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{{Short description|Australian emigrants and their descendants}}
The '''Australian diaspora''' refers to the approximately 750,000{{Fact|date=February 2008}} [[Australia]]n citizens who today live outside Australia. The term includes several hundred thousand who spend some time in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Europe]] but return to Australia. The [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]] made it easy for Australians to migrate into [[New Zealand]] and vice versa. Australia is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (formerly the British Commonwealth), so their migration to other Commonwealth members like [[Canada]] and [[Great Britain]] has fewer restrictions and limitations than [[United States|American]] citizens who choose to migrate into Australia.
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Australian diaspora
| image = Flag of Australia (converted).svg
| region1 = Australian diaspora
| pop1 = '''598,765''' (2020)<ref name="un.org"/>
| region2 = {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop2 = 165,000 (2021)<ref name="ons.gov.uk"/>
| region3 = {{Flag|United States}}
| pop3 = 98,969 (2019)<ref name="data.census.gov"/>
| region4 = {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| pop4 = 75,696 (2018)<ref name="stats.govt.nz"/>
| region5 = {{Flag|Canada}}
| pop5 = 21,115 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=21&Geo=01&SO=4D|title = Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data|date = 25 October 2017}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Singapore}}
| pop6 = 20,000 (2012)
| region7 = {{flag|Thailand}}
| pop7 = 20,000 (2008)
| region8 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop8 = 16,000 (2015) 0.17% of the UAE population
| region9 = {{Flag|South Korea}}
| pop9 = 15,222 (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viewer.moj.go.kr/skin/doc.html?rs=/result/bbs/227&fn=temp_1581918117248100|title=Document Viewer|website=viewer.moj.go.kr}}</ref>
| region10 = {{Flag|Hong Kong}}
| pop10 = 14,669 (2016)<ref name="bycensus2016.gov.hk"/><br />100,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/hong-kong/hong-kong-brief#:~:text=Hong%20Kong%20is%20home%20to,Hong%20Kong%20live%20in%20Australia.|title=Hong Kong brief|website=www.dfat.gov.au}}</ref>
| region11 = {{Flag|Germany}}
| pop11 = 13,600 (2020)<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200207004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile UN Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination 2019] destatis.de</ref>
| region12 = {{Flag|China}}
| pop12 = 13,286 (2010)<ref name="stats.gov.cn"/>
| region13 = {{Flag|Japan}}
| pop13 = 12,024 (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year=20190&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0|title=在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2019年12月 &#124; ファイル &#124; 統計データを探す|website=政府統計の総合窓口}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop14 = 3,000 - 4,000
| region15 = {{flag|Portugal}}
| pop15 = 1,400 ca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/emigracion/australia|title=Australia - Emigrantes totales 2020 &#124; Datosmacro.com|website=datosmacro.expansion.com}}</ref>
}}


The '''Australian diaspora''' are those [[Australians]] living outside of Australia. It includes approximately 598,765 Australian-born people living outside of Australia,<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2020_international_migration_highlights.pdf|title=UNDESA 2020 International Migration Highlights}}</ref> people who are Australian citizens and live outside Australia, and people with Australian ancestry who live outside of Australia.
Many well-educated Australians, including scientists, find unique employment opportunities overseas, particularly in the [[United States of America]]. Key factors influencing this phenomenon are seen to include the rise of a global labour market, more accessible and economical international transport, and increasingly sophisticated communication technologies, along with a growing interest in travel and the broader global community.


In 2020, 2.34% of the Australian population lived overseas, which is lower than most OECD countries, except the USA (0.89%) and Japan (0.64%).<ref name="un.org" />
The term ''Australian diaspora'' appears to have originated in the [[2003]] [[Committee for Economic Development of Australia]] (CEDA) research report [http://ceda.com.au/public/publications/info_paper/ip_80.html "Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications"], authored by Graeme Hugo, Dianne Rudd and Kevin Harris. This report both identified the phenomenon and argued for an Australian government policy of maintaining active contact with the diaspora.


