Henry Drummond Wolff: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 23:10, 13 November 2024

Sir Henry Drummond Charles Wolff GCB GCMG PC (12 October 1830 – 11 October 1908), known as Henry Drummond Wolff, was an English diplomat and Conservative Party politician, who started as a clerk in the Foreign Office.^[1]^[2]

Background

Wolff was born in Malta, the son of Joseph Wolff and Lady Georgiana Mary Walpole, daughter of Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford.^[3] His father was a missionary who had converted from Judaism to Catholicism and then Anglicanism, and his mother was the niece of Prime Minister Robert Walpole.^[2]

Wolff was educated at Rugby School.^[2]

Political and diplomatic career

Wolff sat in parliament for Christchurch from 1874 to 1880 and for Portsmouth from 1880 to 1885. While MP for Christchurch he lived in Boscombe, where he developed the Boscombe Spa estate, and he played an active role in the public life of Bournemouth. In 1870 he presented Bournemouth Rowing Club with a four-oared racing boat. He was one of the group known as the Fourth Party.

In 1885 he went on a special mission to Constantinople and Egypt in connection with the Eastern Question,^[4] and as a result various awkward difficulties, hinging on the Sultan's suzerainty, were addressed.^[5] Wolff negotiated a settlement whereby Britain and Turkey would each appoint a commissioner to Egypt to help the khedive's government conduct reforms of the army and the government. Wolff then assumed the role of British high commissioner in Egypt from 1885^[6] to 1887. He was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Teheran in 1888, a post he held until 1891, and was then Ambassador to Madrid from 1892 to 1900. While serving in Spain, he would assist Ambassador Taylor, of the United States, in out maneuvering Foreign Minister O'Donnell.^[7]

Wolff was a notable raconteur and aided the Conservative Party by helping to found the Primrose League.^[5] He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1862 for various services abroad. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1878^[8] and made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1889.

As the British Minister of Iran, he assisted Antoine Kitabgi Khan, the Director General of Persian Customs, in the negotiations that led Nasir al-Din Shah to grant a concession of full monopoly over Iran's tobacco industry to Major G. F. Talbot (20 March 1890).^[9] This concession resulted in the Tobacco Protest of 1891 and is generally considered to mark the beginning of social unrest and clear Islamic clerical influence leading up to the Persian Constitutional Revolution in 1905.^[10]

In 1901, as Kitabgi Khan was looking in Europe for capitalists who might be interested in investing in oil prospection in Iran, Wolff introduced him to Englishman William Knox D'Arcy, who had made a fortune in gold mines in Australia. On 28 May 1901, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah granted D'Arcy the first oil concession in Iran that later gave birth to British Petroleum. The deed of concession stipulated that Wolff would have 10% of the profits resulting from the venture.^[11]

Personal life

Wolff's only daughter, Lucas Cleeve, was a novelist.^[12] Her son Algernon Kingscote was a notable tennis player. Wolff's grandson Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff was briefly the Conservative Member of Parliament for Basingstoke.

He died at Brighton, one day before his 78th birthday.^[2]

In popular culture

Wolff was portrayed by Charles Lloyd-Pack in the 1974 Thames TV mini-series Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill.

Notes

^ "WOLFF, JOSEPH". The Jewish Encyclopedia. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Obituary: Death of Sir Henry Drummond Wolff". The Times. 12 October 1908. p. 8.
^ "Article: To a Different Drum". www.cwi.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ "No. 25502". The London Gazette. 18 August 1885. p. 3848.
^ ^a ^b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wolff, Joseph s.v. Sir Henry Drummond Wolff". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 775.
^ "No. 25528". The London Gazette. 10 November 1885. p. 5129.
^ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
^ "No. 8923". The Edinburgh Gazette. 20 August 1878. p. 635.
^ Davoudi, Leonardo (2014). "Divine Spark: The Prelude to the Tobacco Régie of 1890". Iranian Studies. 47 (4): 505–518. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.906183. S2CID 159717666.
^ Keddie, Nikki (2012). Religion and Rebellion in Iran The Iranian Tobacco Protest of 1891-1982. New York: Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-283-70965-1.
^ Davoudi Leonardo, "Petroleum and the British Empire: From the D'Arcy Concession to the First World War. PhD Thesis, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford, 2017.
^ Lorna Sage; Germaine Greer; Elaine Showalter (1999). "Cleeve, Lucas". The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66813-2.

