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The Yale romanization of Mandarin is a system for transcribing the sounds of Standard Chinese, based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin.^[1] It was devised in 1943 by the Yale sinologist George Kennedy for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and was popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.^[2]^[3] The system approximated Chinese sounds using English spelling conventions, in order to accelerate acquisition of correct pronunciation by English speakers.^[4]

The Yale romanization was widely used in Western textbooks until the late 1970s. In fact, during the height of the Cold War, the use outside of China of pinyin rather than Yale romanization, was regarded as a political statement or identification with the communist Chinese regime.^[5] The situation was reversed once relations between the People's Republic of China and the West had improved. Communist China (PRC) became a member of the United Nations in 1971 by replacing Nationalist China (ROC). By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese geographical names. In 1982, pinyin became an ISO standard, and interest in Yale Mandarin declined rapidly thereafter.

Initials and finals

The tables below show the Yale Mandarin representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type), together with the corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in bopomofo and pinyin.

Initials

In Mandarin, stop and affricate consonants are all voiceless, but show a contrast between an aspirated and unaspirated series. A much-criticized feature of the Wade–Giles system was its use of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration, as in the syllable t'a contrasting with the unaspirated ta.

The corresponding Yale spellings, ta and da respectively, suggest an approximation of the aspiration distinction to speakers of English, in which (unlike, say, Romance languages) voiceless consonants like t are pronounced with distinct aspiration when they occur at the start of a word, but voiced ones like d are pronounced unaspirated and with weakened voicing in that position.^[6]^[4] Similar conventions were used in the earlier Gwoyeu Romatzyh system and the later pinyin system.

The Yale system, like Wade–Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh, represents palatal consonants using letters for similar sounds with which they are in complementary distribution.^[7] That is more intuitive for English speakers than the pinyin usage of the letters q and x, which no longer carry their expected values. For example, q in pinyin is pronounced something like the ch in chicken and is written as ch in Yale Romanization. Xi in pinyin is pronounced something like English she; in Yale it is written as syi.

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Nasal		m [m] ㄇ m	n [n] ㄋ n
Plosive	Unaspirated	b [p] ㄅ b	d [t] ㄉ d			g [k] ㄍ g
Plosive	Aspirated	p [pʰ] ㄆ p	t [tʰ] ㄊ t			k [kʰ] ㄎ k
Affricate	Unaspirated		dz [ts] ㄗ z	j [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh	j [tɕ] ㄐ j
Affricate	Aspirated		ts [tsʰ] ㄘ c	ch [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch	ch [tɕʰ] ㄑ q
Fricative		f [f] ㄈ f	s [s] ㄙ s	sh [ʂ] ㄕ sh	sy [ɕ] ㄒ x	h [x] ㄏ h
Liquid			l [l] ㄌ l	r [ɻ~ʐ] ㄖ r

Finals

Nucleus		a					ə						∅
Coda		∅	i	u	n	ŋ	∅	i	u	n	ŋ	ɻ	∅
Medial	∅	a [a] ㄚ a	ai [ai] ㄞ ai	au [au] ㄠ ao	an [an] ㄢ an	ang [aŋ] ㄤ ang	e [ɤ] ㄜ e	ei [ei] ㄟ ei	ou [ou] ㄡ ou	en [ən] ㄣ en	eng [əŋ] ㄥ eng	er [aɚ] ㄦ er	r/z [ɨ] ㄭ -i
	i	ya [ja] ㄧㄚ ia		yau [jau] ㄧㄠ iao	yan [jɛn] ㄧㄢ ian	yang [jaŋ] ㄧㄤ iang	ye [je] ㄧㄝ ie		you [jou] ㄧㄡ iu	in [in] ㄧㄣ in	ing [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ing		i [i] ㄧ i
	u	wa [wa] ㄨㄚ ua	wai [wai] ㄨㄞ uai		wan [wan] ㄨㄢ uan	wang [waŋ] ㄨㄤ uang	wo [wo] ㄨㄛ uo	wei [wei] ㄨㄟ ui		wun [wən] ㄨㄣ un	ung [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ ong		u [u] ㄨ u
	y				ywan [ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ üan		ywe [ɥe] ㄩㄝ üe			yun [yn] ㄩㄣ ün	yung [jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ iong		yu [y] ㄩ ü

