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{{infobox military installation
{{Infobox military installation
| partof = [[Army Air Defense Command Post]]s<br>at [[Missile Master]] complexes
| partof = [[Army Air Defense Command Post]]s<br/>at [[Missile Master]] complexes
| location = 9 states: CA IL MA [[Fort Meade radar station|MD]] [[Selfridge AFB radar station|MI]] NJ(2) NY PA WA<br>
| location = 9 states: CA IL MA [[Fort Meade radar station|MD]] [[Selfridge AFB radar station|MI]] NJ(2) NY PA WA<br/>
| country = United States
| country = United States
| image =
| image =
Line 8: Line 8:
| type = military [[command, control and coordination system]]
| type = military [[command, control and coordination system]]
| ownership = [[United States Army]]
| ownership = [[United States Army]]
| operator =[[Aerospace Defense Command#Air Defense Command|Army Air Defense Command]]
| operator =[[Aerospace Defense Command#Air Defense Command 1946|Army Air Defense Command]]
| controlledby =
| controlledby =
* Contractee:<ref name=Berhow>{{Cite book |last=Berhow |first=Mark |others=Taylor, Chris (illustrations) |year=2005 |title=US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hedo3ZzK_t0C&lpg=PA21 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-838-3 |page=21 |accessdate=2011-09-06}}</ref> [http://www.techbastard.com/army_base/nj/fort_monmouth.php Signal Engineering Laboratories]<!-- [[Fort Monmouth|Ft Monmouth]]-->
* Contractee:<ref name=Berhow>{{Cite book |last=Berhow |first=Mark |others=Taylor, Chris (illustrations) |year=2005 |title=US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hedo3ZzK_t0C&pg=PA21 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-838-3 |page=21 |access-date=2011-09-06}}</ref> [http://www.techbastard.com/army_base/nj/fort_monmouth.php Signal Engineering Laboratories]<!-- [[Fort Monmouth|Ft Monmouth]]-->
* Contractor: [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin Company Orlando Division]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1960 |title=Missile Master Warns 10 Key Defense Areas |url=http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1960/Dec_1960.pdf |newspaper=Army Research and Development Newsmagazine |location=Washington 25, D.C. |accessdate=2011-09-25}}</ref>
* Contractor: [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin Company Orlando Division]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 1960 |title=Missile Master Warns 10 Key Defense Areas |url=http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1960/Dec_1960.pdf |newspaper=Army Research and Development Newsmagazine |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2011-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406065816/http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1960/Dec_1960.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Subcontractors:<ref name=NG1956/> Airborne Instruments Laboratory,<!-- (Mineola NY)--><br>[[American Machine and Foundry]]<!-- (New York NY)-->
* Subcontractors:<ref name=NG1956/> Airborne Instruments Laboratory,<!-- (Mineola NY)--><br/>[[American Machine and Foundry]]<!-- (New York NY)-->
⚫
| site_other_label = Subsystems<br/>&<br/>AAOC<br/>consoles<ref name=Digest/>

⚫
| site_other = tactical display subsystem with<br/>
⚫
| site_other_label = Subsystems<br>&<br>AAOC<br>consoles<ref name=Digest/>
⚫
| site_other = tactical display subsystem with<br>
3 tactical monitor consoles:
3 tactical monitor consoles:
*friendly protector console
*friendly protector console
Line 25: Line 24:
*2 range-height indicator <!--(RHI) -->cons.
*2 range-height indicator <!--(RHI) -->cons.
*channel status unit
*channel status unit
{{nowrap|computing and storage equipment}}<br>ADL transmitters and receivers
{{nowrap|computing and storage equipment}}<br/>ADL transmitters and receivers
}}<!--{{For|the Integrated Fire Control sites for each [[Project Nike]] fire unit|List of Nike missile locations}}-->
}}<!--{{For|the Integrated Fire Control sites for each [[Project Nike]] fire unit|List of Nike missile locations}}-->
{{For|other Nike command & control systems|Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment{{!}}BIRDIE|Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System{{!}}Missile Mentor}}
{{For|other Nike command & control systems|Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment{{!}}BIRDIE|Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System{{!}}Missile Mentor}}


The '''Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System''', better known as '''Missile Master''',<ref name=1958film/><ref>{{Cite report |last=Miller |first=J. M. |date=January 1961 |title=The Evaluation Program for the '''AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System''' |volume='''Volume IV, Missile Master Model; Report No. 2354-29-T''' |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Michigan }}</ref> was an electronic fire distribution center<ref name=FM44-1/> to computerize [[Cold War]] air defense (AD) command posts<ref name=Digest/> from manual plotting board operations<ref name=OOCities>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2005 |title=AN/FSG-1 Missile Master and AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor |url=http://www.oocities.org/fort_tilden/highlands.html |work=The Historic Atlantic Highlands Military Reservation (MR) |publisher=Fort Tilden |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref> to automated [[command and control]] of remote [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) launch batteries. The 10 [[United States Army]] [[Command, control and coordination system|C<sup>3</sup> systems]] used radar [[:wiktionary:netting|netting]] ("electronic umbrella")<ref name=ARD>{{Cite news |date=October 1961 |title=Army Installing First of 19 Midget Missile Master Systems |url=http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1961/Oct_1961.pdf |newspaper=Army Research and Development Newsmagazine |location=Washington 25, D.C. |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref> at [[Missile Master]] [[military installation]]s for coordinating [[ground-controlled interception]] by [[Project Nike|Nike]] and [[MIM-23 Hawk]] missiles. The vacuum tube fire control logic reduced the time to designate the appropriate missile battery to launch if an enemy target had intruded into a defense area where an AN/FSG-1 system was deployed.