==History==
The diaspora has been the focus of policy concerns over a so-called "brain drain" from Australia. However the 2003 CEDA report argued the phenomenon was essentially positive: rather than experiencing a "brain drain", Australia was in fact seeing both "brain circulation" as Australians added to their skills and expertise, and a "brain gain", as these skilled expatriates returned to Australia and new skilled immigrants arrived. Some [[British people|Britons]] went to Australia like [[Elton John]] from Great Britain (but lives part-time in the US), and one rich Australian expatriate, [[Rupert Murdoch]] went to the US to become CEO of [[20th Century Fox]] Television Networks.


The [[diaspora]] was reported on in a 2003 [[Committee for Economic Development of Australia]] (CEDA) research report, "Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications".<ref name=CEDA2003>{{cite web |first=Graeme |last=Hugo |author2=Dianne Rudd |author3=Kevin Harris |year=2003 |url=http://ceda.com.au/public/publications/info_paper/ip_80.html |title=CEDA Information Paper 80: Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications |publisher=CEDA (Committee for Economic Development of Australia) |access-date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820110759/http://ceda.com.au/public/publications/info_paper/ip_80.html |archive-date=20 August 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The report argued for an Australian government policy of maintaining active contact with the diaspora.
Over two-thirds of [[expatriate]] Australians are professionals, para-professionals, managers or in administrative occupations. One quarter are in the United Kingdom. A further group include European migrants to Australia in the [[1950s]] (and their children) who have now returned to their countries of origin to stay, but who still retain strong links with Australia. This group of expatriates, resident in countries such as [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]] and [[Lebanon]], make up nearly one quarter of the Australian global expatriate community, and some Asian-Australians who maintain familial ties with Asian countries like [[India]], [[China]], [[Vietnam]] and [[South Korea]].


In 2005, [[Australian Senate committees|Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee (a standing committee)]] reported into the issue of Expatriate Australians and made recommendations that the "Australian Government needs to make greater efforts to connect
Since the [[1970's]], more Australians than before lived in Africa, the Asian continent and Latin America, mostly are retirees or tourists had second homes, the most popular being [[Costa Rica]], [[Thailand]] and [[South America]]. The country is globally renowned for its character of a pioneering people willing to go far in any frontier to discover and settle new lands by the Australian diaspora. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} <!--I doubt this is POV or fact, it's something the Australian character seem to advocate an adventurous spirit, something even the PM John Howard repeatedly said in his speeches.-->
with and engage our expatriate community".<ref>{{cite web |author=The Senate: Legal and Constitutional References Committee | year=2005 | url= http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/report/report.pdf | title=They still call Australia home: Inquiry into Australian expatriates | publisher=Department of the Senate, Parliament House, Canberra | access-date=8 January 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060103051543/http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/report/report.pdf| archive-date= 3 January 2006}}</ref>


In contrast to many countries which experience a "[[brain drain]]" due to emigration, the 2003 CEDA report argued that emigration was a net positive for Australia, with the country seeing "brain circulation" as Australians added to their skills and expertise, and a "brain gain", as these skilled expatriates tended to return to Australia and new skilled immigrants arrive.<ref name = CEDA2003/> Between 1999 and 2003, there were seven highly educated migrants to Australia for every one highly educated Australian who was living elsewhere in countries within the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)]].<ref name = ABS4102of2006>{{cite web|url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/3cf3335edc1a3f7fca2571b0000ea963!OpenDocument#1%20Hugo%2C%20G%2C%20Rudd%2C%20D%20and%20Harris%2C%20K%2C|title = Australian expatriates in OECD countries|work = 4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2006 |date = 20 July 2006|publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date = 29 October 2008}}</ref> Levels of skilled immigration to Australia reflect Government policies to "practise a selective immigration policy based on human capital criteria".<ref name = OECD2005>{{cite web|url = http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/27/5/33868740.pdf|format = pdf (34 pages)|last = Dumont|first = Jean-Christophe Dumont |author2= Georges Lemaître |year = 2005|title = Counting immigrants and expatriates in OECD countries: a new perspective|publisher = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA|location = Paris|access-date = 29 October 2008}}</ref>
Australian migration to the [[United States]] is many times more than Americans going to Australia, both countries have a great deal of freedom and economic opportunity. In the [[1850's]] [[California gold rush]], Australian miners under British documents helped in the development of [[California]], US and they lived in "grown overnight" settlements like [[San Francisco]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. Today, the state continues to attract well-to-do Australians and an estimated 100,000 live in California. Other Australian retirees consider the "sunbelt" states [[Arizona]] and [[Florida]] as an "area of choice" for a new residence.