Syllables with syllabic fricatives are spelled jr (ㄓ zhi), chr (ㄔ chi), shr (ㄕ shi), r (ㄖ ri), dz (ㄗ zi), tsz (ㄘ ci), sz (ㄙ si), suggesting approximate pronunciations to English speakers.^[7] In pinyin, these are all spelled -i. For example, "knowledge" (知識) is spelled chih-shih in Wade–Giles and zhishi in pinyin, but in Yale romanization it is written jr-shr—only the last will elicit a near-correct pronunciation from an unprepared English speaker.

Tones

Tone was marked using diacritics, the shape of which suggested the corresponding pitch contour: ā (high level), á (rising), ǎ (falling-rising) and à (falling).^[8] The same method was adopted by pinyin.

The dash (-) is used to separate syllables ending in -n or -g from syllables starting with a or e: Cháng-ān.^[9]

References

^ Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. War Department Technical Manual TM 30-933. War Department. 1945. pp. 1, 8. (also Dictionary of Spoken Chinese at the HathiTrust Digital Library)
^ Tewksbury, M. Gardner (1948). Speak Chinese. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. vii.
^ Fenn, Henry C.; Tewksbury, M. Gardner (1967). Speak Mandarin. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-300-00453-2.
^ ^a ^b Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.
^ Wiedenhof, Jeroen (Leiden University) (2004). "Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 (漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集). National Yunlin University of Science and Technology. pp. 387–402. ISBN 9860040117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2009-07-18. In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the Chinese communist regime. (p390)
^ Chung, Karen Steffen (2016). "Wade-Giles romanization system". In Chan, Sin-wai (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language. Routledge. pp. 756–776. ISBN 978-0-415-53970-8. pp. 768–769.
^ ^a ^b Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiii.
^ Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiv.
^ Yale University Institute of Far Eastern Languages (1966). Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Yale University Press. p. 952

External links

"Comparison chart of Yale Romanization for Mandarin with Hanyu Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao". Archived from the original on July 16, 2014.

[1] Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. War Department Technical Manual TM 30-933. War Department. 1945. pp. 1, 8. (also Dictionary of Spoken Chinese at the HathiTrust Digital Library)

[2] Tewksbury, M. Gardner (1948). Speak Chinese. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. vii.

[3] Fenn, Henry C.; Tewksbury, M. Gardner (1967). Speak Mandarin. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-300-00453-2.

[Fenn_and_Tewksbury_xii-4] Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.

[5] Wiedenhof, Jeroen (Leiden University) (2004). "Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 (漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集). National Yunlin University of Science and Technology. pp. 387–402. ISBN 9860040117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2009-07-18. In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the Chinese communist regime. (p390)

[6] Chung, Karen Steffen (2016). "Wade-Giles romanization system". In Chan, Sin-wai (ed.). The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language. Routledge. pp. 756–776. ISBN 978-0-415-53970-8. pp. 768–769.

[Fenn_and_Tewksbury_xiii-7] Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiii.

[8] Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiv.

[9] Yale University Institute of Far Eastern Languages (1966). Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Yale University Press. p. 952