The '''Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System''', better known as '''Missile Master''', was an electronic fire distribution center for [[United States Army]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name=FM44-1/> It aimed to computerize [[Cold War]] air defense (AD) command posts<ref name=Digest/> from manual plotting board operations<ref name=OOCities>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2005 |title=AN/FSG-1 Missile Master and AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor |url=http://www.oocities.org/fort_tilden/highlands.html |work=The Historic Atlantic Highlands Military Reservation (MR) |publisher=Fort Tilden |access-date=2011-10-07}}</ref> to automated [[command and control]].<ref name=1958film/><ref>{{Cite report |last=Miller |first=J. M. |date=January 1961 |title=The Evaluation Program for the '''AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System''' |volume=IV, Missile Master Model; Report No. 2354-29-T |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Michigan }}</ref>

The 10 [[Command, control and coordination system|C<sup>3</sup> systems]] used radar [[:wiktionary:netting|netting]] ("electronic umbrella")<ref name=ARD>{{Cite news |date=October 1961 |title=Army Installing First of 19 Midget Missile Master Systems |url=http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1961/Oct_1961.pdf |newspaper=Army Research and Development Newsmagazine |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406065500/http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/archives/1961/Oct_1961.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-06 }}</ref> at [[Missile Master]] [[military installation]]s for coordinating [[ground-controlled interception]] by [[Project Nike|Nike]] and [[MIM-23 Hawk]] missiles. The vacuum tube fire control logic reduced the time to designate the appropriate missile battery to launch if an enemy target had intruded into a defense area where an AN/FSG-1 system was deployed.


==History==
==History==
[[File:1965 Missile Master interfaces.png|thumb |left |AN/FSG-1 systems in 9 U.S. [[Missile Master#Nuclear bunker|nuclear bunkers]] (large building) networked local radars and "up to 24 [[MIM-14 Nike-Hercules|Nike Hercules]] AD [[List of Nike missile locations|missile batteries]]".<ref name=FM44-1/>]]
[[File:1965 Missile Master interfaces.png|thumb |left |AN/FSG-1 systems in 9 U.S. [[Missile Master#Nuclear bunker|nuclear bunkers]] (large building) networked local radars and "up to 24 [[MIM-14 Nike-Hercules|Nike Hercules]] AD [[List of Nike missile locations|missile batteries]]".<ref name=FM44-1/>]]


The AN/FSG-1 was an outgrowth of the July 1945 [[United States Army Signal Corps|Signal Corps']] [[Project Nike|Project 414A]] for an electronic Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS),<ref name=VolumeI>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945-1955 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf |format=Army.mil PDF |accessdate=2011-09-13 |quote=''Signal Corps formally establishes Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS) Project 414A which will lead to development of AN/FSG1 (Missile Master''}}</ref> a 1950 prototype computer and console system,<ref name=Bender/> and the 1954<!--<ref name=NG1956>http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/museum/Missile_Master_News_2.html--> experimental forerunner/"test system"<ref name=NG1956/><ref name=RTN/>{{Rp|55}} (AN/GSG-2) installed at [[Fort George G. Meade]].<ref name=Bender>{{Cite journal |last=Bender |first=Donald E |date=December 1999 |title=The Pedricktown Missile Master Site, 1960-1966 |url=http://alpha.fdu.edu/~bender/N-A-pedricktown.html |format=FDU.edu website |journal=Quarterly Newsletter |publisher=Salem County Historical Society |accessdate=2011-09-06 |quote=''A prototype system produced by the U.S. Army Signal Corps during 1950 eventually led to the deployment of the experimental Antiaircraft Defense System (AN/GSG-2) at Fort George G. Meade''}}</ref> The 1st AN/FSG-1 was contracted in August 1955,<ref name=Brown/> the program had been publicly announced by August 1956,<ref name=NG1956/> [[Missile Master]] sites had been selected by June 1957,<ref name=RB1957>{{Cite news |date=May 2, 1957 |title='Missile Master' Survey Completed |url=http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1950-1959/1957/1957.05.02.pdf |location=[[Red Bank, New Jersey]] |newspaper=[[Red Bank Register]] |page=13 |accessdate=2011-10-08}}</ref> and the "operational"<ref name=Digest/> AN/FSG-1 at the [[Fort Meade radar station]] was "put into action" on December 5, 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 5, 1957 |title=Missile Master News Release-1 |url=http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/museum/Missile_Master_News_1.html |publisher=(FTMeade.army.mil transcript) United States Army |accessdate=2011-09-03}}</ref> A 13-minute AN/FSG-1 military film (MF 11-8923) was produced in 1958,<ref name=1958film>{{cite AV media |year=1958 |title=AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-dept-of-the-army-from-old-catalo/index-of-army-motion-pictures-film-strips-slides-and-phono-recordings-hci/page-23-index-of-army-motion-pictures-film-strips-slides-and-phono-recordings-hci.shtml |publisher=USA Signal Air Defense Engineering |accessdate=2011-09-20 |quote=Film explains the role and operation of the Army's Missile Master System&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Designed to function as the communications and intelligence center of our AA defense system NIKE practice alert with and without Missile Master&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emphasizes that it is capable of operating independently and with other weapons as well as NIKE''}}</ref> and Congressional funding for additional sites was initiated in 1959 after the "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7VAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3193,5546728&dq=missile-master-plan&hl=en Missile Master Plan"] resolved the Army [[Project Nike]] and USAF [[CIM-10 Bomarc]] plans for SAM air defense.