==Countries by Australian diaspora==
In the late [[19th century]], a group of radical [[socialist]] Australians voluntarily went to Paraguay, a landlocked South American country, to create a failed master-planned community, known as ''Nueva (New) Australia''. Other followers wanted to migrate into [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]] and pre-[[1918]] [[Palestine]] to attempt or imitate the social experimental project. Also at the time, small disproportionate numbers of Australian settlers arrived in [[Argentina]], [[South Africa]], and the [[Philippines]]. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} <!--I recommend my fellow wikis to assist and help find resources to a popular historic fact foretold and taught like it's true in Australia. Thank you and discuss it in talk page.-->


===United Kingdom===
The song ''[[I Still Call Australia Home]]'' by [[Peter Allen]], an expatriate Australian songwriter, could be said to represent expatriates' nostalgia for Australia.
In 2021, 165,000 [[Australians in the United Kingdom|Australian-born people]] lived in the United Kingdom.<ref name="ons.gov.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality|title=Population by country of birth and nationality (Discontinued after June 2021) - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 UK Census]] recorded 113,592 residents born in Australia in England, 2,695 in Wales,<ref name=2011Census>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls|title=2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=26 March 2013|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> 8,279 in Scotland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Country of birth (detailed)|publisher=National Records of Scotland|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> and 1,750 in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls |title=Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095516/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>


===United States===
== Recommendations of the 2005 Senate committee report into Expatriate Australians ==

#The Committee recommends that the Australian Government establish a web portal devoted to the provision of information and services for expatriate Australians. A suggested name for the portal is www.expats.gov.au. The Committee recommends that the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade should be the lead agency in the development and administration of the expatriates web portal.
In 2019, there were 98,619 Australian-born people living in the [[United States]].<ref name="data.census.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Place%20of%20Birth&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B05006&hidePreview=false|title = Explore Census Data}}</ref> In 2001, the major places of residence were: 25,000 living in Los Angeles; 17,000 in San Francisco; 17,000 in Washington, D.C.; and 15,000 in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf |title=Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001 |date=14 February 2001 |publisher=Southern Cross Group ([[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|DFAT]] data) |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101723/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2008 }}</ref>
#The Committee recommends the establishment of a policy unit within the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, to facilitate the coordination of policies relating to Australian expatriates. Responsibilities of the policy unit should include:

#*formulation of a coordinated policy regarding expatriates;
===New Zealand===
#*consultation with groups from the expatriate community, industry, academia and other stakeholders in the formulation of policy; and
In 2018, there were 75,696 Australian-born people living in [[New Zealand]].<ref name="stats.govt.nz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) &#124; Stats NZ|website=www.stats.govt.nz}}</ref> The [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]] enables Australians and New Zealanders to migrate between Australia and New Zealand without complying with usual immigration requirements.
#*monitoring research developments and opportunities in relation to expatriates.

#The Committee recommends that the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade should continue to improve the statistical information collected in relation to Australian expatriates, particularly through the use of incoming and outgoing passenger cards.
===Hong Kong===
#The Committee recommends that the consular role for foreign missions be revised to contain a specific requirement that posts engage with the local expatriate community, in any and all ways possible appropriate to that location.
In 2016, there were 14,669 Australian-born people living in [[Hong Kong SAR|Hong Kong]].<ref name="bycensus2016.gov.hk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html|title=Main Tables &#124; 2016 Population By-census|website=www.bycensus2016.gov.hk|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214316/https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-mt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#The Committee recommends that the websites of Australia’s foreign missions should include an online registration facility to enable local expatriates to register their professional profiles. The profiles database will facilitate stronger engagement between missions and expatriates, and will provide a resource for missions in their work of promoting Australia’s interests overseas. It would also be used to notify expatriates of news and upcoming events.

