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Coordinates: 33°13′48″N 35°38′19″E / 33.23000°N 35.63861°E / 33.23000; 35.63861
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{{Short description|Kibbutz in northern Israel}}
{{for|the given name|Dafna (given name)}}
{{for|the given name|Dafna (given name)}}
{{Infobox Kibbutz
{{Infobox Kibbutz
| name = Dafna
| name = Dafna
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|דפנה}}
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|דפנה}}
| image= File:מראה דפנה בעמק החולה-JNF022164.jpeg
| image= מראה דפנה בעמק החולה-JNF022164.jpeg
⚫
| caption= Dafna in 1939
| imgsize= 200
⚫
| caption= Dafna. 1939
| foundation = 3 May 1939
| foundation = 3 May 1939
| founded_by = [[Polish]] and [[Lithuanian]] [[Habonim Dror]] Members
| founded_by = [[Poland|Polish]] and [[Lithuania]]n [[Habonim Dror]] members
| district = north
| district = north
| council = [[Upper Galilee Regional Council|Upper Galilee]]
| council = [[Upper Galilee Regional Council|Upper Galilee]]
Line 19: Line 19:
}}
}}
[[Image:Dafna DanRiverPark.jpg|thumb|right|River Dan within kibbutz Dafna]]
[[Image:Dafna DanRiverPark.jpg|thumb|right|River Dan within kibbutz Dafna]]
[[Image:Dafna DanRiverBridge.jpg|thumb|right|River Dan within kibbutz Dafna]]


'''Dafna''' ({{lang-he|דַּפְנָה}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in the [[Upper Galilee]] in northern [[Israel]], 7 km east of [[Kiryat Shmona]]. It was founded on 3 May 1939 as a [[Tower and Stockade]] settlement, and was the first Tower and Stockade-type settlement in the northern [[Hula Valley]]. Dafna, [[Beit Hillel]], [[She'ar Yashuv]], and [[Dan (kibbutz)|Dan]] were known as "the [[Menahem Ussishkin|Ussishkin]] Fortresses" – Ussishkin Fortress [[Alef]] (1), [[Bet (letter)|Bet]] (2), [[Gimel]] (3), and [[Dalet]] (4), respectively. Three streams of the [[Dan River (Middle East)|river Dan]] surround the kibbutz. As of {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Dafna}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}
'''Dafna''' ({{langx|he|דַּפְנָה}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in the [[Upper Galilee]] in northern [[Israel]]. Located seven kilometres east of [[Kiryat Shmona]] and surrounded by three streams of the [[Dan River (Middle East)|Dan River]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Upper Galilee Regional Council]]. The kibbutz was founded on 3 May 1939 as a [[Tower and Stockade]] settlement, the first such settlement in the northern [[Hula Valley]]. Dafna, [[Beit Hillel]], [[She'ar Yashuv]] and [[Dan (kibbutz)|Dan]] were known as the "{{ill|Ussishkin Fortresses|he|מצודות אוסישקין}}", named after [[Menahem Ussishkin]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Dafna}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}

