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{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Micrommata_virescens_Luc_Viatour.jpg
| image = Micrommata_virescens_Luc_Viatour.jpg
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* ''Sparassus virescens''
* ''Sparassus virescens''
}}
}}
[[File:Micrommata male.jpg|thumb|An adult male photographed from above. The red- and yellow-striped male colouration differs greatly from the cryptic green female. M. virescens is thus an example for sexual dichromatism, where strong differences in colouration are present between the sexes. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Oxford|first=G. S.|last2=Gillespie|first2=R. G.|date=January 1998|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=619–643|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619|pmid=15012400|issn=0066-4170|title=Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration}}</ref><ref name=":1">Dollinger, C. (2018). Reproductive behaviour of the green huntsman spider Micrommata virescens and its implications for sexual dichromatism. ''EthoNews 79'', 20-22.</ref>]]
[[File:Micrommata male.jpg|thumb|An adult male photographed from above. The red- and yellow-striped male colouration differs greatly from the cryptic green female. M. virescens is thus an example for sexual dichromatism, where strong differences in colouration are present between the sexes. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Oxford|first1=G. S.|last2=Gillespie|first2=R. G.|date=January 1998|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=619–643|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619|pmid=15012400|issn=0066-4170|title=Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration}}</ref><ref name=":1">Dollinger, C. (2018). Reproductive behaviour of the green huntsman spider Micrommata virescens and its implications for sexual dichromatism. ''EthoNews 79'', 20-22.</ref>]]
[[File:Micrommata female.jpg|thumb|An adult female photographed from above. The central paraxial stripe may serve as a disruptive visual element.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />|alt=]]
[[File:Micrommata female.jpg|thumb|An adult female photographed from above. The central paraxial stripe may serve as a disruptive visual element.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />|alt=]]
'''''Micrommata virescens''''', common name '''green huntsman spider''', is a species of [[huntsman spider]]s belonging to the family [[Sparassidae]].
'''''Micrommata virescens''''', common name '''green huntsman spider''', is a species of [[huntsman spider]]s belonging to the family [[Sparassidae]].


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This species has a [[Palearctic ecozone|palearctic]] distribution.<ref name="WorldSpiderCatalog">{{cite journal|url=http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/SPARASSIDAE.html|title=Fam. Sparassidae|first=Norman I.|last=Platnick|authorlink=Norman I. Platnick|date=10 December 2011|journal=The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5|publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]|location=[[New York, NY]], USA|doi=10.5531/db.iz.0001|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> It occurs naturally in Northern and Central Europe, including Denmark and southern Britain.<ref name=BB/><ref>The Spiders of Europe and Greenland. Family: Sparassidae (Giant Crab Spiders) ([http://www.jorgenlissner.dk/Sparassidae.aspx list])</ref><ref name = "BritishSpiders">{{ cite web | url = http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Micrommata+virescens | title = Summary for Micrommata virescens (Araneae) | accessdate = 30 August 2016 | publisher = [[British Arachnological Society]]}}</ref>
This species has a [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]] distribution.<ref name="WorldSpiderCatalog">{{cite journal|url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/34813|title=Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757)|first=Norman I.|last=Platnick|authorlink=Norman I. Platnick|date=10 December 2011|journal=The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5|publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]|location=[[New York, NY]], USA|doi=10.5531/db.iz.0001|accessdate=1 May 2024}}</ref> It occurs naturally in Northern and Central Europe, including Denmark and Britain.<ref name=BB/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lissner |first1=Jørgen |title=Sparassidae |url=https://jorgenlissner.dk/Sparassidae.aspx |website=The Spiders of Europe and Greenland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618000656/https://jorgenlissner.dk/Sparassidae.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2021|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name = "BritishSpiders">{{ cite web | url = http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Micrommata+virescens | title = Summary for Micrommata virescens (Araneae) | accessdate = 30 August 2016 | publisher = [[British Arachnological Society]]}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
In the females of ''Micrommata virescens'' the body length can reach {{convert|12|-|16|mm}}, while in the males it is about {{convert|7|-|10|mm}}.<ref>[http://www.araneae.unibe.ch/data/1422/Micrommata_virescens Araneae]</ref>
In the females of ''Micrommata virescens,'' the body length can reach {{convert|12|-|16|mm}}, while in the males it is about {{convert|7|-|10|mm}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nentwig |first1=W. |last2=Blick |first2=T. |last3=Bosmans |first3=R. |last4=Gloor |first4=D. |last5=Hänggi |first5=A. |last6=Kropf |first6=C. |title=araneae - Micrommata virescens |url=https://araneae.nmbe.ch/data/1422/Micrommata_virescens |website=Spiders of Europe |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |doi=10.24436/1 |date=2024}}</ref>


