Idiosyncrasy: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Unusual personal characteristic}} |
{{Short description|Unusual personal characteristic}} |
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An '''idiosyncrasy''' is |
An '''idiosyncrasy''' is a unique feature of something. The term is often used to express peculiarity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rundell |first=Michael |title=Macmillan English Dictionary |publisher=Schroedel Diesterweg |year=2002 |location=Hannover}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Idiosyncrasy |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028200843/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/idiosyncrasy |archive-date=October 28, 2011 |access-date=October 26, 2011 |publisher=Cambridge Dictionaries Online}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἰδιοσυγκρασία#Ancient Greek|ἰδιοσυγκρασία]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|idiosynkrasía}}'', "a peculiar temperament, habit of body"<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Idiosyncrasy |volume=14 |page=288}}</ref> (from {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἴδιος#Ancient Greek|ἴδιος]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|idios}}'', "one's own", {{lang|grc|[[wikt:σύν#Ancient Greek|σύν]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|syn}}'', "with" and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:κρᾶσις#Ancient Greek|κρᾶσις]]}} ''{{Transliteration|el|krasis}}'', "blend of [[Humorism|the four humors]]" ([[Four temperaments|temperament]]) or literally "particular mingling".{{cn|date=October 2024}} |
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Idiosyncrasy is sometimes used as a synonym for [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]], as these terms "are not always clearly distinguished when they denote an act, a practice, or a characteristic that impresses the observer as strange or singular."<ref name="MW">''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms'' (1984), p. 277.</ref> Eccentricity, however, "emphasizes the idea of divergence from the usual or customary; idiosyncrasy implies a following of one's particular temperament or bent especially in trait, trick, or habit; the former often suggests mental aberration, the latter, strong individuality and independence of action".<ref name="MW" /> |
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==Linguistics== |
==Linguistics== |
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The term can also be applied to [[symbol]]s or words. ''Idiosyncratic symbols'' mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean [[war]], but to someone else, it could symbolize a [[surgery]]. |
The term can also be applied to [[symbol]]s or words. ''Idiosyncratic symbols'' mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean [[war]], but to someone else, it could symbolize a [[surgery]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} |
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===Idiosyncratic property=== |
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In [[phonology]], an ''idiosyncratic property'' contrasts with a ''systematic regularity''. While systematic regularities in the sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word ''cab'' starts with the sound /k/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word ''cap'' is a systematic regularity, as it arises from the fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael Kenstowicz, Charles Kisseberth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0q0BQAAQBAJ&q=phonology+idiosyncratic+property&pg=PA30 |title=Generative Phonology: Description and Theory |date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9781483277394 |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509175337/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0q0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=phonology+idiosyncratic+property&source=bl&ots=gx-UQZ7tjQ&sig=cbIcFJcdWz43NBqQcIsSX5unVi4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV17SmmoHZAhVNwlkKHV8cAf4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=phonology%20idiosyncratic%20property&f=false |archive-date=9 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Medicine== |
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=== Disease === |
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==Idiosyncrasy in religion== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}Among religious people, idiosyncrasy means behavior that is different from the usual, different from that which is generally seen as common, yet also as different social behavior that can be seen in the varieties of cults. |
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=== Health Bonus === |
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Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived [[disease]]s in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in [[Europe]] permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the [[evidence-based medicine]] that is the standard of practice today. {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} |
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived [[disease]]s in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in [[Europe]] permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the [[evidence-based medicine]] that is the standard of practice today. {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} |
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===Pharmacology=== |
===Pharmacology=== |
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The term [[idiosyncratic drug reaction]] denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or [[hypersensitivity]] to a substance, without connection to the [[pharmacology]] of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetrecht |first=Jack |date=2008-01-01 |title=Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future |
The term [[idiosyncratic drug reaction]] denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or [[hypersensitivity]] to a substance, without connection to the [[pharmacology]] of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetrecht |first=Jack |date=2008-01-01 |title=Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future |journal=Chemical Research in Toxicology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1021/tx700186p |issn=0893-228X |pmid=18052104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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===Psychiatry and psychology=== |
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The word is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences: a certain dish made of meat may cause [[Nostalgia|nostalgic]] memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called ''idiosyncratic''.<ref>{{Citation |title=CHAPTER 6 - Idiosyncratic Variables |date=1991-01-01 |work=Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics |volume=17 |pages=245–265 |editor-last=Meister |editor-first=David |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444883780500114 |access-date=2022-12-16 |series=Psychology of System Design |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-88378-0.50011-4 |isbn=9780444883780}}</ref> |
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==Economics== |