#The Committee recommends that the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 be amended to ensure that children of people who previously lost their citizenship under section 17 of the Citizenship Act are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship by descent.
===China===
#The Committee recommends that the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 be amended to ensure that children of people who renounced their citizenship under section 18 of the Citizenship Act are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship by descent.
In 2010, there were 13,286 Australian-born people living in [[Mainland China]].<ref name="stats.gov.cn">{{cite web | url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/NewsEvents/201104/t20110429_26451.html#:~:text=The%20census%20covered%20234829%20residents,census%20enumeration%2C%20totaling%201020145%20persons | title=Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census }}</ref>
#The Committee recommends that the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs conduct a review of section 18 of the Australian Citizenship Act 1948.

#The Committee recommends that the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs establish an advisory committee to review the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 on an ongoing basis to ensure that the legislation appropriately reflects notions of citizenship in the 21st century.
=== Germany ===
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2007}}
In 2021 there were 26,000 Australian-born people living in [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Statistisches Bundesamt |language=de}}</ref> In recent years,{{when|date=April 2022}} the number of Australians living abroad in Germany has increased.
== External links ==

*{{cite web
==Comparison with the expatriate populations of other countries==
| author=Graeme Hugo, Dianne Rudd and Kevin Harris

| year=2003
In 2020, 2.34% of the Australian population lived overseas, which is lower than most OECD countries, except the USA (0.89%) and Japan (0.64%).
| url=http://ceda.com.au/public/publications/info_paper/ip_80.html

| title=CEDA Information Paper 80: Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications
Education levels of Australian expatriates were high: 44% of Australian expatriates in other OECD countries had a high level of education.<ref>Notes on education levels from the ABS: ''(c) High level includes ISCED5A: Academic tertiary, ISCED5B: Vocational tertiary, ISCED 6: Advanced research. (d) Overall, 3% of OECD expatriates in the OECD had no information on educational attainment. These have been excluded from the total in calculating the proportion. (e) The migrant to expatriate ratio for people with a high level of education for a particular country is: the ratio of the number of migrants from other OECD countries with a high level of education living in that country, to the number of that country's expatriates with a high level of education.''</ref> Japanese expatriates had the highest proportion, with 50% having a high level of education. 49% of expatriates from the USA had a high education as did 45% of expatriates from New Zealand.<ref name = ABS4102of2006/>
| format=

| work=
==See also==
| publisher=CEDA (Committee for Economic Development of Australia)
{{Portal|Australia}}
| accessdate=2006-08-22
* [[Australian rules football around the world]]
}}
* [[Little Australia]]
*{{cite web

| author=The Senate: Legal and Constitutional References Committee
==References and notes==
| year=2005
{{Reflist}}
| url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/report/report.pdf

| title=They still call Australia home: Inquiry into Australian expatriates
==Further reading==
| format=pdf
* {{cite journal|journal=International Migration|volume=44|issue=1|pages=105–133|date=13 February 2006|publisher=International Organization for Migration|title=An Australian Diaspora?|author=Graeme Hugo|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00357.x}}
| work=
* {{cite book|title=Competing for Global Talent|editor1=Christiane Kuptsch |editor2=Pang Eng Fong |editor3=Eng Fong Pang |pages=143–145|publisher=International Labour Organization|year=2006|isbn=978-92-9014-776-3|chapter=Australian experience in skilled migration|author=Graeme Hugo}}
| publisher=Department of the Senate,Parliament House, Canberra

