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{{Short description|Finnish rifle cartridge}}
{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
{{Infobox firearm cartridge
|name=7.62×53mmR
| name = 7.62×53mmR
|image= [[File:7,62x53R cartridge.JPG|300px]]
| image = 7,62x53R cartridge.JPG | image_size = 300px
|caption= 7.62×53mmR cartridges
| caption = 7.62×53mmR cartridges
|origin={{flagcountry|Finland}}
|type= [[Rifle]]
| origin = [[Finland]]
| type = [[Rifle]]
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1918 to present
| service = 1918–present
|used_by= Finland
| used_by = Finland
|wars=
| wars =
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
| designer =
|design_date= 1918
| design_date = 1918
|manufacturer=
| manufacturer =
|production_date=1918 to present
| production_date = 1918–present
|number=
| number =
|variants=
| variants =
<!-- Specifications -->
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs= yes
| is_SI_specs = yes
|parent=[[7.62×54mmR]]
| parent = [[7.62×54mmR]]
|case_type=Rimmed, necked
| case_type = Rimmed, necked
|bullet= 7.85
| bullet = 7.85
|neck= 8.55
| land = 7.59
|shoulder= 11.61
| neck = 8.55
|base= 12.42
| shoulder = 11.61
|rim_dia= 14.40
| base = 12.42
| rim_dia = 14.40
|rim_thick=1.60
|case_length= 53.50
| rim_thick = 1.60
| case_length = 53.50
|length= 77.00
| length = 77.00
|case_capacity=4.16
| case_capacity = 4.16
|rifling=300 mm (1 in 11.81 in)
| rifling = 300 mm (1 in 11.81 in)
|max_pressure=390.00
| max_pressure = 390.00
|primer= Berdan
| primer = Berdan
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics= yes
| is_SI_ballistics = yes
|bw1= 185.4
| bw1 = 185.4
|btype1= FMJ
| btype1 = FMJ
|vel1= 812
| vel1 = 812
|en1= 3960
| en1 = 3960
|bw2=
| bw2 =
|btype2=
| btype2 =
|vel2=
| vel2 =
|en2=
| en2 =
|bw3=
| bw3 =
|btype3=
| btype3 =
|vel3=
| vel3 =
|en3=
| en3 =
|bw4=
| bw4 =
|btype4=
| btype4 =
|vel4=
| vel4 =
|en4=
| en4 =
|bw5=
| bw5 =
|btype5=
| btype5 =
|vel5=
| vel5 =
|en5=
| en5 =
|test_barrel_length=
| test_barrel_length =
|balsrc=
| balsrc =
}}
}}

The '''7.62×53mmR''' (also known as the '''7.62×53mmR Finnish''') [[rifle]] [[Cartridge (weaponry)|cartridge]] is a [[Finland|Finnish]] design based on the Russian [[7.62×54mmR]] round dating back to 1891.
The '''7.62×53mmR''' (also known as the '''7.6×53R Finnish''') [[rifle]] [[Cartridge (weaponry)|cartridge]] is a [[Finland|Finnish]] design based on the Russian [[7.62×54mmR]] round dating back to 1891.


==History==
==History==
After gaining its independence in 1917 and after the [[Finnish Civil War]] of 1918, large numbers of Model 1891 [[Mosin–Nagant]] rifles were in the hands of the Finnish military. As the old barrels were worn out, they were replaced by new 7.83&nbsp;mm (.308 in) barrels and the leftover 7.62×54mmR cartridges being in short supply, a domestic product was needed. This gave birth to the 7.62×53mmR.
After gaining its independence in 1917 and after the [[Finnish Civil War]] of 1918, large numbers of Model 1891 [[Mosin–Nagant]] rifles were in the hands of the Finnish military. As the old barrels were worn out, they were replaced by new 7.83&nbsp;mm (.308 in) barrels and the leftover 7.62×54mmR cartridges being in short supply, a domestic product was needed. This gave birth to the 7.62×53mmR.