External links

Works by or about Henry Drummond Wolff at the Internet Archive
Works by Henry Drummond Wolff at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by or about Henry Drummond Wolff at Wikisource
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Henry Drummond Wolff
Sir Henry Drummond Wolff (1908). Rambling Recollections. Macmillan and co., limited. p. 1. Henry Drummond Wolff.
Henry Drummond Wolff (1892). Some Notes of the Past. W. Clowes and Sons, Limited Printed for private circulation. p. 1. Henry Drummond Wolff.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Edmund Haviland-Burke	Member of Parliament for Christchurch 1874–1880	Succeeded by Horace Davey
Preceded by Thomas Charles Bruce Sir James Dalrymple-Horn-Elphinstone, Bt	Member of Parliament for Portsmouth 1880–1885 With: Thomas Charles Bruce	Succeeded by Sir William Crossman Philip Vanderbyl
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by –	High Commissioner to Egypt 1885–1887	Succeeded by –
Preceded by Ronald Ferguson Thomson	Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 1888–1891	Succeeded by Sir Frank Lascelles
Preceded by Sir Clare Ford	Ambassador to Spain 1892–1900	Succeeded by Sir Mortimer Durand

[1] "WOLFF, JOSEPH". The Jewish Encyclopedia. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

[times-2] "Obituary: Death of Sir Henry Drummond Wolff". The Times. 12 October 1908. p. 8.

[3] "Article: To a Different Drum". www.cwi.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

[4] "No. 25502". The London Gazette. 18 August 1885. p. 3848.

[EB1911-5] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wolff, Joseph s.v. Sir Henry Drummond Wolff". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 775.

[6] "No. 25528". The London Gazette. 10 November 1885. p. 5129.

[7] Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.

[8] "No. 8923". The Edinburgh Gazette. 20 August 1878. p. 635.

[9] Davoudi, Leonardo (2014). "Divine Spark: The Prelude to the Tobacco Régie of 1890". Iranian Studies. 47 (4): 505–518. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.906183. S2CID 159717666.

[10] Keddie, Nikki (2012). Religion and Rebellion in Iran The Iranian Tobacco Protest of 1891-1982. New York: Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-283-70965-1.

[11] Davoudi Leonardo, "Petroleum and the British Empire: From the D'Arcy Concession to the First World War. PhD Thesis, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford, 2017.

