Snubnose darter: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Snubnose darter |
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| image = Snubnose Darter, Etheostoma simoterum.jpg |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2013 |title=''Etheostoma simoterum'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T202532A18230005 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202532A18230005.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| familia = [[Percidae]] |
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| synonyms = |
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| species = '''''E. simoterum''''' |
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* ''Hyostoma simoterum'' <small>Cope, 1868</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{Fishbase|Etheostoma|simoterum|month=December|year=2019}}</ref> |
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}} |
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The common name of '''''Etheostoma simoterum''''' is the snubnose darter. It is one of the 324 fish species found in [[Tennessee]]. |
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The '''snubnose darter''' ('''''Etheostoma simoterum''''') is a species of freshwater [[ray-finned fish]], a darter from the [[subfamily]] [[Etheostomatinae]], part of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Percidae]], which also contains the [[perch]]es, [[Gymnocephalus|ruffes]] and [[Sander (fish)|pikeperches]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to the southeastern [[United States]]. |
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*http://www.bio.utk.edu/hulseylab/Fishlist.html |
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*'''Clabaugh, Jerod P., K. Emily Knott, Robert M. Wood, and Richard L. Mayden.''' 1996. Systematics and Biogeography of Snubnose Darters, Genus ''Etheostoma'' (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Black Warrior River System, Alabama. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24(2): 119-134. |
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*'''Greenberg, Larry A.''' 1988. Interactive Segregation between the Stream Fishes ''Etheostoma simoterum'' and ''E. rufilinatum.'' Oikos 51(2): 193-202. |
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*'''Heins, David C.''' 2001. Variation in Clutch Size and Ovum Size of the Snubnose Darter, ''Etheostoma simoterum'' (Cope), from Two Populations in Tennessee. The American Midland Naturalist 145(1): 74-79. |
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*'''Jones, Jess W.''' 2010. Life History and Demographics of the Endangered Birdwing Pearlymussel (''Lemiox rimosus'') (Bivalvia: Unionidae). The American Midland Naturalist 163(2): 335-350. |
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*'''Jones, Jess W., and Richard J. Neves.''' 2002. Life History and Propagation of the Endangered Fanshell Pearlymussel, ''Cyprogenia stegaria Rafinesque'' (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21(1): 76-88. |
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*'''Jones, Jess W., Richard J. Neves, Steven A. Ahlstedt, and Rachel A. Mair.''' 2004. Life history and propagation of the endangered dromedary pearlymussel (''Dromus dromas'') (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 23(3): 515-525. |
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*'''Rogers, Susan O., Brian T. Watson, Richard J. Neves.''' 2001. Life History and Population Biology of the Endangered Tan Riffleshell (''Epioblasma florentina walkeri'') (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20(4): 582-594. |
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The snubnose darter has two recognized subspecies, including the Cumberland snubnose darter. ''E. s. atripinne'', and the Tennessee snubnose darter, ''E. s. simoterum''.<ref name=heins>Heins, David C. 2001. Variation in Clutch Size and Ovum Size of the Snubnose Darter, ''Etheostoma simoterum'' (Cope), from Two Populations in Tennessee. The American Midland Naturalist 145: 74–79.</ref> Intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower Tennessee River unit.<ref name=heins/> The mean length of snubnose darters is {{convert|45|mm|in}}, the reported average clutch size is 152, and the maximum age is less than two years.<ref>Paine, M.D. 1990. Life history tactics of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatiini) and their relationship with body size, reproductive behaviour, latitude and rarity. Journal of Fish Biology 37: 473–488.</ref> The snubnose darter inhabits riffles and rock-bottomed pools in streams with low turbidity.<ref name=heins/> As of 2000, the snubnose darter was listed as currently stable, meaning it is widespread and not in need of any immediate conservation action.<ref name=warren>Warren, Melvin L. et al. 2000. Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status of the Native Freshwater Fishes of the Southern United States. Fisheries 25: 7–31.</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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{{italic title}} |
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The snubnose darter is native to the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages of Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.<ref>Fuller, Pam, and Matt Neilson. 2011. ''Etheostoma simoterum''. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=817 RevisionDate: 8/5/2011.</ref> Warren et al. described the distribution of the freshwater fish native to the Southern United States by [[drainage basin]].<ref name=warren/> The historical range of the Tennessee snubnose darter (''E. s. simoterum'') includes the Upper and Lower Tennessee River drainage units,<ref name=warren/> and it has been introduced into both the Licking Big Sandy Creek River and the Kanawha-New-Guyandotte-Little Kanawha River.<ref name=warren/> The historical range of the Cumberland snubnose darter (''E. s. atripinne'') includes the Lower Tennessee River and Cumberland River drainages.<ref name=warren/> Intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the Lower Tennessee River unit.<ref name=warren/> |