In the late 1930s the Finnish Army started loading military cartridges with domestically produced 7.87&nbsp;mm (.310 in) diameter D166 bullets as the production of new [[Mosin–Nagant#Finland|M39 "Ukko-Pekka" rifle]]s barreled for 7.62×54R diameter bullets started. This change was due in part to allow the use of captured Soviet ammunition and machine gun ammunition which often was of a slightly greater bore diameter than its Finnish counterparts. The rifling twist rate was also changed from 300&nbsp;mm (1 in 11.81 in) to 254&nbsp;mm (1 in 10 in).<ref>[http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp Finnish Model 1939 (M39) Service Rifle]</ref>
In the late 1930s the Finnish Army started loading military cartridges with domestically produced 7.87&nbsp;mm (.310 in) diameter D166 bullets as the production of new [[Mosin–Nagant#Finland|M39 "Ukko-Pekka" rifle]]s barreled for 7.62×54R diameter bullets started. This change was due in part to allow the use of captured Soviet ammunition and machine gun ammunition which often was of a slightly greater bore diameter than its Finnish counterparts. The rifling twist rate was also changed from 300&nbsp;mm (1 in 11.81 in) to 254&nbsp;mm (1 in 10 in).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |title=Finnish Model 1939 (M39) Service Rifle |access-date=2010-10-05 |archive-date=2011-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193239/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Use ==
The 7.62×53mmR cartridge remains in military use to this day, although it is now only used by the [[7.62 TKIV 85]] sniper rifle. [[PK machine gun|PKM]] [[machine guns]] and other Russian weapons in use by the [[Finnish Defence Forces]] use the 7.62×54mmR exclusively.
The 7.62×53mmR cartridge remains in military use to this day, although it is now only used by the [[7.62 TKIV 85]] sniper rifle.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} [[PK machine gun|PKM]] [[machine guns]] and other Russian weapons in use by the [[Finnish Defence Forces]] use the 7.62×54mmR exclusively.
The Finnish Defence Forces issued instructions that when ever possible, personnel issued with a rifle chambered for 7.62×53mmR (effectively the TKIV 85 rifle) should use 7.62×53mmR ammunition only, and that use of 7.62×54mmR is only allowed when 7.62×53mmR is not available.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
The Finnish Defence Forces issued instructions that when ever possible, personnel issued with a rifle chambered for 7.62×53mmR (effectively the TKIV 85 rifle) should use 7.62×53mmR ammunition only, and that use of 7.62×54mmR is only allowed when 7.62×53mmR is not available.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}


==Cartridge dimensions==
==Cartridge dimensions==
The 7.62×53mmR has 4.16 [[litre|ml]] (64 [[grain (measure)|grains]]) H<sub>2</sub>O cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in [[bolt action]] rifles and [[machine gun]]s alike, under extreme conditions.
The 7.62×53mmR has 4.16 [[litre|ml]] (64 [[grain (measure)|grains]]) H<sub>2</sub>O cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in [[bolt-action]] rifles and [[machine gun]]s alike, under extreme conditions.


[[Image:7.62 x 53 R.jpg|400px]]
[[Image:7.62 x 53 R.svg|400px]]


'''7.62×53mmR maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.'''All sizes in millimeters (mm).
'''7.62×53mmR maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.'''All sizes in millimeters (mm).<ref>[http://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page28.pdf C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 53 R (indisputable legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Finland and Russia)]</ref>


Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 18.5 degrees. The common [[rifling]] [[twist rate]] for this cartridge is 300&nbsp;mm (1 in 11.81 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.59&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 7.83&nbsp;mm, land width = 4.20&nbsp;mm and the [[Percussion cap|primer type]] is Berdan or very rarely large rifle.
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 19 degrees. The common [[rifling]] [[twist rate]] for this cartridge is 300&nbsp;mm (1 in 11.81 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.59&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 7.83&nbsp;mm, land width = 4.20&nbsp;mm and the [[Percussion cap|primer type]] used to be Berdan, but nowadays large rifle is more common.


According to the official [[C.I.P.]] ([[Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives]]) guidelines the 7.62 × 53 R case can handle up to 390 MPa (56,564 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be [[Proof (firearms)|proofed]] at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
According to the official [[C.I.P.]] ([[Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives]]) guidelines the 7.62 × 53 R case can handle up to 390 MPa (56,564 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be [[Proof (firearms)|proofed]] at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.


===Differences between 7.62×53mmR (Finland) and 7.62×54mmR (Russia)===
===Differences between 7.62×53mmR (Finland) and 7.62×54mmR (Russia)===
According to official C.I.P. rulings the TDCC sheets the 7.62 × 53 R and 7.62 × 54 R feature differences.<ref>[http://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/7-62-x-54-r-en.pdf C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 54 R (indisputable legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Finland and Russia)]</ref> C.I.P. rulings are indisputable legally binding for civilian use in C.I.P. member states like Finland and Russia. Only governmental organizations, like military and police forces and other firearms bearing public power agencies, from the C.I.P. member states are legally exempted from having to comply with C.I.P. rulings.

