Jones Law (Philippines): Difference between revisions

Jones Law
Long title	An Act To declare the purpose of the people of the United States as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous government for those islands.
Enacted by	the 64th United States Congress
Citations
Public law	64-240
Statutes at Large	39 Stat. 545
Legislative history
	Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on August 29, 1916;

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Congressman William Jones authored the bill which replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902.

The Jones Law (39 Stat. 545, also known as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act, and the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916) was an Organic Act passed by the United States Congress. The law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 and acted as a constitution of the Philippines from its enactment until 1934, when the Tydings–McDuffie Act was passed (which in turn led eventually to the Commonwealth of the Philippines and to independence from the United States). The Jones Law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature.

The law was enacted by the 64th United States Congress on August 29, 1916, and contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States federal government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines.^[1] It was a framework for a "more autonomous government", with certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States. The law provides that the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable government can be established", which was to be determined by the United States Government itself.

The law also changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines' first fully elected body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S. government. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected lower house (the Philippine Assembly), while the upper house (the Philippine Commission) was appointed.^[2] The Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected^[2] and changed the name of the Philippine Assembly to the House of Representatives. The executive branch continued to be headed by an appointed governor general of the Philippines, always an American.

Elections were held on October 3, 1916 for the newly created Philippine Senate. Elections to the Philippine Assembly had already been held on June 6, 1916, and those elected in that election were made members of the House of Representatives by the law.

Development of the bill

The ultimate goal for the Philippines was independence. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt said as early as 1901, "We hope to do for them what has never been done for any people of the tropics—to make them fit for self-government after the fashion of really free nations."^[3] The American public tended to view America's presence in the Philippines as unremunerative and expensive, so Roosevelt had concluded by 1907, "We shall have to be prepared for giving the islands independence of a more or less complete type much sooner than I think advisable."^[3]

Woodrow Wilson said, during the 1912 election campaign which made him U.S. President, "The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier."^[3] Even before the 1912 elections, U.S. House Committee on Insular Affairs Chairman William Atkinson Jones attempted to launch a bill that would set a fixed date for Philippine independence.^[4] Manuel L. Quezon was one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners to the U.S. House of Representatives. Jones delayed launching his bill, so Quezon drafted the first of two "Jones Bills". He drafted a second Jones Bill in early 1914 after the election of Wilson as U.S. president and his appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as president of the Philippine Commission and governor general of the Philippines.^{[citation needed]}

Wilson had informed Quezon of his hostility to any fixed timetable for independence, and Quezon believed that the draft bill contained enough flexibility to suit Wilson.^[5]

Passage into law

The bill passed the House of Representatives in October 1913 and went to the Senate, backed by Harrison, U.S. Secretary of War Lindley Garrison, and President Wilson. A final version of the bill was signed into U.S. law by President Wilson on August 29, 1916, after amendment by the Senate and further changes in a congressional conference committee.^[5]

Terms

Among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all-Filipino legislature. It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature.^[2]

References

^ In the "Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine" dated April 7, 1900, President William McKinley reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments, essentially popular in their form, in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands. However, there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence.
^ ^a ^b ^c Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)
^ ^a ^b ^c Ninkovich 2004, p. 75
^ Kramer 2006, p. 353
^ ^a ^b Kramer 2006, p. 354

Bibliography

Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006). The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines. UNC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5653-6.
Ninkovich, Frank A. (2004). The United States and Imperialism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57718-056-2.

External links

Jones Law as enacted (details) in the US Statutes at Large
"The Philippine Autonomy Act". Corpus Juris online Philippine law library. July 1902. Retrieved January 13, 2008.

[1] In the "Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine" dated April 7, 1900, President William McKinley reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments, essentially popular in their form, in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands. However, there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence.