[Cambridge-12] Lorna Sage; Germaine Greer; Elaine Showalter (1999). "Cleeve, Lucas". The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66813-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|English diplomat and politician (1830–1908)}}
-{{distinguish|Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff}}
+{{distinguish|Henry Drummond Wolff (Basingstoke MP)}}
 {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
 [[File:Sir H. Drummond Wolff, seated.jpg|thumb|Sir Henry Drummond Wolff]]
-'''Sir Henry Drummond Charles Wolff''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCMG|PC}} (1830 – 11 October 1908), known as '''Henry Drummond Wolff''' or '''H. Drummond Wolff''', was an English diplomat and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician, who started as a clerk in the [[Foreign Office]].<ref>{{Cite book|section = WOLFF, JOSEPH | title = The Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher = JewishEncyclopedia.com|url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=248&letter=W&search=wolff|work = www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date = 2016-01-18| date= 1906}}</ref>
+'''Sir Henry Drummond Charles Wolff''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCMG|PC}} (12 October 1830 – 11 October 1908), known as '''Henry Drummond Wolff''', was an English diplomat and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician, who started as a clerk in the [[Foreign Office]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|section = WOLFF, JOSEPH | title = The Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher = JewishEncyclopedia.com|url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=248&letter=W&search=wolff|encyclopedia = www.jewishencyclopedia.com|access-date = 2016-01-18| date= 1906}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Death of Sir Henry Drummond Wolff |work=[[The Times]] |date= 12 October 1908|page=8 }}</ref>
 ==Background==
-Wolff was the son of Georgiana Mary (née Walpole) and [[Joseph Wolff]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Article: To a Different Drum|url = http://www.cwi.org.uk/library/articles/HATA.html|website = www.cwi.org.uk|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = - Person Page 3833|url = http://www.thepeerage.com/p3833.htm#i38326|website = www.thepeerage.com|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref> His father was a missionary who had been born [[Jewish]], and his mother a descendant of Prime Minister [[Robert Walpole]].
+Wolff was born in [[Malta]], the son of [[Joseph Wolff]] and Lady Georgiana Mary Walpole, daughter of [[Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Article: To a Different Drum|url = http://www.cwi.org.uk/library/articles/HATA.html|website = www.cwi.org.uk|access-date = 2016-01-18}}</ref> His father was a missionary who had converted from Judaism to Catholicism and then Anglicanism, and his mother was the niece of Prime Minister [[Robert Walpole]].<ref name="times"/>
-Wolff was educated at [[Rugby School]].
+Wolff was educated at [[Rugby School]].<ref name="times"/>
 ==Political and diplomatic career==
 [[Image:Henry drummond-wolff cartoon.png|thumb|left|Caricature from Punch, 1882]]
 [[File:Henry Drummond-Wolff, Vanity Fair, 1874-09-05.jpg|thumb|right|Caricature by [[Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist)|Ape]] published in [[Vanity Fair (UK)|Vanity Fair]] in 1874.]]
-Wolff sat in parliament for [[Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Christchurch]] from 1874 to 1880 and for [[Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Portsmouth]] from 1880 to 1885. Whilst MP for Christchurch he lived in [[Boscombe]], where he developed the [[Boscombe#Boscombe Spa|Boscombe Spa]] estate, and he played an active role in the public life of [[Bournemouth]]. In 1870 he presented [[Westover and Bournemouth Rowing Club|Bournemouth Rowing Club]] with a four-oared racing boat. He was one of the group known as the [[Fourth Party]].
+Wolff sat in parliament for [[Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Christchurch]] from 1874 to 1880 and for [[Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Portsmouth]] from 1880 to 1885. While MP for Christchurch he lived in [[Boscombe]], where he developed the [[Boscombe#Boscombe Spa|Boscombe Spa]] estate, and he played an active role in the public life of [[Bournemouth]]. In 1870 he presented [[Westover and Bournemouth Rowing Club|Bournemouth Rowing Club]] with a four-oared racing boat. He was one of the group known as the [[Fourth Party]].