[[Image:7.62x53R & 7.62x54R.jpg|thumb|Comparison of Finnish 7.62×53mmR and Russian 7.62×54mmR cartridges]]
[[Image:7.62x53R & 7.62x54R.jpg|thumb|Comparison of Finnish 7.62×53mmR and Russian 7.62×54mmR cartridges]]
Some dimensional differences between the C.I.P. 7.62 × 53 R and 7.62 × 54 R TDCC sheets:
⚫
* '''Round length:''' 77.00&nbsp;mm (54R: 77.16)
* '''Case length:''' 53.50&nbsp;mm (54R: 53.72)
* '''Round length (L6):''' 77.00&nbsp;mm (54R: 77.16)
* '''Rim diameter:''' 14.40&nbsp;mm (54R: 14.48)
* '''Case length (L3):''' 53.50&nbsp;mm (54R: 53.72)
* '''Bullet diameter:''' 7.85&nbsp;mm (54R: 7.92)
* '''Rim diameter (R1):''' 14.40&nbsp;mm (54R: 14.48)
⚫
* '''Bullet diameter (G1):''' 7.85&nbsp;mm (54R: 7.92)

The 7.62×53mmR is practically interchangeable with the 7.62×54mmR, the 54R will fit into the smallest allowed chamber size for the 53R, but is nevertheless a different cartridge made to different [[C.I.P.]] standards. Using military steel-jacketed 54R Russian ammunition in weapons made for 53R is not recommended (except the M39 and 7.62 TKIV 85 rifles designed to allow safe use of 54R in case of emergency{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}), as it may rapidly wear out the barrel. Even worse, there is a possibility that the resulting pressure from the steel-jacketed larger diameter bullet is too much and firing it may result in severe damage to both the rifle and the shooter. Using the 53R in a gun made for the 54R is however safe, although it may result in accuracy well below the weapon's potential.


The Finnish commercial ammunition manufacturer Lapua does not make a difference between the 53R and 54R, but produces cartridges that will function in weapons chambered for either one.
The Finnish commercial ammunition manufacturer Lapua does not make a difference between the 53R and 54R, but produces cartridges that will function in weapons chambered for either one.
Line 91: Line 96:
The Russian ammunition maker Barnaul states that Russian cartridges marked 7.62×53 are the same as 7.62×54.
The Russian ammunition maker Barnaul states that Russian cartridges marked 7.62×53 are the same as 7.62×54.
From their web site:
From their web site:
"Some hunters have been confused because there have been varying marking on the package, case bottom and stamps: 7.62×53: 7.62×53R: 7.62×54: 7.52×54R. This happened because the 53.72 mm case length was rounded off differently in various countries. After Russia became a member of the European Permanent Coordinated Commission, the final name - "7.62×54R" - of the cartridge was accepted. "<ref>http://www.barnaul.co.nz/index.php?page=jsc-barnaul-machine-tool-plant</ref>
"Some hunters have been confused because there have been varying marking on the package, case bottom and stamps: 7.62×53: 7.62×53R: 7.62×54: 7.62×54R. This happened because the 53.72 mm case length was rounded off differently in various countries. After Russia became a member of the European Permanent Coordinated Commission, the final name - "7.62×54R" - of the cartridge was accepted. "<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.barnaul.co.nz/index.php?page=jsc-barnaul-machine-tool-plant | title=BARNAUL - JSC – Barnaul Machine – Tool Plant | access-date=2011-02-24 | archive-date=2021-01-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121223626/https://www.barnaul.co.nz/index.php?page=jsc-barnaul-machine-tool-plant | url-status=dead }}</ref>