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Romanization for Mandarin Chinese}}
-{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
+{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
 {{RCL}}
-The '''Yale romanization of Mandarin''' is a system for transcribing the sounds of [[Standard Chinese]], based on [[Mandarin Chinese]] varieties spoken in and around [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite book
+The '''Yale romanization of Mandarin''' is a system for transcribing the sounds of [[Standard Chinese]], based on the [[Beijing dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref>{{cite book
   | title = Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
   | publisher = War Department | year = 1945
@@ Line 7: / Line 9: @@
   | url = https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/ASJ7483.0001.001/1
   | pages = 1, 8
-}} (also {{HathiTrust|fullid=miun.asj7483.0001.001|title=Dictionary of Spoken Chinese}})</ref>  It was devised in 1943 by the [[Yale University|Yale]] sinologist [[George A. Kennedy (sinologist)|George Kennedy]] for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.<ref>{{cite book
+}} (also {{HathiTrust|htid=miun.asj7483.0001.001|title=Dictionary of Spoken Chinese}})</ref>  It was devised in 1943 by the [[Yale University|Yale]] sinologist [[George A. Kennedy (sinologist)|George Kennedy]] for a course teaching Chinese to American soldiers, and was popularized by continued development of that course at Yale.<ref>{{cite book
   | title = Speak Chinese
   | given = M. Gardner | surname = Tewksbury
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
   | page = xi
 }}</ref>
-The system approximated Chinese sounds using English spelling conventions in order to accelerate acquisition of pronunciation by English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.</ref>
+The system approximated Chinese sounds using English spelling conventions, in order to accelerate acquisition of correct pronunciation by English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.</ref>
-The Yale romanization was widely used in Western textbooks until the late 1970s; in fact, during the height of the [[Cold War]], preferring the Communist [[pinyin]] system over Yale romanization was something of a political statement.<ref>{{cite conference
+The Yale romanization was widely used in Western textbooks until the late 1970s. In fact, during the height of the [[Cold War]], the use outside of China of [[pinyin]] rather than Yale romanization, was regarded as a political statement or identification with the communist Chinese regime.<ref>{{cite conference
  | last = Wiedenhof | first = Jeroen ([[Leiden University]])
  | title = Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin
- | booktitle = Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 (漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集)
+ | book-title = Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 ({{Lang|zh|漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集}})
  | pages = 387–402
  | publisher = [[National Yunlin University of Science and Technology]]
  | year = 2004
  | url = http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp&eff.pdf
- | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6GHjcjxFr
+ | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6GHjcjxFr?url=http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp&eff.pdf
- | archivedate= 2013-05-01
+ | archive-date= 2013-05-01
  | isbn = 9860040117
- | accessdate = 2009-07-18
+ | access-date = 2009-07-18
  | quote = In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the Chinese communist regime. (p390)
-}}</ref> The situation was reversed once the relations between the People's Republic of China and the West had improved. Communist China (PRC) became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1971 by replacing Nationalist China (ROC). By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese geographical names. In 1982, pinyin became an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard. Interest in Yale Mandarin declined rapidly thereafter.
+}}</ref> The situation was reversed once relations between the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and the West had improved. Communist China (PRC) became a member of the [[United Nations]] in 1971 by replacing Nationalist China (ROC). By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese geographical names. In 1982, pinyin became an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard, and interest in Yale Mandarin declined rapidly thereafter.
 ==Initials and finals==
+The tables below show the Yale Mandarin representation of each [[Standard Chinese phonology|Chinese sound]] (in bold type), together with the corresponding [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in [[bopomofo]] and pinyin.
-The tables below show the Yale Mandarin representation of each [[Standard Chinese phonology|Chinese sound]] (in bold type), together with the corresponding [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in [[Bōpōmōfō|Zhùyīn Fúhào (Bōpōmōfō)]] and [[Hànyǔ Pīnyīn]].
 ===Initials===
-In Mandarin, [[stop consonant|stop]] and [[affricate consonant]]s are all [[voiceless]], but show a contrast between an [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and unaspirated series.
+In Mandarin, [[stop consonant|stop]] and [[affricate consonant]]s are all [[voiceless]], but show a contrast between an [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and unaspirated series. A much-criticized feature of the [[Wade–Giles]] system was its use of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration, as in the syllable ''t'a'' contrasting with the unaspirated ''ta''.
-A much-criticized feature of the [[Wade–Giles]] system was its use of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration, as in the syllable ''t'a'' contrasting with the unaspirated ''ta''.