[CorpusJuris-2] Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)

[Ninkovich2004p75-3] Ninkovich 2004, p. 75

[Kramer2006p353-4] Kramer 2006, p. 353

[Kramer2006p354-5] Kramer 2006, p. 354

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|1916 U.S. law creating a fully elected legislature in the Philippines}}
-{{Other uses|Jones Act (disambiguation){{!}}Jones Act}}
+{{redirect-distinguish|Jones Law|Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Increased Penalties Act}}
+{{use Philippine English|date=August 2019}}
+{{use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
+{{Infobox U.S. legislation
+| shorttitle =
+| othershorttitles =
+| longtitle = An Act To declare the purpose of the people of the United States as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous government for those islands.
+| colloquialacronym =
+| nickname =
+| enacted by = 64th
+| effective date =
+| public law url =
+| cite public law = 64-240
+| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|39|545}}
+| acts amended =
+| acts repealed =
+| title amended = <!--US code titles changed-->
+| sections created = <!--{{USC}} can be used-->
+| sections amended =
+| leghisturl =
+| introducedin =
+| introducedbill =
+| introducedby =
+| introduceddate =
+| committees =
+| passedbody1 =
+| passeddate1 =
+| passedvote1 =
+| passedbody2 =
+| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
+| passeddate2 =
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+| conferencedate =
+| passedbody3 =
+| passeddate3 =
+| passedvote3 =
+| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
+| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
+| passedbody4 =
+| passeddate4 =
+| passedvote4 =
+| signedpresident = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
+| signeddate = August 29, 1916
+}}
 {{Politics of Philippines}}
-[[File:William Atkinson Jones (congressional).jpg|thumb|right|Congressman [[William Atkinson Jones|William Jones]] authored the bill which replaced the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act of 1902]].]]
-[[File:Jones Law poster Philippines 1916.jpeg|thumb|right|A poster advertising the passage of  the Jones Law]]
+[[File:William Atkinson Jones (congressional).jpg|thumb|right|Congressman [[William Atkinson Jones|William Jones]] authored the bill which replaced the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act of 1902]].]]
-The '''Jones Law''' ({{USStat|39|545}}, is a ggoodd lawc. 416, also known as the '''Jones Act''', the '''Philippine Autonomy Act''', and the '''Act of Congress of August 29, 1916''') was an [[Organic Act]] passed by the [[United States Congress]].  The law replaced the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act of 1902]] and acted as a [[constitution of the Philippines]] from its enactment until 1934, when the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] was passed (which in turn led eventually to the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and to [[Republic Day (Philippines)|independence from the United States]]).  The Jones Law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature.
+[[File:Jones Law poster Philippines 1916.jpeg|thumb|right|A poster advertising the passage of the Jones Law]]
+The '''Jones Law''' ({{USStat|39|545}}, also known as the '''Jones Act''', the '''Philippine Autonomy Act''', and the '''Act of Congress of August 29, 1916''') was an [[Organic Act]] passed by the [[United States Congress]]. The law replaced the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act of 1902]] and acted as a [[constitution of the Philippines]] from its enactment until 1934, when the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] was passed (which in turn led eventually to the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and to [[Republic Day (Philippines)|independence from the United States]]). The Jones Law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature.
-The law was enacted by the [[64th United States Congress]] on August 29, 1916 and contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States Federal Government's commitment to grant independence to the [[Philippines]].<ref>In the "[http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007 Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227012601/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007 |date=2009-02-27 }}" dated April 7, 1900, [[President of the United States|President]] [[William McKinley]] reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments, essentially popular in their form, in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands. However, there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence.</ref> It was a framework for a "more autonomous government", with certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States. The law provides that the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable government can be established", which was to be determined by the United States Government itself.