Additionally, Russian ammunition manufacturer LVE (Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant) states, "The cartridges cal.7,62×54R are produced by various producers around the world. Producers mark these cartridges differently, and this leads to confusion among the customers – 7.62х53; 7.62×53R; 7.62х54; 7.62×54R. The confusion is based on difference in rounding out (rounding up or rounding down) the case length (case length of our cartridges is 53.65-0.2 mm). The letter "R" indicates a case rim. After Russia’s joining European Commission (ПМК) a definite name of this cartridge was determined – 7,62×54R. Therefore, you may use cartridges of caliber 7.62х54R freely with your arms [marked as 7.62×53R]."<ref>[http://www.lveplant.ru/guestbook_en.php Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant]</ref>
Additionally, Russian ammunition manufacturer LVE (Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant) states, "The cartridges cal.7,62×54R are produced by various producers around the world. Producers mark these cartridges differently, and this leads to confusion among the customers – 7.62х53; 7.62×53R; 7.62х54; 7.62×54R. The confusion is based on difference in rounding out (rounding up or rounding down) the case length (case length of our cartridges is 53.65-0.2 mm). The letter "R" indicates a case rim. After Russia’s joining European Commission (ПМК) a definite name of this cartridge was determined – 7,62×54R. Therefore, you may use cartridges of caliber 7.62х54R freely with your arms [marked as 7.62×53R]."<ref>[http://www.lveplant.ru/guestbook_en.php Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of rimmed cartridges]]
* [[7.62 mm caliber]]
* [[7.62 mm caliber]]
* [[Snaiperskaya Vintovka Dragunova|Dragunov SVD]]
* [[Snaiperskaya Vintovka Dragunova|Dragunov SVD]]
Line 103: Line 109:
* [[Russian M1910 Maxim]]
* [[Russian M1910 Maxim]]
* [[7.62 Tkiv 85]]
* [[7.62 Tkiv 85]]
* [[Lahti-Saloranta M/26]]


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
* C.I.P. CD-ROM edition 2003
* C.I.P. CD-ROM edition 2003
* C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables ([http://www.cip-bp.org/index.php?id=tdcc-telechargement free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)])
* C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090620230409/http://www.cip-bp.org/index.php?id=tdcc-telechargement free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)])


{{More footnotes|date=September 2007}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2007}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinAmmo.htm An evaluation list for variants, weights, and velocities of this ammunition type]
* [http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinAmmo.htm An evaluation list for variants, weights, and velocities of this ammunition type] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060816083857/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinAmmo.htm |date=2006-08-16 }}
* [http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinCartridges.htm A dimensional diagram of the cartridge]
* [http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinCartridges.htm A dimensional diagram of the cartridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116000928/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinCartridges.htm |date=2006-11-16 }}
* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/30Russian.htm A description of the cartridge at Chuckhawks.com]
* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/30Russian.htm A description of the cartridge at Chuckhawks.com]
* [http://www.mosinnagant.net/i3tro4.asp A guide to headstamps and bullet types at Mosinnagant.net]
* [http://www.mosinnagant.net/i3tro4.asp A guide to headstamps and bullet types at Mosinnagant.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626101047/http://www.mosinnagant.net/i3tro4.asp |date=2007-06-26 }}

* [http://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/tdcc/tab-ii/tabiical-en-page28.pdf C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 53 R (legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Finland)]
{{Rimmed cartridges}}

{{ModernFINInfWeaponsNav|state=expanded}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:7.62x53mmR}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:7.62x53mmR}}
[[Category:7.62×53mmR firearms| ]]
[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]]
[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]]
[[Category:Military cartridges]]
[[Category:Military cartridges]]
[[Category:Rimmed cartridges]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1918]]

Latest revision as of 03:27, 14 November 2024

7.62×53mmR
7.62×53mmR cartridges
TypeRifle
Place of originFinland
Service history
In service1918–present
Used byFinland
Production history
Designed1918
Produced1918–present
Specifications
Parent case7.62×54mmR
Case typeRimmed, necked
Bullet diameter7.85 mm (0.309 in)
Land diameter7.59 mm (0.299 in)
Neck diameter8.55 mm (0.337 in)
Shoulder diameter11.61 mm (0.457 in)
Base diameter12.42 mm (0.489 in)
Rim diameter14.40 mm (0.567 in)
Rim thickness1.60 mm (0.063 in)
Case length53.50 mm (2.106 in)
Overall length77.00 mm (3.031 in)
Case capacity4.16 cm3 (64.2 gr H2O)
Rifling twist300 mm (1 in 11.81 in)
Primer typeBerdan
Maximum pressure390.00 MPa (56,565 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
185.4 gr (12 g) FMJ 812 m/s (2,660 ft/s) 3,960 J (2,920 ft⋅lbf)

The 7.62×53mmR (also known as the 7.6×53R Finnish) rifle cartridge is a Finnish design based on the Russian 7.62×54mmR round dating back to 1891.

