'''Satakarni''' (also called '''Sātakarnī I''', [[Brahmi script]]: <b>𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺</b>, ''Sātakaṇi'') was the third of the [[Satavahana]] kings, who ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India. His reign is generally dated to 70-60 BCE,<ref name="SEA_2001">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA166 |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor=[[Susan E. Alcock]] |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |author=Carla M. Sinopoli |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |pages=166–168 }}</ref> although some authors have claimed 187-177 BCE,<ref name="RKS_2013">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZXwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes |author=Rajesh Kumar Singh |publisher=Hari Sena |year=2013 |isbn=9788192510750 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> and most recently dated to 88-42 BCE<ref>Ollet, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, Table 2, (Appendix A), p. 189.</ref>
'''Satakarni''' (also called '''Sātakarnī I''', [[Brahmi script]]: '''𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺''', ''Sātakaṇi'') was the third of the [[Satavahana]] kings, who ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India. His reign is generally dated to 70-60 BCE,<ref name="SEA_2001">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA166 |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |editor=Susan E. Alcock |editor-link=Susan E. Alcock |chapter=On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty |author=Carla M. Sinopoli |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |pages=166–168 |isbn=9780521770200 }}</ref> although some authors have claimed 187-177 BCE,<ref name="RKS_2013">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes |author=Rajesh Kumar Singh |publisher=Hari Sena |year=2013 |isbn=9788192510750 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> and most recently dated to 88-42 BCE.<ref>Ollet, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, Table 2, (Appendix A), p. 189.</ref> It was thought there were "two Satakarnis" (Satakarni I and Satakarni II), however, Andrew Ollett argues that there is only one Satakarni, as the alleged first Satakarni is assigned ten years, and the second, fifty years by other scholars, but the only dated inscription of this king is Candankheda seal from his reign's year 30, around 60 BCE, and he ruled ca. 88-42 BCE.<ref>Ollett, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, footnote 5, p. 190 and p. 195.</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/8133768/Two_dated_S%C4%81tav%C4%81hana_epigraphs Falk, Harry, (2009). "Two Dated Satavahana Epigraphs"], in Indo-Iranian Journal 52, pp. 197-200.</ref>
==Biography==
==Biography==
According to the [[Puranas]], the Satavahana king [[Simuka]] was succeeded by his brother Krishna (also known as Kanha). According to ''Matsya Purana'', Krishna was succeeded by Mallakarni, but according to other Puranas, he was succeeded by Satakarni. The [[Nanaghat]] cave inscription of Satakarni lists his family members: it mentions Simuka's name, but not that of Krishna. Based on this, multiple historians conclude that Satakarni was Simuka's son, and succeeded Krishna. G. V. Rao, however, believes that the inscription is that of a different king Satakarni II; Simuka is mentioned in the inscription as the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="SC_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37 |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1974 |pages=17–56 }}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=346}}
According to the [[Puranas]], the Satavahana king [[Simuka]] was succeeded by his brother Krishna (also known as Kanha). According to ''Matsya Purana'', Krishna was succeeded by Mallakarni, but according to other Puranas, he was succeeded by Satakarni. The [[Nanaghat]] cave inscription of Satakarni lists his family members: it mentions Simuka's name, but not that of Krishna. Based on this, multiple historians conclude that Satakarni was Simuka's son, and succeeded Krishna. G. V. Rao, however, believes that the inscription is that of a different king Satakarni II; Simuka is mentioned in the inscription as the founder of the dynasty.<ref name="SC_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA37 |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1974 |pages=17–56 |isbn=9788120829411 }}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=346}}
According to the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Satakarni enjoyed a long reign of about 56 years.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=382}} He seems to have conquered Western [[Malwa]]{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=382}} region from the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]].{{Sfn|Rao|1994|p=11}}
According to the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Satakarni enjoyed a long reign of about 56 years.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=382}} He seems to have conquered Western [[Malwa]]{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=382}} region from the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]].{{Sfn|Rao|1994|p=11}}
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The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] king [[Kharavela]] mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who is identified with Satakarni. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city variously interpreted as "Masika" (Masikanagara), "Musika" (Musikanagara) or "Asika" (Asikanagara). NK Sahu identifies Asika as the capital of [[Assaka]] [[janapada]].<ref name="NKSahu_1984">{{cite book |author1=N. K. Sahu |author2=Kharavela (King of Kalinga) |title=Khâravela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlMhAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Orissa State Museum}}</ref>{{rp|127}} According to historian [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]], Asika-nagara was located in the present-day Adam village in the [[Nagpur district]], where a seal mentioning the Assaka has been found.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 |page=56 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Inguva Karthikeya Sarma |author2=J. Vara Prasada Rao |title=Early Brāhmī Inscriptions from Sannati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDsaAAAAYAAJ |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-68-7 |page=68 }}</ref>
