp und Wenner. 1782. p. 616.
- ^ "Cyphonism". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. 1797. p. 634.