==Education==
Har Vagai (mountain and valley), one of the junior and senior regional [[high school]]s, is located in kibbutz Dafna. The school has 900-1000 pupils from 7th to 12th grade. The school covers an area of about 1&nbsp;km square and the river Dan runs through the middle of the school grounds. The pupils are drawn from kibbutzim who were originally in the [[Kibbutz Movement|United Kibbutz]] movement ([[HaGoshrim]], [[Kfar Szold]] and Dafna in the northern valley, [[Gadot]], [[Mahanayim]] and [[Hulata]] in the south, [[Ein Zivan]], [[Merom Golan]] and [[El Rom]] on the Golan and [[Malkia]], [[Manara, Israel|Manara]] and [[Misgav Am]] on the mountains to the west) . [[Dan, Israel|Dan]] and [[Snir]] (originally [[Hashomer Hatzair]]) also joined later, as did many students from towns such as [[Rosh Pinna]], [[Metula]] and [[Yesud HaMa'ala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/sulam.co.il/harvagay/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA|access-date=11 November 2017|title=About Har Vagai school (Hebrew)}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The school holds a memorial service and educational seminar every year to commemorate the 73 soldiers who were lost in the [[1997 Israeli helicopter disaster|helicopter disaster]] of 4 February 1997.
The [[elementary school]] for the kibbutz children is Aley Giva (atop a hill) which is situated in Kibbutz [[Kfar Giladi]]. The children from Dafna are taken by bus there and back every day.
There is a thriving education system of [[kindergarten]]s for young children from the age of 6 months up to 6 years when they start the first year of school.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==Economy==
Dafna Industries was founded 1964 and is today one of the leading [[footwear]] exporters of Israel. Its products are exported to [[Europe]], [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. Following a downturn in the world economy the factory went through a difficult period and was eventually sold to another Israeli footwear manufacturer [[Naot|Teva Neot]] with Dafna retaining a portion of the shares.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Additional economic activities, which are part of the revenue producing activities of the kibbutz, are:
[[Apple]], [[avocado]] and [[grapefruit]] [[orchard]]s, [[cotton]] growing, [[dairy cattle]] and [[Fish farming|commercial fish ponds]] and renting accommodation. In addition, the tourist guest house "Ganei Dafna" (Garden of Dafna) offers recreational diversion.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The kibbutz also runs a fish [[restaurant]] and [[Campsite|camping ground]] where visitors can pitch their tents next to the river and enjoy a grilled trout in the restaurant nearby. Dafna cooperated with Dan in establishing the first [[trout]]-breeding enterprise in the area.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}


==History==
==History==
[[File:Historical map series for the area of al-Shawka al-Tahta (1940s).jpg|thumb|Dafna 1940s map 1:20,000]]
[[File:Historical map series for the area of al-Shawka al-Tahta (1940s).jpg|thumb|Dafna 1940s map 1:20,000]]


Early [[Roman Empire|Roman]] pottery fragments have been found in an excavation in Dafna.<ref>Mokary, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1241&mag_id=115 Dafna, Final Report]</ref> A place called Daphne was mentioned in this vicinity by [[Josephus]].<ref name=Robinson/>
Early [[Roman Empire|Roman]] pottery fragments have been found in an excavation in Dafna.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla |date= 2009-11-17 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1241&mag_id=115|title=Dafna Final Report |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot |number=121}}</ref> A place called Daphne was mentioned in this vicinity by [[Josephus]].<ref name=Robinson/>


[[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]], who visited in 1852, identified Daphne with a "low mound of rubbish with cut stones, evidently the remains of a former town" called Difneh that he encountered while riding south from [[Dan (ancient city)|Tel el-Qadi]] to [[Al-Mansura, Safad|Mansura]].<ref name=Robinson>{{cite book | authors = E. Robinson, E. Smith | display-authors=etal | title = Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions — A Journal of Travel in the Year 1852 | place = Boston | publisher = Crocker and Brewster | year = 1856 | pages = 393–394}}</ref> He noted that the land for some distance south was called Ard Difneh.<ref name=Robinson/>
[[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]], who visited in 1852, identified Daphne with a "low mound of rubbish with cut stones, evidently the remains of a former town" called Difneh that he encountered while riding south from [[Dan (ancient city)|Tel el-Qadi]] to [[Al-Mansura, Safad|Mansura]].<ref name=Robinson>{{cite book |author=E. Robinson |author2=E. Smith | display-authors=etal | title = Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions — A Journal of Travel in the Year 1852 | place = Boston | publisher = Crocker and Brewster | year = 1856 | pages = 393–394}}</ref> He noted that the land for some distance south was called Ard Difneh.<ref name=Robinson/>