The cephalothorax and the long legs of the females are bright green, with a lighter green abdomen showing a darker green median stripe. The eight eyes are arranged in two rows and surrounded by white hairs.<ref name=BB/> Males are dark green-olive and have a narrower abdomen, with red sides and a red to red-brown median stripe bordered yellow.<ref name=AA>[http://abugblog.blogspot.it/2015_10_01_archive.html A bug blog]</ref> Young spiders have a yellow-brown cephalothorax, with dark marginal and median stripes. Only after the last molting in the following spring the juveniles assume the typical coloration of the adults.
The cephalothorax and the long legs of the females are bright green, with a lighter green abdomen showing a darker green median stripe. The eight eyes are arranged in two rows and surrounded by white hairs.<ref name=BB/> Males are dark green-olive and have a narrower abdomen, with red sides and a red to red-brown median stripe bordered yellow.<ref name=AA>{{cite web |last1=Gomez |first1=Africa |title=BugBlog: Sparassidae: huntsman spiders |url=https://abugblog.blogspot.com/2015/10/sparassidae-huntsman-spiders.html |website=BugBlog |access-date=1 May 2024 |date=22 October 2015}}{{Self-published source|date=May 2024}}</ref> Young spiders have a yellow-brown cephalothorax, with dark marginal and median stripes. Only after the last molting in the following spring the juveniles assume the typical coloration of the adults.


The green coloration is due to the [[bilin (biochemistry)|bilin]] [[micromatabilin]]<ref name="HollRüdiger1975">{{cite journal |author=A. Holl & W. Rüdiger |year=1975 |title=Micromatabilin, a new biliverdin conjugate in the spider, ''Micromata rosea'' [sic] (Sparassidae) |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=189–191 |doi=10.1007/BF00706130}}</ref> and its [[Conjugation (biochemistry)|conjugate]]s in [[haemolymph]], [[interstitial fluid|interstitial tissue]]s and the yolk of [[oocyte]]s.<ref name="OxfordGillespie1998">{{cite journal |author=G. S. Oxford & R. G. Gillespie |year=1998 |title=Evolution and ecology of spider coloration |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=619–643 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619 |pmid=15012400}}</ref>
The green coloration is due to the [[bilin (biochemistry)|bilin]] [[micromatabilin]]<ref name="HollRüdiger1975">{{cite journal |author=A. Holl & W. Rüdiger |year=1975 |title=Micromatabilin, a new biliverdin conjugate in the spider, ''Micromata rosea'' [sic] (Sparassidae) |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=189–191 |doi=10.1007/BF00706130|s2cid=13617757 }}</ref> and its [[Conjugation (biochemistry)|conjugate]]s in [[haemolymph]], [[interstitial fluid|interstitial tissue]]s and the yolk of [[oocyte]]s.<ref name="OxfordGillespie1998">{{cite journal |author=G. S. Oxford & R. G. Gillespie |year=1998 |title=Evolution and ecology of spider coloration |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=619–643 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619 |pmid=15012400}}</ref>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
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==Biology==
==Biology==
These spiders are mainly [[Diurnality|diurnal]]. They do not build a web, and hunt insects in green vegetation, where they rely on their camouflage. Their green color makes them very difficult to be detected by predators.<ref name=AA/> They grow relatively slowly, taking 18 months to reach maturity.<ref name=BB>[http://www.natur-lexikon.com/Texte/MZ/001/00079-gruene-Huschspinne/MZ00079-gruene-Huschspinne.html Natur-lexikon]</ref> Females are mature from May through to September. A few days after mating, the males die. In July the females enclose the egg-sac into a few leaves stitched together.<ref name = "BritishSpiders"/> Cocoons are guarded by females. After about 4 weeks eggs hatch about 40-50 young spiders.<ref name=BB/>
These spiders are mainly [[Diurnality|diurnal]]. Like many other spiders, they do not build a web, and hunt insects in green vegetation, where they rely on their camouflage. Their green color makes them very difficult to be detected by predators.<ref name=AA/> They grow relatively slowly, taking 18 months to reach maturity.<ref name=BB>{{cite web |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Matthias |title=Huschspinne im Natur Lexikon |url=http://www.natur-lexikon.com/Texte/MZ/001/00079-gruene-Huschspinne/MZ00079-gruene-Huschspinne.html |website=Natur Lexikon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220154214/http://www.natur-lexikon.com/Texte/MZ/001/00079-gruene-Huschspinne/MZ00079-gruene-Huschspinne.html |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Females are fertile from May through to September. A few days after mating, the males die. In July, the females enclose the egg-sac into a few leaves stitched together.<ref name = "BritishSpiders"/> Cocoons are guarded by females. After about 4 weeks, eggs hatch about 40-50 young spiders.<ref name=BB/>


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* A. Bayram & S. Özda (2002). ''Micrommata virescens'' (Clerck, 1757), a new species for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). ''Turkish Journal of Zool'' 26: 305–307 [http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-02-26-3/zoo-26-3-10-0101-7.pdf PDF]
* A. Bayram & S. Özda (2002). ''Micrommata virescens'' (Clerck, 1757), a new species for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). ''Turkish Journal of Zool'' 26: 305–307 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720222809/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-02-26-3/zoo-26-3-10-0101-7.pdf PDF]