<ref name=SH1959>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 1959 |title=To Congress Today: Missile Master Plan is Readied |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19590612&id=tbkcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DmUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7467,1893666 |format=[[Google News Archive]] |newspaper=Sarasota Herald Tribune |accessdate=2011-09-20 }} ([https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7VAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3193,5546728&dq=missile-master-plan&hl=en Windsor Daily Star article: ''Peek Slated At Missile Master Plan'' Retrieved 2011-09-28)]</ref>
The AN/FSG-1 was an outgrowth of the July 1945 [[United States Army Signal Corps|Signal Corps']] [[Project Nike|Project 414A]] for an electronic Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS),<ref name=VolumeI>{{Cite book |title=History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945-1955 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf |format=Army.mil PDF |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote=Signal Corps formally establishes Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS) Project 414A which will lead to development of AN/FSG1 (Missile Master |archive-date=2013-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110121813/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> a 1950 prototype computer and console system,<ref name=Bender/> and the 1954<!--<ref name=NG1956>http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/museum/Missile_Master_News_2.html--> experimental forerunner/"test system"<ref name=NG1956/><ref name=RTN/>{{Rp|55}} (AN/GSG-2) installed at [[Fort George G. Meade]].<ref name=Bender>{{Cite journal |last=Bender |first=Donald E |date=December 1999 |title=The Pedricktown Missile Master Site, 1960-1966 |url=http://alpha.fdu.edu/~bender/N-A-pedricktown.html |format=FDU.edu website |journal=Quarterly Newsletter |publisher=Salem County Historical Society |access-date=2011-09-06 |quote=A prototype system produced by the U.S. Army Signal Corps during 1950 eventually led to the deployment of the experimental Antiaircraft Defense System (AN/GSG-2) at Fort George G. Meade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032853/http://alpha.fdu.edu/~bender/N-A-pedricktown.html |archive-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 1st AN/FSG-1 was contracted in August 1955,<ref name=Brown/> the program had been publicly announced by August 1956,<ref name=NG1956/> [[Missile Master]] sites had been selected by June 1957,<ref name=RB1957>{{Cite news |date=May 2, 1957 |title='Missile Master' Survey Completed |url=http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1950-1959/1957/1957.05.02.pdf |location=[[Red Bank, New Jersey]] |newspaper=[[Red Bank Register]] |page=13 |access-date=2011-10-08}}</ref> and the "operational"<ref name=Digest/> AN/FSG-1 at the [[Fort Meade radar station]] was "put into action" on December 5, 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 5, 1957 |title=Missile Master News Release-1 |url=http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/museum/Missile_Master_News_1.html |publisher=(FTMeade.army.mil transcript) United States Army |access-date=2011-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323140458/http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/museum/Missile_Master_News_1.html |archive-date=March 23, 2012 }}</ref> A 13-minute AN/FSG-1 military film (MF 11-8923) was produced in 1958,<ref name=1958film>{{cite AV media |year=1958 |title=AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-dept-of-the-army-from-old-catalo/index-of-army-motion-pictures-film-strips-slides-and-phono-recordings-hci/page-23-index-of-army-motion-pictures-film-strips-slides-and-phono-recordings-hci.shtml |publisher=USA Signal Air Defense Engineering |access-date=2011-09-20 |quote=Film explains the role and operation of the Army's Missile Master System&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Designed to function as the communications and intelligence center of our AA defense system NIKE practice alert with and without Missile Master&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emphasizes that it is capable of operating independently and with other weapons as well as NIKE}}</ref> and Congressional funding for additional sites was initiated in 1959 after the "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7VAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3193,5546728&dq=missile-master-plan&hl=en Missile Master Plan"] resolved the Army [[Project Nike]] and USAF [[CIM-10 Bomarc]] plans for SAM air defense.<ref name=SH1959>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 1959 |title=To Congress Today: Missile Master Plan is Readied |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19590612&id=tbkcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7467,1893666 |format=[[Google News Archive]] |newspaper=Sarasota Herald Tribune |access-date=2011-09-20 }} ([https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HzY_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7VAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3193,5546728&dq=missile-master-plan&hl=en Windsor Daily Star article: ''Peek Slated At Missile Master Plan'' Retrieved 2011-09-28)]</ref>