 The corresponding Yale spellings, ''ta'' and ''da'' respectively, suggest an approximation of the aspiration distinction to speakers of English, in which (unlike, say, [[Romance languages]]) voiceless consonants like ''t'' are pronounced with distinct aspiration when they occur at the start of a word, but voiced ones like ''d'' are pronounced unaspirated and with weakened voicing in that position.<ref>{{cite book
   | given = Karen Steffen | surname = Chung
@@ Line 53: / Line 54: @@
   | publisher = Routledge | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0-415-53970-8
   }} pp. 768–769.</ref><ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xii.</ref>
-Similar conventions were used in the earlier [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] system and the later [[pinyin]] system.
+Similar conventions were used in the earlier [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] system and the later pinyin system.
-The Yale system, like Wade-Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh, represents [[palatal consonants]] using letters for similar sounds with which they are in [[complementary distribution]].<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii"/>
+The Yale system, like Wade–Giles and Gwoyeu Romatzyh, represents [[palatal consonants]] using letters for similar sounds with which they are in [[complementary distribution]].<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii"/> That is more intuitive for English speakers than the pinyin usage of the letters ''q'' and ''x'', which no longer carry their expected values. For example, ''q'' in pinyin is pronounced something like the ''ch'' in ''chicken'' and is written as ''ch'' in Yale Romanization. ''Xi'' in pinyin is pronounced something like English ''she''; in Yale it is written as ''syi''.
-This is more intuitive for English speakers than the pinyin usage of the letters ''q'' and ''x'' wherein they no longer carry their expected values.
-For example, ''q'' in pinyin is pronounced something like the ''ch'' in ''chicken'' and is written as ''ch'' in Yale Romanization. ''Xi'' in pinyin is pronounced something like English ''she''; in Yale it is written as ''syi''.
 {|class=wikitable
-!rowspan=2 colspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
+! colspan="2" | !![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
-!colspan=2|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!!colspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
+![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
 ![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]!![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
+|- align="center"
-|-
+! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
+| [[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄇ}} m|| [[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄋ}} n|| || ||
-![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]!![[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]!![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
+|- align="center"
-![[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
-|-align=center
+|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄅ}} b
-!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-| ||[[Bilabial nasal|'''<big>m</big>''' [m]]]<br>ㄇ m|| || ||[[Alveolar nasal|'''<big>n</big>''' [n]]]<br>ㄋ n|| || || ||
+|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄉ}} d|| ||
+|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄍ}} g
-|-align=center
+|- align="center"
-!rowspan=2|[[Plosive]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
+!Aspirated
-|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>b</big>''' [p]]]<br>ㄅ b|| ||
-|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>d</big>''' [t]]]<br>ㄉ d|| || || ||
+|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄆ}} p
-|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>g</big>''' [k]]]<br>ㄍ g
+|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄊ}} t|| ||
+|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄎ}} k
-|-align=center
+|- align="center"
-![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
+! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!!Unaspirated
-|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|'''<big>p</big>''' [pʰ]]]<br>ㄆ p|| ||
-|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|'''<big>t</big>''' [tʰ]]]<br>ㄊ t|| || || ||
+| || style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ}} z
-|[[Voiceless velar plosive|'''<big>k</big>''' [kʰ]]]<br>ㄎ k
+| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ}} zh
+|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [tɕ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄐ}} j||
-|-align=center
+|- align="center"
-!rowspan=2|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]!![[Aspirated consonant|Unaspirated]]
+!Aspirated
-| || || ||style="background:#CFF;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>dz</big>''' [ts]]]<br>ㄗ z||
-|style="background:#CFF;"|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [ʈʂ]]]<br>ㄓ zh||
+| || style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ts</big>''' [tsʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ}} c
-|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>j</big>''' [tɕ]]]<br>ㄐ j||
+|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ}} ch
+| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄑ}} q||
-|-align=center
+|- align="center"
-![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
+! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-| || || ||style="background:#CFF;"|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|'''<big>ts</big>''' [tsʰ]]]<br>ㄘ c||
-|[[Voiceless retroflex affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [ʈʂʰ]]]<br>ㄔ ch||
+| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄈ}} f
-|style="background:#CFF;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|'''<big>ch</big>''' [tɕʰ]]]<br>ㄑ q||
+|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ}} s
+|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>sh</big>''' [ʂ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ}} sh
-|-align=center
+| style="background:#CFF;" |[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>sy</big>''' [ɕ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄒ}} x
-!colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-| || ||[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|'''<big>f</big>''' [f]]]<br>ㄈ f
+|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄏ}} h
+|- align="center"
-|[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|'''<big>s</big>''' [s]]]<br>ㄙ s||
+! colspan="2" |[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
-|[[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|'''<big>sh</big>''' [ʂ]]]<br>ㄕ sh||
-|style="background:#CFF;"|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|'''<big>sy</big>''' [ɕ]]]<br>ㄒ x
+| || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄌ}} l|| [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>r</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]]]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ}} r|| ||
-|[[Voiceless velar fricative|'''<big>h</big>''' [x]]]<br>ㄏ h
-|-align=center
-!colspan=2|[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
-| || || || ||[[Alveolar lateral approximant|'''<big>l</big>''' [l]]]<br>ㄌ l|| ||[[Voiced retroflex sibilant|'''<big>r</big>''' [ɻ~ʐ]]]<br>ㄖ r|| ||
 |}
 ===Finals===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
 |-bgcolor=#efefef
@@ Line 115: / Line 109: @@
 !rowspan=4|Medial
 |bgcolor=#efefef|∅
-|'''<big>a</big>''' [a]<br>ㄚ a||'''<big>ai</big>''' [ai]<br>ㄞ ai||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>au</big>''' [au]<br>ㄠ ao||'''<big>an</big>''' [an]<br>ㄢ an||'''<big>ang</big>''' [aŋ]<br>ㄤ ang
+|'''<big>a</big>''' [a]<br/>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ}} a||'''<big>ai</big>''' [ai]<br/>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄞ}} ai||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>au</big>''' [au]<br/>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄠ}} ao||'''<big>an</big>''' [an]<br/>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄢ}} an||'''<big>ang</big>''' [aŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄤ}} ang
-|'''<big>e</big>''' [ɤ]<br>ㄜ e||'''<big>ei</big>''' [ei]<br>ㄟ ei||'''<big>ou</big>''' [ou]<br>ㄡ ou||'''<big>en</big>''' [ən]<br>ㄣ en||'''<big>eng</big>''' [əŋ]<br>ㄥ eng||'''<big>er</big>''' [aɚ]<br>ㄦ er
+|'''<big>e</big>''' [ɤ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄜ}} e||'''<big>ei</big>''' [ei]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄟ}} ei||'''<big>ou</big>''' [ou]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄡ}} ou||'''<big>en</big>''' [ən]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄣ}} en||'''<big>eng</big>''' [əŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄥ}} eng||'''<big>er</big>''' [aɚ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ}} er
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>r/z</big>''' [ɨ]<br>ㄭ[[File:U+312D.svg|15px]] -i
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>r/z</big>''' [ɨ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄭ}}[[File:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312D.svg|15px]] -i
 |-
 |bgcolor=#efefef|i
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ya</big>''' [ja]<br>ㄧㄚ ia|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yau</big>''' [jau]<br>ㄧㄠ iao||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yan</big>''' [jɛn]<br>ㄧㄢ ian||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yang</big>''' [jaŋ]<br>ㄧㄤ iang
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ya</big>''' [ja]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄚ}} ia|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yau</big>''' [jau]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄠ}} iao||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yan</big>''' [jɛn]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄢ}} ian||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yang</big>''' [jaŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄤ}} iang
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ye</big>''' [je]<br>ㄧㄝ ie|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>you</big>''' [jou]<br>ㄧㄡ iu||'''<big>in</big>''' [in]<br>ㄧㄣ in||'''<big>ing</big>''' [iŋ]<br>ㄧㄥ ing||
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ye</big>''' [je]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄝ}} ie|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>you</big>''' [jou]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄡ}} iu||'''<big>in</big>''' [in]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄣ}} in||'''<big>ing</big>''' [iŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄥ}} ing||
-|'''<big>i</big>''' [i]<br>ㄧ i
+|'''<big>i</big>''' [i]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ}} i
 |-
 |bgcolor=#efefef|u
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wa</big>''' [wa]<br>ㄨㄚ ua||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wai</big>''' [wai]<br>ㄨㄞ uai|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wan</big>''' [wan]<br>ㄨㄢ uan||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wang</big>''' [waŋ]<br>ㄨㄤ uang
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wa</big>''' [wa]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄚ}} ua||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wai</big>''' [wai]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄞ}} uai|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wan</big>''' [wan]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄢ}} uan||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wang</big>''' [waŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄤ}} uang