==Economics== |
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In [[portfolio theory]], risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In [[complete market]]s, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the [[capital asset pricing model]] holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of [[systematic risk]] in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a [[landlord]] from [[renting]] of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.<ref name=NYT032913>{{ |
In [[portfolio theory]], risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In [[complete market]]s, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the [[capital asset pricing model]] holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of [[systematic risk]] in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a [[landlord]] from [[renting]] of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.<ref name="NYT032913">{{Cite news |last=Tara Siegel Barnard |date=March 29, 2013 |title=Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330081922/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/your-money/investing-in-a-rental-home-isnt-as-safe-as-it-may-seem.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> |
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According to one macroeconomic model including a financial sector,<ref>Brunnermeier, Markus K. and Sannikov, Yuliy, "[http://ssrn.com/abstract=2160894 A macroeconomic model with a financial sector]" (April 8, 2012). National Bank of Belgium Working Paper No. 236.</ref> hedging idiosyncratic risk can be self-defeating as amid the "risk reduction" experts are encouraged to increase their leverage. This works for small shocks but leads to higher vulnerability for larger shocks and makes the system less stable. Thus, while securitisation in principle reduces the costs of idiosyncratic shocks, it ends up amplifying systemic risks in equilibrium.{{cn|date=October 2024}} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Humorism]] |
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* [[Allergy]] |
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* [[Portfolio theory]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{Wiktionary-inline|idiosyncrasy}} |
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{{Conformity}} |
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[[Category:Allergology]] |
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[[Category:Deviance (sociology)]] |
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[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]] |
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[[Category:Medical terminology]] |
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[[Category:Effects of external causes]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:50, 14 November 2024
An idiosyncrasy is a unique feature of something. The term is often used to express peculiarity.[1][2]
Etymology
[edit]The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from Greek ἰδιοσυγκρασία idiosynkrasía, "a peculiar temperament, habit of body"[3] (from ἴδιος idios, "one's own", σύν syn, "with" and κρᾶσις krasis, "blend of the four humors" (temperament) or literally "particular mingling".[citation needed]
Idiosyncrasy is sometimes used as a synonym for eccentricity, as these terms "are not always clearly distinguished when they denote an act, a practice, or a characteristic that impresses the observer as strange or singular."[4] Eccentricity, however, "emphasizes the idea of divergence from the usual or customary; idiosyncrasy implies a following of one's particular temperament or bent especially in trait, trick, or habit; the former often suggests mental aberration, the latter, strong individuality and independence of action".[4]
Linguistics
[edit]The term can also be applied to symbols or words. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery.[citation needed]
Idiosyncratic property
[edit]In phonology, an idiosyncratic property contrasts with a systematic regularity. While systematic regularities in the sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word cab starts with the sound /k/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word cap is a systematic regularity, as it arises from the fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.[5]
Medicine
[edit]Disease
[edit]Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the evidence-based medicine that is the standard of practice today. [citation needed]
Pharmacology
[edit]The term idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to the pharmacology of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy).[6]
Psychiatry and psychology
[edit]The word is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences: a certain dish made of meat may cause nostalgic memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called idiosyncratic.[7]
Economics
[edit]In portfolio theory, risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In complete markets, there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in a complete market in which the capital asset pricing model holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of systematic risk in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a landlord from renting of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants.[8]
According to one macroeconomic model including a financial sector,[9] hedging idiosyncratic risk can be self-defeating as amid the "risk reduction" experts are encouraged to increase their leverage. This works for small shocks but leads to higher vulnerability for larger shocks and makes the system less stable. Thus, while securitisation in principle reduces the costs of idiosyncratic shocks, it ends up amplifying systemic risks in equilibrium.[citation needed]
In econometrics, "idiosyncratic error" is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.)[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Rundell, Michael (2002). Macmillan English Dictionary. Hannover: Schroedel Diesterweg.
- ^ "Idiosyncrasy". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
- ^ a b Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms (1984), p. 277.
- ^ Michael Kenstowicz, Charles Kisseberth (10 May 2014). Generative Phonology: Description and Theory. Academic Press. ISBN 9781483277394. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ Uetrecht, Jack (2008-01-01). "Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Past, Present, and Future". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 21 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1021/tx700186p. ISSN 0893-228X. PMID 18052104.
- ^ Meister, David, ed. (1991-01-01), "CHAPTER 6 - Idiosyncratic Variables", Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, Psychology of System Design, vol. 17, Elsevier, pp. 245–265, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-88378-0.50011-4, ISBN 9780444883780, retrieved 2022-12-16
- ^ Tara Siegel Barnard (March 29, 2013). "Rental Investment May Seem Safer Than It Really Is". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
- ^ Brunnermeier, Markus K. and Sannikov, Yuliy, "A macroeconomic model with a financial sector" (April 8, 2012). National Bank of Belgium Working Paper No. 236.
External links
[edit]
The dictionary definition of idiosyncrasy at Wiktionary