| accessdate=2006-01-08
==External links==
}}
*{{cite web
| author=
| year=2005
| url=http://www.southern-cross-group.org/austdiaspora/overview.html
| title=Senate Inquiry into Australian Expatriates: Overview. Final Inquiry Report Tabled on 8 March 2005
| format=
| work=
| publisher=Southern Cross Group
| accessdate=2006-01-08
| accessyear=
}}
*{{cite web
*{{cite web
|year = 2005
|url = http://www.southern-cross-group.org/austdiaspora/overview.html
|title = Senate Inquiry into Australian Expatriates: Overview. Final Inquiry Report Tabled on 8 March 2005
|publisher = Southern Cross Group
|access-date = 8 January 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051227145559/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/austdiaspora/overview.html
|archive-date = 27 December 2005
|df = dmy-all
}}
*{{cite news
| author=Harry Heidelberg
| author=Harry Heidelberg
| year=2003
| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990218079.html
| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990218079.html
| title=What to make of the Australian diaspora
| title=What to make of the Australian diaspora
| format=
| work=
| publisher=Sydney Morning Herald
| publisher=Sydney Morning Herald
| accessdate=2006-01-08
| access-date=8 January 2006
| date=13 January 2003| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060115104613/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990218079.html| archive-date= 15 January 2006 | url-status= live}}
}}
*{{cite web
*{{cite web
|year = 2003
| author=
|url = http://www.southern-cross-group.org/expataustralian/diversity.html
| year=2003
|title = The Extent and Diversity of the Australian Diaspora
| url=http://www.southern-cross-group.org/expataustralian/diversity.html
|publisher = Southern Cross Group
| title=The Extent and Diversity of the Australian Diaspora
|access-date = 8 January 2006
| format=
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050829143020/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/expataustralian/diversity.html
| work=
|archive-date = 29 August 2005
| publisher=Southern Cross Group
|df = dmy-all
| accessdate=2006-01-08
}}
}}

{{Australian diaspora}}


[[Category:Australian society]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Diaspora}}
[[Category:Australian diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Australia]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Australia]]
[[Category:Austrlian diaspora| ]]

Latest revision as of 11:57, 14 November 2024

Australian diaspora
Regions with significant populations
Australian diaspora598,765 (2020)[1]
 United Kingdom165,000 (2021)[2]
 United States98,969 (2019)[3]
 New Zealand75,696 (2018)[4]
 Canada21,115 (2016)[5]
 Singapore20,000 (2012)
 Thailand20,000 (2008)
 United Arab Emirates16,000 (2015) 0.17% of the UAE population
 South Korea15,222 (2019)[6]
 Hong Kong14,669 (2016)[7]
100,000[8]
 Germany13,600 (2020)[9]
 China13,286 (2010)[10]
 Japan12,024 (2019)[11]
 Malaysia3,000 - 4,000
 Portugal1,400 ca.[12]

The Australian diaspora are those Australians living outside of Australia. It includes approximately 598,765 Australian-born people living outside of Australia,[1] people who are Australian citizens and live outside Australia, and people with Australian ancestry who live outside of Australia.

In 2020, 2.34% of the Australian population lived overseas, which is lower than most OECD countries, except the USA (0.89%) and Japan (0.64%).[1]

History

[edit]

The diaspora was reported on in a 2003 Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) research report, "Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications".[13] The report argued for an Australian government policy of maintaining active contact with the diaspora.

In 2005, Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee (a standing committee) reported into the issue of Expatriate Australians and made recommendations that the "Australian Government needs to make greater efforts to connect with and engage our expatriate community".[14]

In contrast to many countries which experience a "brain drain" due to emigration, the 2003 CEDA report argued that emigration was a net positive for Australia, with the country seeing "brain circulation" as Australians added to their skills and expertise, and a "brain gain", as these skilled expatriates tended to return to Australia and new skilled immigrants arrive.[13] Between 1999 and 2003, there were seven highly educated migrants to Australia for every one highly educated Australian who was living elsewhere in countries within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[15] Levels of skilled immigration to Australia reflect Government policies to "practise a selective immigration policy based on human capital criteria".[16]