+The law was enacted by the [[64th United States Congress]] on August 29, 1916, and contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States federal government's commitment to grant independence to the [[Philippines]].<ref>In the "[http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007 Instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227012601/http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=T00000000007 |date=2009-02-27 }}" dated April 7, 1900, [[President of the United States|President]] [[William McKinley]] reiterated the intentions of the United States Government to establish and organize governments, essentially popular in their form, in the municipal and provincial administrative divisions of the Philippine Islands. However, there was no official mention of any declaration of Philippine Independence.</ref> It was a framework for a "more autonomous government", with certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States. The law provides that the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable government can be established", which was to be determined by the United States Government itself.
-The law also changed the [[Philippine Legislature]] into the Philippines' first fully elected body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S. Government. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected [[lower house]] (the [[Philippine Assembly]]), while the [[upper house]] (the [[Philippine Commission]]) was appointed.<ref name=CorpusJuris /> The Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected<ref name=CorpusJuris>[http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)]</ref> and changed the name of the Assembly to the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]].  The [[executive branch]] continued to be headed by an appointed [[Governor General of the Philippines]], always an American.
+The law also changed the [[Philippine Legislature]] into the Philippines' first fully elected body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S. government. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected [[lower house]] (the [[Philippine Assembly]]), while the [[upper house]] (the [[Philippine Commission]]) was appointed.<ref name=CorpusJuris /> The Jones Law provided for both houses to be elected<ref name=CorpusJuris>[http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)]</ref> and changed the name of the Philippine Assembly to the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]. The [[executive branch]] continued to be headed by an appointed [[Governor-General of the Philippines|governor general of the Philippines]], always an American.
-[[Philippine Senate elections, 1916|Elections were held on October 3, 1916]] to the newly created [[Philippine Senate]].  Elections to the Philippine Assembly had [[Philippine House of Representatives elections, 1916|already been held on June 6, 1916]], and those elected automatically became members of the House of Representatives.
+[[1916 Philippine Senate elections|Elections were held on October 3, 1916]] for the newly created [[Philippine Senate]]. Elections to the Philippine Assembly had [[1916 Philippine House of Representatives elections|already been held on June 6, 1916]], and those elected in that election were made members of the House of Representatives by the law.
-In 1898, the Philippines were ceded by [[Spain]] to the United States, which subsequently fought the [[Philippine–American War]] between 1899 and 1902 and established control over the Philippines.<ref>James W. Lowen, ''Lies Across America: What Our History Sites Get Wrong'', New York: Touchstone, 1999, {{ISBN|0-684-87067-3}}, page 138.</ref>
 == Development of the bill ==
 The ultimate goal for the Philippines was independence. [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] said as early as 1901, "We hope to do for them what has never been done for any people of the tropics&mdash;to make them fit for self-government after the fashion of really free nations."<ref name=Ninkovich2004p75>{{Harvnb|Ninkovich|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tml-hBBfBw4C&pg=PA75 75]}}</ref> The American public tended to view America's presence in the Philippines as unremunerative and expensive, so Roosevelt had concluded by 1907, "We shall have to be prepared for giving the islands independence of a more or less complete type much sooner than I think advisable."<ref name=Ninkovich2004p75 />
-[[Woodrow Wilson]] said, during the 1912 election campaign which made him US President, "The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier."<ref name=Ninkovich2004p75 /> Even before the 1912 elections, U.S. House Committee on Insular Affairs Chairman [[William Atkinson Jones]] attempted to launch a bill which set a fixed date for Philippine independence.<ref name=Kramer2006p353>{{Harvnb|Kramer|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA353 353]}}</ref> [[Manuel L. Quezon]] was one of the Philippines' two [[Resident Commissioners from the Philippines|resident commissioner]]s to the [[US House of Representatives]]. Jones delayed to launch his bill, so Quezon drafted the first of two "Jones Bills". He drafted a second Jones Bill in early 1914 after the election of Wilson as president and his appointment of [[Francis Burton Harrison]] as President of the [[Taft Commission|Philippine Commission]] and [[Governor General of the Philippines]].