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wo</big>''' [wo]<br>ㄨㄛ uo||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wei</big>''' [wei]<br>ㄨㄟ ui|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wun</big>''' [wən]<br>ㄨㄣ un||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ung</big>''' [ʊŋ]<br>ㄨㄥ ong||
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wo</big>''' [wo]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄛ}} uo||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wei</big>''' [wei]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄟ}} ui|| ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>wun</big>''' [wən]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄣ}} un||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ung</big>''' [ʊŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄥ}} ong||
-|'''<big>u</big>''' [u]<br>ㄨ u
+|'''<big>u</big>''' [u]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ}} u
 |-
 |bgcolor=#efefef|y
-| || || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywan</big>''' [ɥɛn]<br>ㄩㄢ üan||
+| || || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywan</big>''' [ɥɛn]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄢ}} üan||
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywe</big>''' [ɥe]<br>ㄩㄝ üe|| || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yun</big>''' [yn]<br>ㄩㄣ ün||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yung</big>''' [jʊŋ]<br>ㄩㄥ iong||
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>ywe</big>''' [ɥe]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄝ}} üe|| || ||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yun</big>''' [yn]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄣ}} ün||style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yung</big>''' [jʊŋ]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄥ}} iong||
-|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yu</big>''' [y]<br>ㄩ ü
+|style="background:#CFF;"|'''<big>yu</big>''' [y]<br>{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ}} ü
 |}
-Syllables with [[syllabic fricative]]s are spelled '''jr''' (ㄓ zhi), '''chr''' (ㄔ chi), '''shr''' (ㄕ shi), '''r''' (ㄖ ri), '''dz''' (ㄗ zi), '''tsz''' (ㄘ ci), '''sz''' (ㄙ si), suggesting approximate pronunciations to English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiii.</ref>
+Syllables with [[syllabic fricative]]s are spelled '''{{transl|zh|jr}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ}} zhi), '''{{transl|zh|chr}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ}} chi), '''{{transl|zh|shr}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ}} shi), '''{{transl|zh|r}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ}} ri), '''{{transl|zh|dz}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ}} zi), '''{{transl|zh|tsz}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ}} ci), '''{{transl|zh|sz}}''' ({{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ}} si), suggesting approximate pronunciations to English speakers.<ref name="Fenn and Tewksbury xiii">Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiii.</ref>
-In pinyin, these are all spelled ''-i''.
+In pinyin, these are all spelled {{transl|zh|pinyin|-i}}.
-For example, "knowledge" (知識) is spelled ''chih-shih'' in Wade–Giles and ''zhishi'' in pinyin, but in Yale romanization it is written ''jr-shr''—only the last will elicit a near-correct pronunciation from an unprepared English speaker.
+For example, "knowledge" ({{Lang|zh|知識}}) is spelled {{transl|zh|wadegile|chih-shih}} in Wade–Giles and {{transl|zh|pinyin|zhishi}} in pinyin, but in Yale romanization it is written {{transl|zh|jr-shr}}—only the last will elicit a near-correct pronunciation from an unprepared English speaker.
 ==Tones==
+[[Tone (linguistics)|Tone]] was marked using diacritics, the shape of which suggested the corresponding [[pitch contour]]: {{transl|zh|ā}} (high level), {{transl|zh|á}} (rising), {{transl|zh|ǎ}} (falling-rising) and {{transl|zh|à}} (falling).<ref>Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiv.</ref> The same method was adopted by pinyin.
+The dash (-) is used to separate syllables ending in -n or -g from syllables starting with a or e: ''Cháng-ān''.<ref>{{cite book
-[[Tone (linguistics)|Tone]] was marked using diacritics whose shape suggested the corresponding [[pitch contour]]: ''ā'' (high level), ''á'' (rising), ''ǎ'' (falling-rising) and ''à'' (falling).<ref>Fenn and Tewksbury (1967), p. xiv.</ref>
+  | author = Yale University Institute of Far Eastern Languages
-The same method was adopted by pinyin.
+  | title = Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
+  | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1966
+  }} p. 952</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[Yale romanization of Cantonese]]
 * [[Yale romanization of Korean]]
+* [[Comparison of Chinese transcription systems]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 152: / Line 151: @@
 ==External links==
-* {{cite web | url = http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140716055747/http://pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archivedate = July 16, 2014 | title = Comparison chart of Yale Romanization for Mandarin with Hanyu Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao }}
+* {{cite web | url = http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140716055747/http://pinyin.info/romanization/yale/basic.html | archive-date = July 16, 2014 | title = Comparison chart of Yale Romanization for Mandarin with Hanyu Pinyin and Zhuyin Fuhao }}
+{{Chinese language}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Romanization of Chinese]]