The [[Survey of Western Palestine]] identified Daphne with Khirbet Dufnah, meaning "the ruin of Daphne ([[oleander]])", which they marked on [[Palestine Exploration Fund|their map]] in the place where [[Al-Shawka al-Tahta]] was to stand later, about 1&nbsp;km NNW of present-day Dafna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer |year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|page=[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/26/mode/1up 26]}}</ref><ref name="SWPI">{{cite book | author = C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener | title = The Survey of Western Palestine | volume = I | year = 1881 | location = London | publisher = The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund | page = [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]}} Later Israeli maps marked ''Khirbet Dafna'' at a different place 1km SE of Dafna (Sheet "Dan", 1:20,000, at 2109/2921, Survey of Israel 1956).</ref><ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n382/mode/1up 382]−384</ref>
The [[Survey of Western Palestine]] identified Daphne with Khirbet Dufnah, meaning "the ruin of Daphne ([[oleander]])", which they marked on [[Palestine Exploration Fund|their map]] in the place where [[Al-Shawka al-Tahta]] was to stand later, about 1&nbsp;km NNW of present-day Dafna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer |year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|page=[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/26/mode/1up 26]}}</ref><ref name="SWPI">{{cite book | author = C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener | title = The Survey of Western Palestine | volume = I | year = 1881 | location = London | publisher = The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund | page = [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]}} Later Israeli maps marked ''Khirbet Dafna'' at a different place 1km SE of Dafna (Sheet "Dan", 1:20,000, at 2109/2921, Survey of Israel 1956).</ref><ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n382/mode/1up 382]−384</ref>


An Arab settlement was founded sometime between 1858 and 1878.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Y. Karmon | title = The Settlement of the Northern Huleh Valley since 1838 | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 3 | number = 1 | year = 1953 | pages = 4–25}}</ref> Difnah was listed as a village by the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate]] government in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal | page = 687 | author = Government of Palestine | title = Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine | volume = 116 | date = June 1, 1924}}</ref> At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Dafna had 66 occupied houses and a population of 318 Muslims and one Christian.<ref name="Census1931">{{cite book | editor = E. Mills | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 | page = 105}}</ref> At the beginning of 1939, the village was pillaged by bedouin, causing most of the population to leave.<ref name="Avnieri">{{cite book | author = Arieh L. Avnieri | title = The Claim of Dispossession; Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 | publisher = Transaction Books | place = New Brunswick and London | year = 1984 | pages = 195–196}}</ref> The land was soon purchased by the [[Jewish National Fund]].<ref name="Avnieri"/> The JNF was represented in the negotiations by the same man, Kamel Hussein, who had earlier led the raid on [[Tel-Hai]] in which [[Josef Trumpeldor]] was killed.<ref name="Avnieri"/>
An Arab settlement was founded sometime between 1858 and 1878.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Y. Karmon | title = The Settlement of the Northern Huleh Valley since 1838 | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 3 | number = 1 | year = 1953 | pages = 4–25}}</ref> Difnah was listed as a village by the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate]] government in 1924.<ref>{{cite book | page = 687 |title= Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine |volume = 116 | date = 1 June 1924}}</ref> At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Dafna had 66 occupied houses and a population of 318 Muslims and one Christian.<ref name="Census1931">{{cite book | editor = E. Mills | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 | page = 105}}</ref> At the beginning of 1939, the village was pillaged by bedouin, causing most of the population to leave.<ref name="Avnieri">{{cite book | author = Arieh L. Avnieri | title = The Claim of Dispossession; Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 | publisher = Transaction Books | place = New Brunswick and London | year = 1984 | pages = 195–196}}</ref> The land was soon purchased by the [[Jewish National Fund]].<ref name="Avnieri"/> The JNF was represented in the negotiations by the same man, Kamel Hussein, who had earlier led the raid on [[Tel-Hai]] in which [[Josef Trumpeldor]] was killed.<ref name="Avnieri"/>