During the October 1959-July 1960 study regarding the system's algorithm for '''Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE)''',<ref name=ASD1961/> the "first production model AN/FSG-1" was dedicated in January 1960 at [[Fort Lawton Air Force Station]] (AFS), Washington.<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|313}} Following installation, a checkout period, and AN/FSG-1 acceptance; a dedication ceremony was often held and open to media (e.g., May 1960 acceptance at [[Highlands Army Air Defense Site|Highlands AADS]], New Jersey,<ref name=Brown/> with June 5 dedication).<ref name=RB1960/> The "[[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]]/Missile Master test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the AN/FSG-1 "mathematical model" using actual radar tracks of [[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] and [[Aerospace Defense Command|ADC]] aircraft sorties{{Clarify|were formations flown, and if so, were formations split while being tracked to complicate the algorithm's decision?|date=September 2011}} into the defense areas<ref name=ASD1961>{{Cite report |date=December 1961 |title=A Survey and Summary of Mathematical and Simulation Models as Applied to Weapon System Evaluation |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4298/4/bab9742.0001.001.txt |publisher=[[Aeronautical Systems Center|Aeronautical Systems Division]], USAF |accessdate=2011-09-13 |quote=''Future experiments and/or tests: Data from the Phase II and Phase III [[NORAD]] '''SAGE/ Missile Master test program''' is to be used to validate the mathematical model. These are large-scale system tests employing [[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] and [[Aerospace Defense Command|ADC]] aircraft. The field test program is the responsibility of the NORAD Joint Test Force stationed at [[Stewart Air National Guard Base|Stewart Air Force Base]]. …the primary object under present study is the '''performance of the Missile Master system''' with SAGE-ATABE inputs and not the SAGE system per se''}} (cites Miller 1961)</ref> (SAC-simulated bomb runs were planned after September 22, 1960).<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|314}} The last (10th) AN/FSG-1 was dedicated in December 1960 at [[Fort MacArthur]], California.[https://news.google.com/news/story?q=%22Missile+Master%22&hl=en&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1600&bih=727&wrapid=tlif131651551725810&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=aqtpqESeTxzMgaM&ei=5W54TqMNtMSxAoiDufcD&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQqgIwADgU]<!--{{align|right|{{Expand list|date=September 2011}}}}-->
During the October 1959-July 1960 study regarding the system's algorithm for '''Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE)''',<ref name=ASD1961/> the "first production model AN/FSG-1" was dedicated in January 1960 at [[Fort Lawton Air Force Station]] (AFS), Washington.<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|313}} Following installation, a checkout period, and AN/FSG-1 acceptance; a dedication ceremony was often held and open to media (e.g., May 1960 acceptance at [[Highlands Army Air Defense Site|Highlands AADS]], New Jersey,<ref name=Brown/> with June 5 dedication).<ref name=RB1960/> The "[[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]]/Missile Master test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the AN/FSG-1 "mathematical model" using actual radar tracks of [[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] and [[Aerospace Defense Command|ADC]] aircraft sorties{{Clarify|were formations flown, and if so, were formations split while being tracked to complicate the algorithm's decision?|date=September 2011}} into the defense areas<ref name=ASD1961>{{Cite report |date=December 1961 |title=A Survey and Summary of Mathematical and Simulation Models as Applied to Weapon System Evaluation |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4298/4/bab9742.0001.001.txt |publisher=[[Aeronautical Systems Center|Aeronautical Systems Division]], USAF |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote=''Future experiments and/or tests: Data from the Phase II and Phase III [[NORAD]] '''SAGE/ Missile Master test program''' is to be used to validate the mathematical model. These are large-scale system tests employing [[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] and [[Aerospace Defense Command|ADC]] aircraft. The field test program is the responsibility of the NORAD Joint Test Force stationed at [[Stewart Air National Guard Base|Stewart Air Force Base]]. …the primary object under present study is the '''performance of the Missile Master system''' with SAGE-ATABE inputs and not the SAGE system per se''}} (cites Miller 1961)</ref> (SAC-simulated bomb runs were planned after September 22, 1960).<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|314}} The last (10th) AN/FSG-1 was dedicated in December 1960 at [[Fort MacArthur]], California.[https://news.google.com/news/story?q=%22Missile+Master%22&hl=en&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1600&bih=727&wrapid=tlif131651551725810&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=aqtpqESeTxzMgaM&ei=5W54TqMNtMSxAoiDufcD&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQqgIwADgU]<!--{{align|right|{{Expand list|date=September 2011}}}}-->