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==Ecology== |
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Snubnose darters inhabit flowing bedrock or gravel-bottomed pools with moderate current in small to medium streams.<ref name=page>Page, Lawrence M., and Richard L. Mayden. 1981. The Life History of the Tennessee Snubnose Darter, ''Etheostoma simoterum'', in Brush Creek, Tennessee. Illinois Natural History Survey: Biological Notes 117: 1-11. https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoryoften117page#page/n3/mode/2up. (Accessed: November 20, 2011).</ref> They have been observed spawning in streams with water temperature ranging from 11 to 18 °C.<ref name=porterfield>Porterfield, Jean C. 1998. Spawning behavior of snubnose darters (Percidae) in natural and laboratory environments. Environmental Biology of Fishes 53: 413–419.</ref> ''Etheostoma simoterum'' prefers a habitat with no vegetation or light algae.<ref name=porterfield/> Snubnose darters are rarely found in water with high turbidity or where the substrate has been silted, and human activities such as dam building or destruction of riparian buffers may lead to increased siltation, thereby threatening darter populations.<ref name=natureserve/> |
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Adults and juveniles are invertivorous.<ref name=natureserve>NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.tnfish.org/SpeciesFishInformation_TWRA/Research/SnubnoseDarterEtheostomaSimoterum_NatureServeExplorer.pdf. (Accessed: November 20, 2011).</ref> Examination of the stomach contents of 45 individuals broken into four size classes showed midge larvae of the family Chironomidae made up the bulk of their diets.<ref name=page/> Depending on size class, between 80% and 100% of examined stomachs contained midge larvae.<ref name=page/> Mayfly naiads, caddisfly larvae, copepods, and cladocerans were also major contributors to overall stomach contents.<ref name=page/> Consumption of food is highest in April, corresponding with the peak of spawning, while it is much lower during months of temperature extremes and decreased activity, such as January and July.<ref name=page/> |
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Large darters are susceptible to internal parasitism by flukes and nematodes.<ref name=page/> External parasites such as black spot disease caused by Metacercariae flukes and piscicolid leeches also affect snubnose darters.<ref name=page/> |
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==Lifecycle== |
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Snubnose darters reach sexual maturity at one year of age and only survive for one breeding season, which occurs in April to early May.<ref name=page/> The darter breeds in bedrock pools and crevices with low siltation.<ref name=page/> The testes of breeding males gradually begin to increase in size in January and reach their peak in April.<ref name=page/> Males also begin to develop bright breeding colors in January, and by April, all males are deep green to blue-green with red dorsal fins and red spots along their bodies.<ref name=page/> Breeding females do not change color, but they may be slightly brighter in tone.<ref name=page/> Mature eggs are transparent, contain oil droplets, and are an average of 1.2 mm in diameter.<ref name=page/> One study showed the number of mature eggs per female ranges from 110 to 240 by April.<ref name=page/> Males court females by displaying erect fins and bright breeding colors.<ref name=page/> A female responds to this display by leading the male to an appropriate site for egg deposition, such as a large stone or, more rarely, a gravel bed.<ref name=page/> The pair vibrates together, and after one or two eggs are released and fertilized by the male, the pair may move to another acceptable site to repeat the spawning act.<ref name=page/> However, snubnose darters are often promiscuous and may move on to find other mates, instead.<ref name=page/> No parental care, such as egg guarding, occurs after spawning.<ref name=page/> Snubnose darters survive to a maximum age of 18 months.<ref name=page/> |
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==Management== |
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The snubnose darter is listed as "currently stable", which is defined as "a species or subspecies whose distribution is widespread and stable or a species or subspecies that may have declined in portions of its range but is not in need of immediate conservation management actions".<ref name=warren/> Based on certain lifecycle parameters, the American Fisheries Society lists the snubnose darter as highly resilient with low vulnerability.<ref name = Fishbase/> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3753195}} |
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{{Percidae-stub}} |
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[[Category:Fish described in 1868]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:35, 14 November 2024
| Snubnose darter | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Percidae |
| Genus: | Etheostoma |
| Species: | E. simoterum
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| Binomial name | |
| Etheostoma simoterum (Cope, 1868)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The snubnose darter (Etheostoma simoterum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the southeastern United States.