The original Jewish settlers were immigrants mostly from [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].<ref name="JNF 1948">{{cite book | title=Jewish Villages in Israel | author=Jewish National Fund | author-link=Jewish National Fund | year=1949 | publisher=Hamadpis Liphshitz Press | location=Jerusalem | pages=29}}</ref>
The original Jewish settlers were immigrants mostly from [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]].<ref name="JNF 1948">{{cite book | title=Jewish Villages in Israel | author=Jewish National Fund | author-link=Jewish National Fund | year=1949 | publisher=Hamadpis Liphshitz Press | location=Jerusalem | page=29}}</ref>


By the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1944/45 statistics]], Dafna had a population of 380 Jews<ref name=1945p9>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg 9]</ref> with a total land area of 2,663 dunams, of which Jews owned 2,189 dunams.<ref name=Hadawi69>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945,'' quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg 69].</ref> Of this, a total of 2,385 [[dunam]]s of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 5 dunums were used for cereals;<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg 118]</ref> while 50 dunams were classified as built-up (or Urban) area.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg 168]</ref>
By the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1944/45 statistics]], Dafna had a population of 380 Jews<ref name=1945p9>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg 9]</ref> with a total land area of 2,663 dunams, of which Jews owned 2,189 dunams.<ref name=Hadawi69>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945,'' quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-069.jpg 69].</ref> Of this, a total of 2,385 [[dunam]]s of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 5 dunums were used for cereals;<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg 118]</ref> while 50 dunams were classified as built-up (or Urban) area.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg 168]</ref>


In 1947, it had a population of 600.<ref name="JNF 1948" /> During early 1947 Palmach Officer [[Moshe Kelman]] was ordered by the [[Haganah]] High Command to supervise the execution and burial of a Jew accused of collaborating with the British. The execution took place at Kibbutz Dafna.<ref>Kurzman, Don (1970) ''Genesis 1948. The First Arab-Israeli War.'' New American Library (NAL), New York. Library of Congress number 77-96925. pp.479,480</ref><ref>Nachman Ben-Yehuda. "Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice." SUNY Press, 1992, pp 215-216. SUNY Series in Israeli Studies</ref>
In 1947, it had a population of 600.<ref name="JNF 1948" /> During early 1947 Palmach Officer [[Moshe Kelman]] was ordered by the [[Haganah]] High Command to supervise the execution and burial of a Jew accused of collaborating with the British. The execution took place at Kibbutz Dafna.<ref>Kurzman, Don (1970) ''Genesis 1948. The First Arab-Israeli War.'' New American Library (NAL), New York. Library of Congress number 77-96925. pp.479,480</ref><ref>Nachman Ben-Yehuda. "Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice." SUNY Press, 1992, pp 215-216. SUNY Series in Israeli Studies</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:בעת העליה לדפנה בעמק החולה-JNF022221.jpeg|Dafna under construction, 1939
File:בעת העליה לדפנה בעמק החולה-JNF022221.jpeg|Dafna under construction in 1939
File:דפנה - העליה לדפנה בעמק החולה-JNF034615.jpeg|Dafna under construction, 1939
File:דפנה - העליה לדפנה בעמק החולה-JNF034615.jpeg|Dafna under construction in 1939
File:דפנה - ביקורו של אוסישקין במצודה שהוקמה על שמו-JNF039274.jpeg|Visit by [[Menachem Ussishkin]] 1 May 1939
File:דפנה - ביקורו של אוסישקין במצודה שהוקמה על שמו-JNF039274.jpeg|Visit by [[Menachem Ussishkin]] on 1 May 1939
File:דפנה - צריפים בראשיתו של הקיבוץ.-JNF034537.jpeg|Dafna barracks & tower 1939
File:דפנה - צריפים בראשיתו של הקיבוץ.-JNF034537.jpeg|Dafna barracks & tower in 1939
File:חורבות ליד קיבוץ דפנה-ZKlugerPhotos-00132ft-090717068512166e.jpg|Dafna: Remains of Emir’s palace 1940
File:חורבות ליד קיבוץ דפנה-ZKlugerPhotos-00132ft-090717068512166e.jpg|Dafna: Remains of Emir's palace in 1940
File:דפנה - מראה-JNF008560.jpeg|Dafna 1942
File:דפנה - מראה-JNF008560.jpeg|Dafna in 1942
File:Dafna vi.jpg|View of southern entrance to the farm, Dafna, 1947
File:Dafna vi.jpg|View of southern entrance to the farm, Dafna in 1947
File:Dafna ii.jpg|Dafna, 1948
File:Dafna ii.jpg|Dafna in 1948
</gallery>
</gallery>
After the [[1948 Palestine war]], Dafna took over part of the land belonging to the newly depopulated [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village of [[Al-Sanbariyya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5|page=494}}</ref>
After the [[1948 Palestine war]], Dafna took over part of the land belonging to the newly depopulated [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village of [[Al-Sanbariyya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5|page=494}}</ref>
Line 70: Line 54:


The fictional kibbutz Gan Dafna, its name presumably a nod to the real-life kibbutz Dafna, figures prominently in [[Leon Uris]]'s book [[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]], as the hometown of the protagonist Ari Ben Caanan.
The fictional kibbutz Gan Dafna, its name presumably a nod to the real-life kibbutz Dafna, figures prominently in [[Leon Uris]]'s book [[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]], as the hometown of the protagonist Ari Ben Caanan.
[[File:Tel Hai.jpg|thumb|right|Dafna, 1946, 1:250,000]]
[[File:Tel Hai.jpg|thumb|right|Dafna in 1946, 1:250,000]]


===1997 Israeli helicopter disaster===
===1997 helicopter disaster===
{{Main|1997 Israeli helicopter disaster}}
{{Main|1997 Israeli helicopter disaster}}
On 4 February 1997, at approximately 19:00, two "Yasur" Sikorsky CH 53 helicopters carrying 73 soldiers and loaded with ammunition collided in mid-air over [[She'ar Yashuv]]. One of the helicopters smashed into an open field near the cemetery of Dafna.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/1997/02/05/internacional/05N0050.html Al menos 73 soldados israelíes mueren al colisionar dos helicópteros militares en el aire] El Mundo, 5 February 1997 {{in lang|es}}</ref> It is believed that this accident increased the pressure on the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] to withdraw its forces from Lebanon, finally done in May 2000.<ref>[http://www.4mothers.org.il/articles/movement.htm The movement that shaped the Lebanon pullout] The Jerusalem Post, 8 June 2000 (republished on Women and Mothers for Peace)</ref>
On 4 February 1997, at approximately 19:00, two "Yasur" Sikorsky CH 53 helicopters carrying 73 soldiers and loaded with ammunition collided in mid-air over [[She'ar Yashuv]]. One of the helicopters smashed into an open field near the cemetery of Dafna.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/1997/02/05/internacional/05N0050.html Al menos 73 soldados israelíes mueren al colisionar dos helicópteros militares en el aire] El Mundo, 5 February 1997 {{in lang|es}}</ref> It is believed that this accident increased the pressure on the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] to withdraw its forces from Lebanon, finally done in May 2000.<ref>[http://www.4mothers.org.il/articles/movement.htm The movement that shaped the Lebanon pullout] The Jerusalem Post, 8 June 2000 (republished on Women and Mothers for Peace)</ref>