Countries by Australian diaspora

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In 2021, 165,000 Australian-born people lived in the United Kingdom.[2] The 2011 UK Census recorded 113,592 residents born in Australia in England, 2,695 in Wales,[17] 8,279 in Scotland,[18] and 1,750 in Northern Ireland.[19]

United States

[edit]

In 2019, there were 98,619 Australian-born people living in the United States.[3] In 2001, the major places of residence were: 25,000 living in Los Angeles; 17,000 in San Francisco; 17,000 in Washington, D.C.; and 15,000 in New York.[20]

New Zealand

[edit]

In 2018, there were 75,696 Australian-born people living in New Zealand.[4] The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement enables Australians and New Zealanders to migrate between Australia and New Zealand without complying with usual immigration requirements.

Hong Kong

[edit]

In 2016, there were 14,669 Australian-born people living in Hong Kong.[7]

China

[edit]

In 2010, there were 13,286 Australian-born people living in Mainland China.[10]

Germany

[edit]

In 2021 there were 26,000 Australian-born people living in Germany.[21] In recent years,[when?] the number of Australians living abroad in Germany has increased.

Comparison with the expatriate populations of other countries

[edit]

In 2020, 2.34% of the Australian population lived overseas, which is lower than most OECD countries, except the USA (0.89%) and Japan (0.64%).

Education levels of Australian expatriates were high: 44% of Australian expatriates in other OECD countries had a high level of education.[22] Japanese expatriates had the highest proportion, with 50% having a high level of education. 49% of expatriates from the USA had a high education as did 45% of expatriates from New Zealand.[15]

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "UNDESA 2020 International Migration Highlights" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b "Population by country of birth and nationality (Discontinued after June 2021) - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
  3. ^ a b "Explore Census Data".
  4. ^ a b "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz.
  5. ^ "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". 25 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Document Viewer". viewer.moj.go.kr.
  7. ^ a b "Main Tables | 2016 Population By-census". www.bycensus2016.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Hong Kong brief". www.dfat.gov.au.
  9. ^ UN Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination 2019 destatis.de
  10. ^ a b "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census".
  11. ^ "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2019年12月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". 政府統計の総合窓口.
  12. ^ "Australia - Emigrantes totales 2020 | Datosmacro.com". datosmacro.expansion.com.
  13. ^ a b Hugo, Graeme; Dianne Rudd; Kevin Harris (2003). "CEDA Information Paper 80: Australia's Diaspora: Its Size, Nature and Policy Implications". CEDA (Committee for Economic Development of Australia). Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
  14. ^ The Senate: Legal and Constitutional References Committee (2005). "They still call Australia home: Inquiry into Australian expatriates" (PDF). Department of the Senate, Parliament House, Canberra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2006.
  15. ^ a b "Australian expatriates in OECD countries". 4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2006. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  16. ^ Dumont, Jean-Christophe Dumont; Georges Lemaître (2005). "Counting immigrants and expatriates in OECD countries: a new perspective" (pdf (34 pages)). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  17. ^ "2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  18. ^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  20. ^ "Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001" (PDF). Southern Cross Group (DFAT data). 14 February 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  21. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  22. ^ Notes on education levels from the ABS: (c) High level includes ISCED5A: Academic tertiary, ISCED5B: Vocational tertiary, ISCED 6: Advanced research. (d) Overall, 3% of OECD expatriates in the OECD had no information on educational attainment. These have been excluded from the total in calculating the proportion. (e) The migrant to expatriate ratio for people with a high level of education for a particular country is: the ratio of the number of migrants from other OECD countries with a high level of education living in that country, to the number of that country's expatriates with a high level of education.

Further reading

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  • Graeme Hugo (13 February 2006). "An Australian Diaspora?". International Migration. 44 (1). International Organization for Migration: 105–133. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00357.x.
  • Graeme Hugo (2006). "Australian experience in skilled migration". In Christiane Kuptsch; Pang Eng Fong; Eng Fong Pang (eds.). Competing for Global Talent. International Labour Organization. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-92-9014-776-3.
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