The snubnose darter has two recognized subspecies, including the Cumberland snubnose darter. E. s. atripinne, and the Tennessee snubnose darter, E. s. simoterum.[3] Intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower Tennessee River unit.[3] The mean length of snubnose darters is 45 millimetres (1.8 in), the reported average clutch size is 152, and the maximum age is less than two years.[4] The snubnose darter inhabits riffles and rock-bottomed pools in streams with low turbidity.[3] As of 2000, the snubnose darter was listed as currently stable, meaning it is widespread and not in need of any immediate conservation action.[5]
Distribution
[edit]The snubnose darter is native to the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages of Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.[6] Warren et al. described the distribution of the freshwater fish native to the Southern United States by drainage basin.[5] The historical range of the Tennessee snubnose darter (E. s. simoterum) includes the Upper and Lower Tennessee River drainage units,[5] and it has been introduced into both the Licking Big Sandy Creek River and the Kanawha-New-Guyandotte-Little Kanawha River.[5] The historical range of the Cumberland snubnose darter (E. s. atripinne) includes the Lower Tennessee River and Cumberland River drainages.[5] Intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the Lower Tennessee River unit.[5]
Ecology
[edit]Snubnose darters inhabit flowing bedrock or gravel-bottomed pools with moderate current in small to medium streams.[7] They have been observed spawning in streams with water temperature ranging from 11 to 18 °C.[8] Etheostoma simoterum prefers a habitat with no vegetation or light algae.[8] Snubnose darters are rarely found in water with high turbidity or where the substrate has been silted, and human activities such as dam building or destruction of riparian buffers may lead to increased siltation, thereby threatening darter populations.[9]
Adults and juveniles are invertivorous.[9] Examination of the stomach contents of 45 individuals broken into four size classes showed midge larvae of the family Chironomidae made up the bulk of their diets.[7] Depending on size class, between 80% and 100% of examined stomachs contained midge larvae.[7] Mayfly naiads, caddisfly larvae, copepods, and cladocerans were also major contributors to overall stomach contents.[7] Consumption of food is highest in April, corresponding with the peak of spawning, while it is much lower during months of temperature extremes and decreased activity, such as January and July.[7]
Large darters are susceptible to internal parasitism by flukes and nematodes.[7] External parasites such as black spot disease caused by Metacercariae flukes and piscicolid leeches also affect snubnose darters.[7]
Lifecycle
[edit]Snubnose darters reach sexual maturity at one year of age and only survive for one breeding season, which occurs in April to early May.[7] The darter breeds in bedrock pools and crevices with low siltation.[7] The testes of breeding males gradually begin to increase in size in January and reach their peak in April.[7] Males also begin to develop bright breeding colors in January, and by April, all males are deep green to blue-green with red dorsal fins and red spots along their bodies.[7] Breeding females do not change color, but they may be slightly brighter in tone.[7] Mature eggs are transparent, contain oil droplets, and are an average of 1.2 mm in diameter.[7] One study showed the number of mature eggs per female ranges from 110 to 240 by April.[7] Males court females by displaying erect fins and bright breeding colors.[7] A female responds to this display by leading the male to an appropriate site for egg deposition, such as a large stone or, more rarely, a gravel bed.[7] The pair vibrates together, and after one or two eggs are released and fertilized by the male, the pair may move to another acceptable site to repeat the spawning act.[7] However, snubnose darters are often promiscuous and may move on to find other mates, instead.[7] No parental care, such as egg guarding, occurs after spawning.[7] Snubnose darters survive to a maximum age of 18 months.[7]
Management
[edit]The snubnose darter is listed as "currently stable", which is defined as "a species or subspecies whose distribution is widespread and stable or a species or subspecies that may have declined in portions of its range but is not in need of immediate conservation management actions".[5] Based on certain lifecycle parameters, the American Fisheries Society lists the snubnose darter as highly resilient with low vulnerability.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (2013). "Etheostoma simoterum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202532A18230005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202532A18230005.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Etheostoma simoterum". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b c Heins, David C. 2001. Variation in Clutch Size and Ovum Size of the Snubnose Darter, Etheostoma simoterum (Cope), from Two Populations in Tennessee. The American Midland Naturalist 145: 74–79.
- ^ Paine, M.D. 1990. Life history tactics of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatiini) and their relationship with body size, reproductive behaviour, latitude and rarity. Journal of Fish Biology 37: 473–488.
- ^ a b c d e f g Warren, Melvin L. et al. 2000. Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status of the Native Freshwater Fishes of the Southern United States. Fisheries 25: 7–31.
- ^ Fuller, Pam, and Matt Neilson. 2011. Etheostoma simoterum. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=817 RevisionDate: 8/5/2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Page, Lawrence M., and Richard L. Mayden. 1981. The Life History of the Tennessee Snubnose Darter, Etheostoma simoterum, in Brush Creek, Tennessee. Illinois Natural History Survey: Biological Notes 117: 1-11. https://archive.org/stream/lifehistoryoften117page#page/n3/mode/2up. (Accessed: November 20, 2011).
- ^ a b Porterfield, Jean C. 1998. Spawning behavior of snubnose darters (Percidae) in natural and laboratory environments. Environmental Biology of Fishes 53: 413–419.
- ^ a b NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.tnfish.org/SpeciesFishInformation_TWRA/Research/SnubnoseDarterEtheostomaSimoterum_NatureServeExplorer.pdf. (Accessed: November 20, 2011).