=== 2023 Israel–Hamas war ===
Today a monument next to the cemetery of Dafna commemorates the 73 fallen soldiers. The monument consists of 73 [[obelisk]]s and a running stream of water that leads, via a path of glass and stone to a huge tree whose leaves symbolize the names of those killed in the disaster. It is visited by many Israelis throughout the year.
During the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|2023 war between Hamas and Israel]], northern Israeli border communities, including Dafna, faced targeted attacks by [[Hezbollah]] and [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian factions]] based in [[Lebanon]], and were evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF to evacuate civilians from 28 communities along Lebanese border amid attacks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-evacuate-civilians-from-28-communities-along-lebanese-border-amid-attacks/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On July 21, 2024, a Hezbollah rocket attack damaged a school, but there were no casualties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-07-21 |title=Rockets hit empty school, preschool in north after IDF strikes arms depot in Lebanon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/rockets-hit-empty-school-preschool-in-north-after-idf-strikes-arms-depot-in-lebanon/ |work=Times of Israel}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 83: Line 68:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla |date= 2009-11-17 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1241&mag_id=115|title=Dafna Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=121}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.dafna.org.il Kibbutz Dafna Official Website]
*[http://www.dafna.org.il Official website]
{{Upper Galilee Regional Council}}
{{Upper Galilee Regional Council}}

Latest revision as of 00:03, 14 November 2024

For the given name, see Dafna (given name).
Dafna
דפנה‎
Dafna in 1939
Dafna in 1939
Dafna is located in Northeast Israel
Dafna
Dafna
Coordinates: 33°13′48″N 35°38′19″E / 33.23000°N 35.63861°E / 33.23000; 35.63861
CountryIsrael
DistrictNorthern
CouncilUpper Galilee
AffiliationKibbutz Movement
Founded3 May 1939
Founded byPolish and Lithuanian Habonim Dror members
Population
 (2022)
1,073[1]
Websitewww.dafna.org.il
River Dan within kibbutz Dafna

Dafna (Hebrew: דַּפְנָה) is a kibbutz in the Upper Galilee in northern Israel. Located seven kilometres east of Kiryat Shmona and surrounded by three streams of the Dan River, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. The kibbutz was founded on 3 May 1939 as a Tower and Stockade settlement, the first such settlement in the northern Hula Valley. Dafna, Beit Hillel, She'ar Yashuv and Dan were known as the "Ussishkin Fortresses [he]", named after Menahem Ussishkin. In 2022 it had a population of 1,073.[1]

History

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Dafna 1940s map 1:20,000

Early Roman pottery fragments have been found in an excavation in Dafna.[2] A place called Daphne was mentioned in this vicinity by Josephus.[3]

Edward Robinson, who visited in 1852, identified Daphne with a "low mound of rubbish with cut stones, evidently the remains of a former town" called Difneh that he encountered while riding south from Tel el-Qadi to Mansura.[3] He noted that the land for some distance south was called Ard Difneh.[3]

The Survey of Western Palestine identified Daphne with Khirbet Dufnah, meaning "the ruin of Daphne (oleander)", which they marked on their map in the place where Al-Shawka al-Tahta was to stand later, about 1 km NNW of present-day Dafna.[4][5][6]

An Arab settlement was founded sometime between 1858 and 1878.[7] Difnah was listed as a village by the Mandate government in 1924.[8] At the time of the 1931 census, Dafna had 66 occupied houses and a population of 318 Muslims and one Christian.[9] At the beginning of 1939, the village was pillaged by bedouin, causing most of the population to leave.[10] The land was soon purchased by the Jewish National Fund.[10] The JNF was represented in the negotiations by the same man, Kamel Hussein, who had earlier led the raid on Tel-Hai in which Josef Trumpeldor was killed.[10]

The original Jewish settlers were immigrants mostly from Poland and Lithuania.[11]

By the 1944/45 statistics, Dafna had a population of 380 Jews[12] with a total land area of 2,663 dunams, of which Jews owned 2,189 dunams.[13] Of this, a total of 2,385 dunams of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 5 dunums were used for cereals;[14] while 50 dunams were classified as built-up (or Urban) area.[15]

In 1947, it had a population of 600.[11] During early 1947 Palmach Officer Moshe Kelman was ordered by the Haganah High Command to supervise the execution and burial of a Jew accused of collaborating with the British. The execution took place at Kibbutz Dafna.[16][17]