{| class="wikitable" align="right"
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
Line 44: Line 45:
! {{align|left|site}} {{align|right|(defense area)}}
! {{align|left|site}} {{align|right|(defense area)}}
! AN/FSG-1 operations
! AN/FSG-1 operations
! <!--bunker -->[[Missile Master|razed]]<ref name=GoogleMaps>{{Cite web |title=overhead bunker images at [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=42.063611,-87.997778&ll=42.065025,-87.995625&spn=0.00062,0.001629&t=h&z=20&vpsrc=6 Arlington Heights,] [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=43.140278,-78.834722&spn=0.01,0.01&t=p&q=43.140278,-78.834722 Lockport,] & [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=39.750888+-75.449426&hl=en&ll=39.753393,-75.450068&spn=0.000642,0.001629&sll=39.76527,-77.423186&sspn=0.657639,1.668549&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=20 Pedricktown] |url= |format=[[Google Maps]] |accessdate=2011-09-19, 2011-09, 2011-09-19}} '''NOTE''': The Lockport bunker is a similarly shaped building but with a different roof shape than the other bunkers (see [http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/15541 Morris 2009).]</ref>
! <!--bunker -->[[Missile Master|razed]]<ref name=GoogleMaps>Overhead bunker images at [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=42.063611,-87.997778&ll=42.065025,-87.995625&spn=0.00062,0.001629&t=h&z=20&vpsrc=6 Arlington Heights], [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=43.140278,-78.834722&spn=0.01,0.01&t=p&q=43.140278,-78.834722 Lockport], & [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=39.750888+-75.449426&hl=en&ll=39.753393,-75.450068&spn=0.000642,0.001629&sll=39.76527,-77.423186&sspn=0.657639,1.668549&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=20 Pedricktown] '''NOTE''': The Lockport bunker is a similarly shaped building but with a different roof shape than the other bunkers (see [https://archive.today/20130105184255/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/15541 Morris 2009).]</ref>
! align=left |<small>CP: [[:Category:Air Defense Artillery Brigades of the United States Army|Brig]] (batteries)</small>
! align=left |<small>CP: [[:Category:Air defense artillery brigades of the United States Army|Brig]] (batteries)</small>
|-
|-
| MD
| MD
| [[Fort Meade radar station|Fort Meade]] {{align|right|([[Washington-Baltimore Defense Area|Washington-Baltimore]])}}
| [[Fort Meade radar station|Fort Meade]] {{align|right|([[Washington-Baltimore Defense Area|Washington-Baltimore]])}}
| align=center |December 5, 1957—August 1966<ref name=Cole>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Merle T |title=Army Air Defense Installations in Anne Arundel County: 1950-1975 |url=http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/Museum/Missiles_AAA_%20Installations.htm |work=Nike Missiles |publisher=FTMeade.Army.mil |accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref>
| align=center |December 5, 1957—August 1966<ref name=Cole>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Merle T |title=Army Air Defense Installations in Anne Arundel County: 1950-1975 |url=http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/Museum/Missiles_AAA_%20Installations.htm |work=Nike Missiles |publisher=FTMeade.Army.mil |access-date=2011-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323140537/http://www.ftmeade.army.mil/Museum/Missiles_AAA_%20Installations.htm |archive-date=2012-03-23 }}</ref>
|<small>[http://www.radomes.org/museum/recent/FortMeadeMD.html (no bunker)]</small>
|<small>[http://www.radomes.org/museum/recent/FortMeadeMD.html (no bunker)]</small>
| W-13DC: [[35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|35th<!-- Antiaircraft Artillery-->]]<ref name=RTN/><!--{{Rp|55}}-->
| W-13DC: [[35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|35th<!-- Antiaircraft Artillery-->]]<ref name=RTN/><!--{{Rp|55}}-->
Line 55: Line 56:
| WA
| WA
| [[Fort Lawton Air Force Station|Fort Lawton AFS]]
| [[Fort Lawton Air Force Station|Fort Lawton AFS]]
| align=center | January 21, 1960<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 23, 1960 |title=Nine Missile Sites To Be Activated |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jXcjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9MkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=781,3821585&dq=missile-master&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |accessdate=2011-09-25 |quote=''One site using the electronic air defense coordinating system was placed in operation Thursday at Ft. Lawton, Wash. Another is in operation at Ft. Meade, Md., protecting the Washington-Baltimore area. The announcement said others will be set up in New York, Boston, Buffalo-Niagara, Chicago, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Detroit and Philadelphia.''}} (the Ft Lawton operational date also identified by Leonard 2011, p. 313)</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|January 1965}}*<!--McMaster pdf 132-->