-In 1885 he went on a special mission to [[Constantinople]] and [[Egypt]] in connection with the [[Eastern Question]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25502 |date=18 August 1885 |page=3848 }}</ref> and as a result various awkward difficulties, hinging on the [[Sultan]]'s [[suzerainty]], were addressed. Wolff negotiated a settlement whereby Britain and Turkey would each appoint a commissioner to Egypt to help the [[khedive]]'s government conduct reforms of the army and the government. Wolff then assumed the role of British [[high commissioner]] in Egypt from 1885<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25528 |date=10 November 1885 |page=5129 }}</ref> to 1887. He was appointed [[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Iran|Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Teheran]] in 1888, a post he held until 1891, and was then [[List of ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Spain|Ambassador to Madrid]] from 1892 to 1900.
+In 1885 he went on a special mission to [[Constantinople]] and [[Egypt]] in connection with the [[Eastern Question]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25502 |date=18 August 1885 |page=3848 }}</ref> and as a result various awkward difficulties, hinging on the [[Sultan]]'s [[suzerainty]], were addressed.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Wolff, Joseph|display=Wolff, Joseph ''s.v.'' Sir Henry Drummond Wolff|volume=28|page=775}}</ref> Wolff negotiated a settlement whereby Britain and Turkey would each appoint a commissioner to Egypt to help the [[khedive]]'s government conduct reforms of the army and the government. Wolff then assumed the role of British [[high commissioner]] in Egypt from 1885<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25528 |date=10 November 1885 |page=5129 }}</ref> to 1887. He was appointed [[List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to Iran|Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Teheran]] in 1888, a post he held until 1891, and was then [[List of ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Spain|Ambassador to Madrid]] from 1892 to 1900. While serving in [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], he would assist Ambassador [[Hannis Taylor|Taylor]], of the [[United States]], in out maneuvering [[Carlos O'Donnell, 2nd Duke of Tetuán|Foreign Minister O'Donnell]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&dq=%22Hannis+Taylor%22+ambassador&pg=PA445|title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|language=en}}</ref>
-Wolff was a notable raconteur and aided the Conservative Party by helping to found the [[Primrose League]]. He was appointed a [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) in 1862 for various services abroad. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1878 and made a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB) in 1889.
+Wolff was a notable raconteur and aided the Conservative Party by helping to found the [[Primrose League]].<ref name="EB1911"/> He was appointed a [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) in 1862 for various services abroad. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1878<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=8923|page=635|date=20 August 1878|city=e}}</ref> and made a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB) in 1889.
+As the British Minister of Iran, he assisted Antoine [[Kitabgi]] Khan, the Director General of Persian Customs, in the negotiations that led [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Nasir al-Din Shah]] to grant a concession of full monopoly over Iran's tobacco industry to Major G. F. Talbot (20 March 1890).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davoudi|first=Leonardo|date=2014|title=Divine Spark: The Prelude to the Tobacco Régie of 1890|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=47|issue=4|pages=505–518|doi=10.1080/00210862.2014.906183|s2cid=159717666}}</ref> This concession resulted in the [[Tobacco Protest]] of 1891 and is generally considered to mark the beginning of social unrest and clear Islamic clerical influence leading up to the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] in 1905.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and Rebellion in Iran The Iranian Tobacco Protest of 1891-1982|last=Keddie|first=Nikki|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-283-70965-1|location=New York|page=30}}</ref>
+In 1901, as Kitabgi Khan was looking in Europe for capitalists who might be interested in investing in oil prospection in Iran, Wolff introduced him to Englishman [[William Knox D'Arcy]], who had made a fortune in gold mines in Australia. On 28 May 1901, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ad-Din Shah]] granted D'Arcy the first oil concession in Iran that later gave birth to [[BP|British Petroleum]]. The deed of concession stipulated that Wolff would have 10% of the profits resulting from the venture.<ref>Davoudi Leonardo, "Petroleum and the British Empire: From the D'Arcy Concession to the First World War. PhD Thesis, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford, 2017.</ref>
 {{clear}}
-==Family==
+==Personal life==