+[[Woodrow Wilson]] said, during the 1912 election campaign which made him U.S. President, "The Philippines are at present our frontier but I hope we presently are to deprive ourselves of that frontier."<ref name=Ninkovich2004p75 /> Even before the 1912 elections, U.S. House Committee on Insular Affairs Chairman [[William Atkinson Jones]] attempted to launch a bill that would set a fixed date for Philippine independence.<ref name=Kramer2006p353>{{Harvnb|Kramer|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA353 353]}}</ref> [[Manuel L. Quezon]] was one of the Philippines' two [[Resident Commissioners from the Philippines|resident commissioner]]s to the [[US House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Jones delayed launching his bill, so Quezon drafted the first of two "Jones Bills". He drafted a second Jones Bill in early 1914 after the election of Wilson as U.S. president and his appointment of [[Francis Burton Harrison]] as president of the [[Taft Commission|Philippine Commission]] and governor general of the Philippines.{{cn|date=August 2019}}
 Wilson had informed Quezon of his hostility to any fixed timetable for independence, and Quezon believed that the draft bill contained enough flexibility to suit Wilson.<ref name=Kramer2006p354>{{Harvnb|Kramer|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC&pg=PA354 354]}}</ref>
 ==Passage into law==
-The bill passed the House in October 1913 and went to the Senate, backed by Harrison, [[US Secretary of War]] [[Lindley Miller Garrison|Lindley Garrison]], and Wilson. A final version of the bill was signed into US law by Wilson on August 29, 1916, after amendment by the Senate and further changes in a [[U.S. Congress Conference committee|congressional conference committee]].<ref name=Kramer2006p354 />
+The bill passed the House of Representatives in October 1913 and went to the Senate, backed by Harrison, [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[Lindley Miller Garrison|Lindley Garrison]], and President Wilson. A final version of the bill was signed into U.S. law by President Wilson on August 29, 1916, after amendment by the Senate and further changes in a [[U.S. Congress Conference committee|congressional conference committee]].<ref name=Kramer2006p354 />
 ==Terms==
-[[File:Joint session of Philippine Legislature.jpg|right|thumb|Joint session of the [[Philippine Legislature]], created by the Jones Law, in [[Manila]], on November 15, 1916.]]
+[[File:Joint session of Philippine Legislature.jpg|right|thumb|Joint session of the [[Philippine Legislature]], created by the Jones Law, in [[Manila]], on November 15, 1916]]
 Among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all-[[Filipino people|Filipino]] legislature. It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature.<ref name=CorpusJuris />
@@ Line 38: / Line 86: @@
 ===Bibliography===
-*{{Cite journal
+*{{Cite book
 |last=Kramer
 |first=Paul Alexander
@@ Line 46: / Line 94: @@
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_Lx0KCui5IC
 |isbn=978-0-8078-5653-6
+}}
-|ref=harv
+*{{Cite book
-|postscript=.
-}}, {{ISBN|0-8078-2985-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8078-2985-1}}.
-*{{Cite journal
 |title=The United States and Imperialism
 |last=Ninkovich
@@ Line 57: / Line 103: @@
 |isbn=978-1-57718-056-2
 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tml-hBBfBw4C
+}}
-|ref= harv
-|postscript=.
-}}, {{ISBN|1-57718-056-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-57718-056-2}}.
 {{refend}}
 ==External links==
+* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/39/545?link-type=pdf&.pdf Jones Law] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/39/545?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]]
 *{{cite web
 |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/philippine-autonomy-act.php
 |title=The Philippine Autonomy Act
+|date=July 1902
 |publisher=Corpus Juris online Philippine law library
-|accessdate=2008-01-13}}
+|access-date=2008-01-13}}
 {{Woodrow Wilson}}
@@ Line 73: / Line 119: @@
 {{authority control}}
-[[Category:1916 in law|Philippines]]
+[[Category:1916 in American law]]
-[[Category:1916 in the United States]]
 [[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]]
 [[Category:Constitutions of the Philippines]]
 [[Category:Filipino-American history]]
 [[Category:Government of the Philippines]]
-[[Category:History of the United States (1918–45)]]
 [[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]

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