| align=center | January 21, 1960<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 23, 1960 |title=Nine Missile Sites To Be Activated |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jXcjAAAAIBAJ&pg=781,3821585&dq=missile-master&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |access-date=2011-09-25 |quote=One site using the electronic air defense coordinating system was placed in operation Thursday at Ft. Lawton, Wash. Another is in operation at Ft. Meade, Md., protecting the Washington-Baltimore area. The announcement said others will be set up in New York, Boston, Buffalo-Niagara, Chicago, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Detroit and Philadelphia.}} (the Ft Lawton operational date also identified by Leonard 2011, p. 313)</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|January 1965}}*<!--McMaster pdf 132-->
| 2008 [http://ed-thelen.org/loc-w.html]<!--after August 2008 per http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=8772-->
| 2008 [http://ed-thelen.org/loc-w.html]<!--after August 2008 per http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=8772-->
| S-90DC
| S-90DC
Line 61: Line 62:
| MA
| MA
| [[Fort Heath]] {{align|right|([[Boston Defense Area|Boston]])}}
| [[Fort Heath]] {{align|right|([[Boston Defense Area|Boston]])}}
| align=center | {{circa|lk=no|April}} 1960 [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x85HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lP8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=752,1532635&dq=highlands+air+force&hl=en] <ref name=RB1960/>—early 1965<!--{{Citation needed|SOURCE: Wikipedia article for Fort Heath|date=September 2011}}-->
| align=center | {{circa|lk=no|April}} 1960 [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x85HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lP8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=752,1532635&dq=highlands+air+force&hl=en] <ref name=RB1960/>—early 1965.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
|1969<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harbor Defenses of Boston (MA) |url=https://www.google.com/#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&source=hp&q=%22Became+a+MISSILE+MASTER+control+site+in+the+1950%27s+(demolished+1969).%22&pbx=1&oq=%22Became+a+MISSILE+MASTER+control+site+in+the+1950%27s+(demolished+1969).%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=6459l9298l1l9782l3l3l0l0l0l0l687l1217l2-2.5-1l3l0&fp=1&biw=1600&bih=704&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&cad=b |publisher=keyhole.com |accessdate=2011-09-13 |quote=''Became a MISSILE MASTER control site in the 1950's (demolished 1969). The FAA obtained a radar site here from 1965 - 1986''}}</ref>
|1969<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harbor Defenses of Boston (MA) |url=https://www.google.com/#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&source=hp&q=%22Became+a+MISSILE+MASTER+control+site+in+the+1950%27s+(demolished+1969).%22&pbx=1&oq=%22Became+a+MISSILE+MASTER+control+site+in+the+1950%27s+(demolished+1969).%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=6459l9298l1l9782l3l3l0l0l0l0l687l1217l2-2.5-1l3l0&fp=1&biw=1600&bih=704&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&cad=b |publisher=keyhole.com |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote=Became a MISSILE MASTER control site in the 1950s (demolished 1969). The FAA obtained a radar site here from 1965 - 1986}}</ref>
| B-21DC<ref name=Contair/> {{align|right|(12)}}
| B-21DC<ref name=Contair/> {{align|right|(12)}}
|-
|-
Line 68: Line 69:
| [[Highlands Army Air Defense Site|Highlands AADS]] {{align|right|([[New York Defense Area|New York]])}}
| [[Highlands Army Air Defense Site|Highlands AADS]] {{align|right|([[New York Defense Area|New York]])}}
| align=right | May 1960<ref name=Brown/>—November 30, 1966<ref name=Leonard/><!--{{Rp|320}}-->
| align=right | May 1960<ref name=Brown/>—November 30, 1966<ref name=Leonard/><!--{{Rp|320}}-->
| 1995<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gabrielan |first=Randall |title=Middletown, NJ In The 20th Century |url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Gabrielan+middletown |series=[[The American Century Series]] |type=paperback |page=16 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7524-1322-8}}{{Verify source|date=March 2012}}</ref>
| 1995<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gabrielan |first=Randall |title=Middletown, NJ In The 20th Century |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Gabrielan+middletown |series=[[The American Century Series]] |year=1999 |type=paperback |page=16 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7524-1322-8}}{{Verify source|date=March 2012}}</ref>
| NY-55DC: 52nd<!-- Air Defense Artillery--><ref name=OOCities/>
| NY-55DC: 52nd<!-- Air Defense Artillery--><ref name=OOCities/>
|-
|-
Line 74: Line 75:
| [[Selfridge AFB radar station|Selfridge AFB]] {{align|right|([[Detroit Defense Area|Detroit]])}}
| [[Selfridge AFB radar station|Selfridge AFB]] {{align|right|([[Detroit Defense Area|Detroit]])}}
| align=center | June 1960<ref name=Leonard/>—{{circa|lk=no|October 1967}}*<!--McMaster pdf 136 & last replacement on February 8, 1967-->
| align=center | June 1960<ref name=Leonard/>—{{circa|lk=no|October 1967}}*<!--McMaster pdf 136 & last replacement on February 8, 1967-->