The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] king [[Kharavela]] mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who is identified with Satakarni. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city variously interpreted as "Masika" (Masikanagara), "Musika" (Musikanagara) or "Asika" (Asikanagara). NK Sahu identifies Asika as the capital of [[Assaka]] [[janapada]].<ref name="NKSahu_1984">{{cite book |author1=N. K. Sahu |author2=Kharavela (King of Kalinga) |title=Khâravela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlMhAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Orissa State Museum}}</ref>{{rp|127}} According to historian [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]], Asika-nagara was located in the present-day Adam village in the [[Nagpur district]], where a seal mentioning the Assaka has been found.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 |page=56 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Inguva Karthikeya Sarma |author2=J. Vara Prasada Rao |title=Early Brāhmī Inscriptions from Sannati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDsaAAAAYAAJ |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-68-7 |page=68 }}</ref>
{{quote|[[File:King Satakamni in the Hathigumpha inscription.jpg|thumb|left|100px|"Satakarni" in the inscription.]]"And in the second year (he), disregarding Satakamini, dispatches to the western regions an army strong in cavalry, elephants, infantry (nara) and chariots (ratha) and by that army having reached the Kanha-bemna, he throws the city of the [[Musikas]] into consternation."|[[Hathigumpha inscription]]<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol. XX</ref>}}
{{quote|[[File:King Satakamni in the Hathigumpha inscription.jpg|thumb|left|100px|"Satakarni" in the [[Hathigumpha inscription]].]]"And in the second year (he), disregarding Satakamini, dispatches to the western regions an army strong in cavalry, elephants, infantry (nara) and chariots (ratha) and by that army having reached the Kanha-bemna, he throws the city of the [[Musikas]] into consternation."|[[Hathigumpha inscription]]<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol. XX</ref>}}
The inscription also mentions a river, variously identified with [[Krishna River|Krishna]] or with the combined flow of [[Kanhan River|Kanha]]-[[Wainganga River|Wainganga]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia |author2=Bhaskar Chatterjee |author3=Rabin Dev Choudhury |author4=Mandira Bhattacharyya |author5=Shri Bhagwan Singh |title=History and archaeology: Prof. H.D. Sankalia felicitation volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFg8AAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |page=332 }}</ref>
The inscription also mentions a river, variously identified with [[Krishna River|Krishna]] or with the combined flow of [[Kanhan River|Kanha]]-[[Wainganga River|Wainganga]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia |author2=Bhaskar Chatterjee |author3=Rabin Dev Choudhury |author4=Mandira Bhattacharyya |author5=Shri Bhagwan Singh |title=History and archaeology: Prof. H.D. Sankalia felicitation volume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFg8AAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |page=332 |isbn=9788185205465 }}</ref>
Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently.
Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently.
* According to K.P. Jayaswal and R. D. Banerji, Kharavela sent an army against Satkarani. Sailendra Nath Sen also states that Kharavela sent out an army that advanced up to river Krishna, and threatened the Musika city located near the junction of Krishna and [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] rivers (near present-day [[Nalgonda]]).<ref name="Sailendra_1999">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=176–177 }}</ref>
* According to K.P. Jayaswal and R. D. Banerji, Kharavela sent an army against Satkarani. Sailendra Nath Sen also states that Kharavela sent out an army that advanced up to river Krishna, and threatened the Musika city located near the junction of Krishna and [[Musi River (India)|Musi]] rivers (near present-day [[Nalgonda]]).<ref name="Sailendra_1999">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=176–177 }}</ref>
* According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute. In the same year, Kharavela captured the city of Masika with assistance of Kusumba Kshatriyas.<ref name="Bhagwan_1883">{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=womFcFAtU7MC&pg=PA144 |year=1885 |author=[[Bhagwanlal Indraji]] |chapter=The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack |pages=144–180 }}</ref>
* According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute. In the same year, Kharavela captured the city of Masika with assistance of Kusumba Kshatriyas.<ref name="Bhagwan_1883">{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=womFcFAtU7MC&pg=PA144 |year=1885 |author=Bhagwanlal Indraji |author-link=Bhagwanlal Indraji |chapter=The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack |pages=144–180 }}</ref>
* According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army failed to advanced against Satakarni, and then diverted its course to threaten the city of Asika (Asikanagara).<ref name="Sudhakar_1974">{{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA41 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=41–45 }}</ref>