-Wolff's only daughter, [[Lucas Cleeve]], was a novelist.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book|authors=Lorna Sage, Germaine Greer, Elaine Showalter|title=The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB59uc9_ss8C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Tales+of+the+Sun+Or+Folklore+of+Southern+India+by+Mrs+Howard+Kingscote,&source=bl&ots=Kj2jWuoG2y&sig=nwpGPd5L27VKwljlrSjwlZuSJvc&hl=en&ei=EFJPTPLXB5Krcev6gJQB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Tales%20of%20the%20Sun%20Or%20Folklore%20of%20Southern%20India%20by%20Mrs%20Howard%20Kingscote%2C&f=false|year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66813-2|chapter=Cleeve, Lucas}}</ref> Her son [[Algernon Kingscote]] was a notable tennis player. Wolff's grandson [[Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff]] was briefly the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]].
+Wolff's only daughter, [[Lucas Cleeve]], was a novelist.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book|author=Lorna Sage |author2=Germaine Greer |author3=Elaine Showalter |title=The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB59uc9_ss8C&q=Tales+of+the+Sun+Or+Folklore+of+Southern+India+by+Mrs+Howard+Kingscote%2C&pg=PA136|year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66813-2|chapter=Cleeve, Lucas}}</ref> Her son [[Algernon Kingscote]] was a notable tennis player. Wolff's grandson [[Henry Maxence Cavendish Drummond Wolff]] was briefly the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Basingstoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Basingstoke]].
+He died at Brighton, one day before his 78th birthday.<ref name="times"/>
+==In popular culture==
-==Portrayals in Film and Television==
 Wolff was portrayed by [[Charles Lloyd-Pack]] in the 1974 Thames TV mini-series ''Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill''.
@@ Line 30: / Line 37: @@
 == Notes ==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-== References ==
-*{{EB1911|wstitle=Wolff, Joseph|volume=28|pages=774–775}}
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Henry Drummond-Wolff}}
 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henry Drummond Wolff |sopt=t}}
+* {{Librivox author |id=12729}}
 * {{Wikisource author-inline}}
 * {{Hansard-contribs|sir-henry-wolff|Sir Henry Drummond Wolff}}
-*{{cite book|title=Rambling Recollections|author=Sir Henry Drummond Wolff|year=1908|publisher=Macmillan and co., limited|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRIhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Henry+inauthor:Drummond+inauthor:Wolff#PPR3,M1}}
+*{{cite book|title=Rambling Recollections|author=Sir Henry Drummond Wolff|year=1908|publisher=Macmillan and co., limited|url=https://archive.org/details/ramblingrecolle01wolfgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ramblingrecolle01wolfgoog/page/n237 1]|quote=Henry Drummond Wolff.}}
-*{{cite book|title=Some Notes of the Past|author=Henry Drummond Wolff|year=1892|publisher=W. Clowes and Sons, Limited Printed for private circulation|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Henry+inauthor:Drummond+inauthor:Wolff#PPP5,M1}}
+*{{cite book|title=Some Notes of the Past|author=Henry Drummond Wolff|year=1892|publisher=W. Clowes and Sons, Limited Printed for private circulation|url=https://archive.org/details/somenotespast00wolfgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/somenotespast00wolfgoog/page/n8 1]|quote=Henry Drummond Wolff.}}
 {{s-start}}
@@ Line 46: / Line 51: @@
 {{succession box
  | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Christchurch]]
- | years  = [[United Kingdom general election, 1874|1874]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1880|1880]]
+ | years  = [[1874 United Kingdom general election|1874]]–[[1880 United Kingdom general election|1880]]
  | before = [[Edmund Haviland-Burke (Christchurch MP)|Edmund Haviland-Burke]]
  | after  = [[Horace Davey, Baron Davey|Horace Davey]]}}
 {{succession box
  | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Portsmouth]]
- | years  = [[United Kingdom general election, 1880|1880]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1885|1885]]
+ | years  = [[1880 United Kingdom general election|1880]]–[[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885]]
  | with   = [[Thomas Charles Bruce]]
  | before = [[Thomas Charles Bruce]]<br />[[Sir James Dalrymple-Horn-Elphinstone, 2nd Baronet|Sir James Dalrymple-Horn-Elphinstone, Bt]]
@@ Line 73: / Line 78: @@
 [[Category:1908 deaths]]
 [[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
-[[Category:English diplomats]]
 [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
 [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
-[[Category:UK MPs 1874–80]]
+[[Category:UK MPs 1874–1880]]
-[[Category:UK MPs 1880–85]]
+[[Category:UK MPs 1880–1885]]
 [[Category:People from Boscombe]]
-[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain]]
 [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
-[[Category:Jewish British politicians]]
+[[Category:British people of German-Jewish descent]]
+[[Category:Jewish English politicians]]
+[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain]]

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Spain Netherlands Israel
Other	SNAC