| 2005<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bateman |first=Tom |title=Site D-15DC - Selfridge AFB/ANGB |url=http://nikehercules.tripod.com/d-15dc.html |work=Detroit - Cleveland Defense Area |publisher=NikeHercules.Tripod.com |accessdate=2011-09-16}}</ref>
| 2005<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bateman |first=Tom |title=Site D-15DC - Selfridge AFB/ANGB |url=http://nikehercules.tripod.com/d-15dc.html |work=Detroit - Cleveland Defense Area |publisher=NikeHercules.Tripod.com |access-date=2011-09-16}}</ref>
| D-15DC&nbsp;{{align|right|(16)<!--[https://books.google.com/books?id=pM2sRXPgGhsC&pg=PA82]-->}}
| D-15DC&nbsp;{{align|right|(16)<!--[https://books.google.com/books?id=pM2sRXPgGhsC&pg=PA82]-->}}
|-
|-
| NY
| NY
| [[Lockport Air Force Station|Lockport AFS]]&nbsp;{{align|right|([[Niagara Falls-Buffalo Defense Area|Niagara Falls-Buffalo]])}}
| [[Lockport Air Force Station|Lockport AFS]]&nbsp;{{align|right|([[Niagara Falls-Buffalo Defense Area|Niagara Falls-Buffalo]])}}
| align=center | Jul or Aug 1960<!--not on McMaster map of 1 July 1960, but Liebing says "summer 1960":--><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebing |first=Ralph |title=History of the 2d Artillery Group (Air Defense) |work=Unit Histories |url=http://ed-thelen.org/unit-histories.html |accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|July 1965}}*<!--McMaster pdf 135-->
| align=center | Jul or Aug 1960<!--not on McMaster map of 1 July 1960, but Liebing says "summer 1960":--><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebing |first=Ralph |title=History of the 2d Artillery Group (Air Defense) |work=Unit Histories |url=http://ed-thelen.org/unit-histories.html |access-date=2011-09-24}}</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|July 1965}}*<!--McMaster pdf 135-->
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| NF-17DC
| NF-17DC
Line 87: Line 88:
| align=center |*{{Specify|McMaster maps show after 1 July 1960|date=September 2011}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;—September 1966<ref name=OOCities/>
| align=center |*{{Specify|McMaster maps show after 1 July 1960|date=September 2011}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;—September 1966<ref name=OOCities/>
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| PH-64DC: 24th<!-- Artillery Group-->[http://www.aradcomsite99.com/history.htm]
| PH-64DC: 24th<!-- Artillery Group-->[https://web.archive.org/web/20080919211305/http://www.aradcomsite99.com/history.htm]
|-
|-
| IL
| IL
| [[Arlington Heights Air Force Station|Arlington Heights AFS]]&nbsp;{{align|right|([[Chicago-Gary Defense Area|Chicago-Gary]])}}
| [[Arlington Heights Air Force Station|Arlington Heights AFS]]&nbsp;{{align|right|([[Chicago-Gary Defense Area|Chicago-Gary]])}}
| align=center |October 28, 1960<ref name=Freeman>{{Cite web|last=Freeman |first=Paul |date=6/4/11 |origyear=2002 |title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois, Northwestern Chicago area |url=http://www.airfields-freeman.com/IL/Airfields_IL_Chicago_NW.html |publisher=Airfields-Freeman.com |quote=''On April 6, 1959, BG Peter Schmick, Brigade CG, announced the purchase of the land, along with plans for the construction of the Command Post, 5 radar towers and supporting buildings, to house the Missile Master. The official dedication of the nation's {{sic|first}} operational automatic electronic weapon system to coordinate all elements of antiaircraft defense was made on October 28, 1960.'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622093131/http://www.airfields-freeman.com/IL/Airfields_IL_Chicago_NW.html |archivedate=June 22, 2011 |df= }}</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|October 1967}}*<!--McMaster pdf 136 & last replacement on February 8, 1967-->
| align=center |October 28, 1960<ref name=Freeman>{{Cite web|last=Freeman |first=Paul |date=2011 |orig-year=2002 |title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois, Northwestern Chicago area |url=http://www.airfields-freeman.com/IL/Airfields_IL_Chicago_NW.html |publisher=Airfields-Freeman.com |quote=''On April 6, 1959, BG Peter Schmick, Brigade CG, announced the purchase of the land, along with plans for the construction of the Command Post, 5 radar towers and supporting buildings, to house the Missile Master. The official dedication of the nation's {{sic|first}} operational automatic electronic weapon system to coordinate all elements of antiaircraft defense was made on October 28, 1960.'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622093131/http://www.airfields-freeman.com/IL/Airfields_IL_Chicago_NW.html |archive-date=June 22, 2011 }}</ref>—{{circa|lk=no|October 1967}}*<!--McMaster pdf 136 & last replacement on February 8, 1967-->
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| <small>bunker intact</small>
| C-80DC: 45th<ref name=Freeman/>
| C-80DC: 45th<ref name=Freeman/>
Line 97: Line 98:
| PA
| PA
| [[Oakdale Air Force Station|Oakdale AFS]] {{align|right|([[Pittsburgh Defense Area|Pittsburgh]])}}
| [[Oakdale Air Force Station|Oakdale AFS]] {{align|right|([[Pittsburgh Defense Area|Pittsburgh]])}}
| align=center | November 18, 1960<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 1960 |title=Army Dedicates Missile Master, Keeps Eye On Future And ICBMS |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j04EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6658,1087814&dq=missile-master&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |accessdate=2011-09-20}}</ref>—February 8, 1967