History

[edit]

After gaining its independence in 1917 and after the Finnish Civil War of 1918, large numbers of Model 1891 Mosin–Nagant rifles were in the hands of the Finnish military. As the old barrels were worn out, they were replaced by new 7.83 mm (.308 in) barrels and the leftover 7.62×54mmR cartridges being in short supply, a domestic product was needed. This gave birth to the 7.62×53mmR.

In the late 1930s the Finnish Army started loading military cartridges with domestically produced 7.87 mm (.310 in) diameter D166 bullets as the production of new M39 "Ukko-Pekka" rifles barreled for 7.62×54R diameter bullets started. This change was due in part to allow the use of captured Soviet ammunition and machine gun ammunition which often was of a slightly greater bore diameter than its Finnish counterparts. The rifling twist rate was also changed from 300 mm (1 in 11.81 in) to 254 mm (1 in 10 in).[1]

Use

[edit]

The 7.62×53mmR cartridge remains in military use to this day, although it is now only used by the 7.62 TKIV 85 sniper rifle.[citation needed] PKM machine guns and other Russian weapons in use by the Finnish Defence Forces use the 7.62×54mmR exclusively. The Finnish Defence Forces issued instructions that when ever possible, personnel issued with a rifle chambered for 7.62×53mmR (effectively the TKIV 85 rifle) should use 7.62×53mmR ammunition only, and that use of 7.62×54mmR is only allowed when 7.62×53mmR is not available.[citation needed]

Cartridge dimensions

[edit]

The 7.62×53mmR has 4.16 ml (64 grains) H2O cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.

7.62×53mmR maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.All sizes in millimeters (mm).[2]

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 19 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 300 mm (1 in 11.81 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.59 mm, Ø grooves = 7.83 mm, land width = 4.20 mm and the primer type used to be Berdan, but nowadays large rifle is more common.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) guidelines the 7.62 × 53 R case can handle up to 390 MPa (56,564 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

Differences between 7.62×53mmR (Finland) and 7.62×54mmR (Russia)

[edit]

According to official C.I.P. rulings the TDCC sheets the 7.62 × 53 R and 7.62 × 54 R feature differences.[3] C.I.P. rulings are indisputable legally binding for civilian use in C.I.P. member states like Finland and Russia. Only governmental organizations, like military and police forces and other firearms bearing public power agencies, from the C.I.P. member states are legally exempted from having to comply with C.I.P. rulings.

Comparison of Finnish 7.62×53mmR and Russian 7.62×54mmR cartridges

Some dimensional differences between the C.I.P. 7.62 × 53 R and 7.62 × 54 R TDCC sheets:

  • Round length (L6): 77.00 mm (54R: 77.16)
  • Case length (L3): 53.50 mm (54R: 53.72)
  • Rim diameter (R1): 14.40 mm (54R: 14.48)
  • Bullet diameter (G1): 7.85 mm (54R: 7.92)

The Finnish commercial ammunition manufacturer Lapua does not make a difference between the 53R and 54R, but produces cartridges that will function in weapons chambered for either one.

The Russian ammunition maker Barnaul states that Russian cartridges marked 7.62×53 are the same as 7.62×54. From their web site: "Some hunters have been confused because there have been varying marking on the package, case bottom and stamps: 7.62×53: 7.62×53R: 7.62×54: 7.62×54R. This happened because the 53.72 mm case length was rounded off differently in various countries. After Russia became a member of the European Permanent Coordinated Commission, the final name - "7.62×54R" - of the cartridge was accepted. "[4]

Additionally, Russian ammunition manufacturer LVE (Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant) states, "The cartridges cal.7,62×54R are produced by various producers around the world. Producers mark these cartridges differently, and this leads to confusion among the customers – 7.62х53; 7.62×53R; 7.62х54; 7.62×54R. The confusion is based on difference in rounding out (rounding up or rounding down) the case length (case length of our cartridges is 53.65-0.2 mm). The letter "R" indicates a case rim. After Russia’s joining European Commission (ПМК) a definite name of this cartridge was determined – 7,62×54R. Therefore, you may use cartridges of caliber 7.62х54R freely with your arms [marked as 7.62×53R]."[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Finnish Model 1939 (M39) Service Rifle". Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  2. ^ C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 53 R (indisputable legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Finland and Russia)
  3. ^ C.I.P. TDCC sheet 7.62 × 54 R (indisputable legally binding dimensions and data for civilian use in Finland and Russia)
  4. ^ "BARNAUL - JSC – Barnaul Machine – Tool Plant". Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  5. ^ Novosibirsk Cartridge Plant
[edit]
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