* According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army failed to advanced against Satakarni, and then diverted its course to threaten the city of Asika (Asikanagara).<ref name="Sudhakar_1974">{{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA41 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=41–45 }}</ref>
* According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.<ref name="Alan_2003">{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwnv3I6qIosC&pg=PA139 |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=139–141}}</ref>
* According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.<ref name="Alan_2003">{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139 139]–141}}</ref>
==Succession==
==Succession==
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==References==
==References==
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|authorlink=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{citation|title=Political History Of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|date=2006|first=Hemchandra|last=Raychaudhuri|authorlink=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}
* {{citation|title=Political History Of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|date=2006|first=Hemchandra|last=Raychaudhuri|isbn = 9788130702919|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Ram Sharan|authorlink=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC|date=1991}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Ram Sharan|author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC|date=1991|isbn=9788120808270}}
*{{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times To the Present Day|first= |last=Rao|publisher=Sterling publishers|year=1994|isbn=81-207-1719-8}}
*{{citation|title=History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times To the Present Day|last=Rao|publisher=Sterling publishers|year=1994|isbn=81-207-1719-8}}
Satakarni (also called Sātakarnī I, Brahmi script: 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺, Sātakaṇi) was the third of the Satavahana kings, who ruled the Deccan region of India. His reign is generally dated to 70-60 BCE,[3] although some authors have claimed 187-177 BCE,[4] and most recently dated to 88-42 BCE.[5] It was thought there were "two Satakarnis" (Satakarni I and Satakarni II), however, Andrew Ollett argues that there is only one Satakarni, as the alleged first Satakarni is assigned ten years, and the second, fifty years by other scholars, but the only dated inscription of this king is Candankheda seal from his reign's year 30, around 60 BCE, and he ruled ca. 88-42 BCE.[6][7]
According to the Puranas, the Satavahana king Simuka was succeeded by his brother Krishna (also known as Kanha). According to Matsya Purana, Krishna was succeeded by Mallakarni, but according to other Puranas, he was succeeded by Satakarni. The Nanaghat cave inscription of Satakarni lists his family members: it mentions Simuka's name, but not that of Krishna. Based on this, multiple historians conclude that Satakarni was Simuka's son, and succeeded Krishna. G. V. Rao, however, believes that the inscription is that of a different king Satakarni II; Simuka is mentioned in the inscription as the founder of the dynasty.[8][9]
According to the Matsya Purana, Satakarni enjoyed a long reign of about 56 years.[10] He seems to have conquered Western Malwa[10] region from the Shungas.[11]
The Naneghat inscription is thought to have been made during the reign of Satakarni I.[13] According to the inscription, he married Nayanika (Naganika), daughter of the Maharathi Tranakayiro Kalalaya, scion of the Amgiya (Ambhiya) family.[9] She wrote the Naneghat inscription, in which she describes Satakarni as "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty".[10] The Naneghat inscription of Naganika suggests that Satakarni performed two horse sacrifices (Aswamedha), to proclaim his sovereignty.[2]
The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who is identified with Satakarni. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city variously interpreted as "Masika" (Masikanagara), "Musika" (Musikanagara) or "Asika" (Asikanagara). NK Sahu identifies Asika as the capital of Assakajanapada.[14]: 127 According to historian Ajay Mitra Shastri, Asika-nagara was located in the present-day Adam village in the Nagpur district, where a seal mentioning the Assaka has been found.[15][16]
"And in the second year (he), disregarding Satakamini, dispatches to the western regions an army strong in cavalry, elephants, infantry (nara) and chariots (ratha) and by that army having reached the Kanha-bemna, he throws the city of the Musikas into consternation."
The inscription also mentions a river, variously identified with Krishna or with the combined flow of Kanha-Wainganga.[18]
Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently.
According to K.P. Jayaswal and R. D. Banerji, Kharavela sent an army against Satkarani. Sailendra Nath Sen also states that Kharavela sent out an army that advanced up to river Krishna, and threatened the Musika city located near the junction of Krishna and Musi rivers (near present-day Nalgonda).[19]
According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute. In the same year, Kharavela captured the city of Masika with assistance of Kusumba Kshatriyas.[20]
According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army failed to advanced against Satakarni, and then diverted its course to threaten the city of Asika (Asikanagara).[2]
According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.[21]
He was succeeded by his two young sons Vedasri (Khandasiri or Skandasri) and Sakti-Sri (Sati Sirimata) or Haku-Siri, under the regency of their mother Nayanika.[9]
^Ollet, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, Table 2, (Appendix A), p. 189.
^Ollett, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, footnote 5, p. 190 and p. 195.
^Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN9780521770200.
^N. K. Sahu; Kharavela (King of Kalinga) (1984). Khâravela. Orissa State Museum.