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:Sparassidae]]
[[Category:Sparassidae]]
[[Category:Huntsman spiders of Europe]]
[[Category:Spiders of Europe]]
[[Category:Spiders of Europe]]
[[Category:Fauna of Turkey]]
[[Category:Spiders of Turkey]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1757]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1757]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Alexander Clerck]]
[[Category:Palearctic spiders]]
[[Category:Palearctic spiders]]

Latest revision as of 04:58, 14 November 2024

Micrommata virescens
Male of Micrommata virescens
Female of Micrommata virescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Sparassidae
Genus: Micrommata
Species:
M. virescens
Binomial name
Micrommata virescens
Synonyms
  • Aranea rosea
  • Aranea smaragdula
  • Aranea virescens
  • Aranea viridissima
  • Araneus roseus
  • Araneus virescens
  • Micrommata rosea
  • Micrommata roseum
  • Micrommata smaragdina
  • Micrommata viridissima
  • Micrommata viridissima valvulata
  • Sparassus smaragdulus
  • Sparassus roseus
  • Sparassus virescens
An adult male photographed from above. The red- and yellow-striped male colouration differs greatly from the cryptic green female. M. virescens is thus an example for sexual dichromatism, where strong differences in colouration are present between the sexes. [1][2]
An adult female photographed from above. The central paraxial stripe may serve as a disruptive visual element.[1][2]

Micrommata virescens, common name green huntsman spider, is a species of huntsman spiders belonging to the family Sparassidae.

Distribution

[edit]

This species has a Palearctic distribution.[3] It occurs naturally in Northern and Central Europe, including Denmark and Britain.[4][5][6]

Description

[edit]

In the females of Micrommata virescens, the body length can reach 12–16 millimetres (0.47–0.63 in), while in the males it is about 7–10 millimetres (0.28–0.39 in).[7]

The cephalothorax and the long legs of the females are bright green, with a lighter green abdomen showing a darker green median stripe. The eight eyes are arranged in two rows and surrounded by white hairs.[4] Males are dark green-olive and have a narrower abdomen, with red sides and a red to red-brown median stripe bordered yellow.[8] Young spiders have a yellow-brown cephalothorax, with dark marginal and median stripes. Only after the last molting in the following spring the juveniles assume the typical coloration of the adults.

The green coloration is due to the bilin micromatabilin[9] and its conjugates in haemolymph, interstitial tissues and the yolk of oocytes.[10]

Habitat

[edit]

These characteristic huntsman spiders can be found at the edges of forests, in dry meadows, in damp woodland clearings and rides, where they prefer grass and the lower branches of trees.[8]

Biology

[edit]

These spiders are mainly diurnal. Like many other spiders, they do not build a web, and hunt insects in green vegetation, where they rely on their camouflage. Their green color makes them very difficult to be detected by predators.[8] They grow relatively slowly, taking 18 months to reach maturity.[4] Females are fertile from May through to September. A few days after mating, the males die. In July, the females enclose the egg-sac into a few leaves stitched together.[6] Cocoons are guarded by females. After about 4 weeks, eggs hatch about 40-50 young spiders.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Oxford, G. S.; Gillespie, R. G. (January 1998). "Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43 (1): 619–643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 15012400.
  2. ^ a b Dollinger, C. (2018). Reproductive behaviour of the green huntsman spider Micrommata virescens and its implications for sexual dichromatism. EthoNews 79, 20-22.
  3. ^ Platnick, Norman I. (10 December 2011). "Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757)". The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5. New York, NY, USA: American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.iz.0001. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d Zimmermann, Matthias. "Huschspinne im Natur Lexikon". Natur Lexikon. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020.
  5. ^ Lissner, Jørgen. "Sparassidae". The Spiders of Europe and Greenland. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Summary for Micrommata virescens (Araneae)". British Arachnological Society. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  7. ^ Nentwig, W.; Blick, T.; Bosmans, R.; Gloor, D.; Hänggi, A.; Kropf, C. (2024). "araneae - Micrommata virescens". Spiders of Europe. doi:10.24436/1. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Gomez, Africa (22 October 2015). "BugBlog: Sparassidae: huntsman spiders". BugBlog. Retrieved 1 May 2024.[self-published source]
  9. ^ A. Holl & W. Rüdiger (1975). "Micromatabilin, a new biliverdin conjugate in the spider, Micromata rosea [sic] (Sparassidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 98 (2): 189–191. doi:10.1007/BF00706130. S2CID 13617757.
  10. ^ G. S. Oxford & R. G. Gillespie (1998). "Evolution and ecology of spider coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43 (1): 619–643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619. PMID 15012400.

Further reading

[edit]
  • A. Bayram & S. Özda (2002). Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757), a new species for the spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae, Sparassidae). Turkish Journal of Zool 26: 305–307 PDF
[edit]
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