  • Dafna under construction in 1939
    Dafna under construction in 1939
  • Dafna under construction in 1939
    Dafna under construction in 1939
  • Visit by Menachem Ussishkin on 1 May 1939
    Visit by Menachem Ussishkin on 1 May 1939
  • Dafna barracks & tower in 1939
    Dafna barracks & tower in 1939
  • Dafna: Remains of Emir's palace in 1940
    Dafna: Remains of Emir's palace in 1940
  • Dafna in 1942
    Dafna in 1942
  • View of southern entrance to the farm, Dafna in 1947
    View of southern entrance to the farm, Dafna in 1947
  • Dafna in 1948
    Dafna in 1948

After the 1948 Palestine war, Dafna took over part of the land belonging to the newly depopulated Palestinian village of Al-Sanbariyya.[18]

According to a 1949 book by the Jewish National Fund, Dafna along with other border settlements of Dan and Kfar Szold held off the Syrian and Lebanese forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. However, the settlement was often bombarded and was said to have suffered heavy damage.[11]

The fictional kibbutz Gan Dafna, its name presumably a nod to the real-life kibbutz Dafna, figures prominently in Leon Uris's book Exodus, as the hometown of the protagonist Ari Ben Caanan.

Dafna in 1946, 1:250,000

1997 helicopter disaster

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Main article: 1997 Israeli helicopter disaster

On 4 February 1997, at approximately 19:00, two "Yasur" Sikorsky CH 53 helicopters carrying 73 soldiers and loaded with ammunition collided in mid-air over She'ar Yashuv. One of the helicopters smashed into an open field near the cemetery of Dafna.[19] It is believed that this accident increased the pressure on the IDF to withdraw its forces from Lebanon, finally done in May 2000.[20]

2023 Israel–Hamas war

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During the 2023 war between Hamas and Israel, northern Israeli border communities, including Dafna, faced targeted attacks by Hezbollah and Palestinian factions based in Lebanon, and were evacuated.[21] On July 21, 2024, a Hezbollah rocket attack damaged a school, but there were no casualties.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Mokary, Abdalla (2009-11-17). "Dafna Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot (121).
  3. ^ a b c E. Robinson; E. Smith; et al. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions — A Journal of Travel in the Year 1852. Boston: Crocker and Brewster. pp. 393–394.
  4. ^ Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 26.
  5. ^ C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine. Vol. I. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 118. Later Israeli maps marked Khirbet Dafna at a different place 1km SE of Dafna (Sheet "Dan", 1:20,000, at 2109/2921, Survey of Israel 1956).
  6. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 382−384
  7. ^ Y. Karmon (1953). "The Settlement of the Northern Huleh Valley since 1838". Israel Exploration Journal. 3 (1): 4–25.
  8. ^ Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine. Vol. 116. 1 June 1924. p. 687.
  9. ^ E. Mills, ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 105.
  10. ^ a b c Arieh L. Avnieri (1984). The Claim of Dispossession; Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books. pp. 195–196.
  11. ^ a b c Jewish National Fund (1949). Jewish Villages in Israel. Jerusalem: Hamadpis Liphshitz Press. p. 29.
  12. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9
  13. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945, quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69.
  14. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118
  15. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 168
  16. ^ Kurzman, Don (1970) Genesis 1948. The First Arab-Israeli War. New American Library (NAL), New York. Library of Congress number 77-96925. pp.479,480
  17. ^ Nachman Ben-Yehuda. "Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice." SUNY Press, 1992, pp 215-216. SUNY Series in Israeli Studies
  18. ^ Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 494. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  19. ^ Al menos 73 soldados israelíes mueren al colisionar dos helicópteros militares en el aire El Mundo, 5 February 1997 (in Spanish)
  20. ^ The movement that shaped the Lebanon pullout The Jerusalem Post, 8 June 2000 (republished on Women and Mothers for Peace)
  21. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF to evacuate civilians from 28 communities along Lebanese border amid attacks". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  22. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (2024-07-21). "Rockets hit empty school, preschool in north after IDF strikes arms depot in Lebanon". Times of Israel.

Bibliography

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