| align=center | November 18, 1960<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 1960 |title=Army Dedicates Missile Master, Keeps Eye On Future And ICBMS |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrspAAAAIBAJ&pg=6658,1087814&dq=missile-master&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |access-date=2011-09-20}}</ref>—February 8, 1967
|
|
| P-70DC: [[31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|31st]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hofstetter |first=Bethany |title=Nike missile sites helped keep region safe during Cold War |url=http://www.yourmurrysville.com/node/11803/ |newspaper=Murrysville Star |publisher=YourMurrysville.com |accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{align|right|(6)<ref name=PP1961/>}}
| P-70DC: [[31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|31st]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hofstetter |first=Bethany |title=Nike missile sites helped keep region safe during Cold War |url=http://www.yourmurrysville.com/node/11803/ |newspaper=Murrysville Star |publisher=YourMurrysville.com |access-date=2012-03-03 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{align|right|(6)<ref name=PP1961/>}}
|-
|-
| CA
| CA
| [[Fort MacArthur Direction Center|Fort MacArthur DC]] {{align|right|([[Los Angeles Defense Area|Los Angeles]])}}
| [[Fort MacArthur Direction Center|Fort MacArthur DC]] {{align|right|([[Los Angeles Defense Area|Los Angeles]])}}
| align=center | December 14, 1960 [https://news.google.com/news/story?q=%22Missile+Master%22&hl=en&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1600&bih=727&wrapid=tlif131651551725810&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=aqtpqESeTxzMgaM&ei=5W54TqMNtMSxAoiDufcD&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQqgIwADgU]<--<ref name=Leonard/>--><!--{{Rp|314}}-->—January 31, 1967<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 1, 1967 |title='Missile Mentor' to Coordinate L.A. Weapons Unveiled |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/510002762.html?dids=510002762:510002762&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+01%2C+1967&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc='Missile+Mentor'+to+Coordinate+L.A.+Weapons+Unveiled&pqatl=google |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] (archives) |accessdate=2011-09-30 }} (a different reference identifies the Ft MacArthur AN/FSG-1 was replaced in 1966: {{Cite report|last1=Berhow |first1=Mark A |last2=Gustafson |first2=David |year=2011 |edition=electronic |origyear=2002 |title=Fort MacArthur |url=http://www.cdsg.org/HDpac/FtMacBook11.pdf |publisher=Fort MacArthur Military Press |accessdate=2011-09-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415022709/http://www.cdsg.org/HDpac/FtMacBook11.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-15 |df= }})</ref>
| align=center | December 14, 1960 [https://news.google.com/news/story?q=%22Missile+Master%22&hl=en&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1600&bih=727&wrapid=tlif131651551725810&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=aqtpqESeTxzMgaM&ei=5W54TqMNtMSxAoiDufcD&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQqgIwADgU]<--<ref name=Leonard/>--><!--{{Rp|314}}-->—January 31, 1967<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 1, 1967 |title='Missile Mentor' to Coordinate L.A. Weapons Unveiled |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/510002762.html?dids=510002762:510002762&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Feb+01%2C+1967&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=%27Missile+Mentor%27+to+Coordinate+L.A.+Weapons+Unveiled&pqatl=google |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] (archives) |access-date=2011-09-30 }} (a different reference identifies the Ft MacArthur AN/FSG-1 was replaced in 1966: {{Cite report|last1=Berhow |first1=Mark A |last2=Gustafson |first2=David |year=2011 |edition=electronic |orig-year=2002 |title=Fort MacArthur |url=http://www.cdsg.org/HDpac/FtMacBook11.pdf |publisher=Fort MacArthur Military Press |access-date=2011-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415022709/http://www.cdsg.org/HDpac/FtMacBook11.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-15 }})</ref>
| {{circa|lk=no|1985}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Page |first1=Tom |last2=Morgan |first2=Mark |title=Nike 'Missile Master' / 'Missile Mentor' at Fort MacArthur (Site LA-45DC) |url=http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/FortMacArthurSanPedroCAnike.html |publisher=Radomes.org |accessdate=2011-09-13 |quote=''on…Lower Reservation, east of Pacific Avenue between {{sic|between}} 33rd and 34th Streets.''}}</ref>
| {{circa|lk=no|1985}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Page |first1=Tom |last2=Morgan |first2=Mark |title=Nike 'Missile Master' / 'Missile Mentor' at Fort MacArthur (Site LA-45DC) |url=http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/FortMacArthurSanPedroCAnike.html |publisher=Radomes.org |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote=on…Lower Reservation, east of Pacific Avenue between {{sic|between}} 33rd and 34th Streets.}}</ref>
| LA-45DC: 47th [http://www.ftmac.org/Lanike2.htm] {{align|right|(16)}}
| LA-45DC: 47th [http://www.ftmac.org/Lanike2.htm] {{align|right|(16)}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{clear}}

===Replacement===
===Replacement===
With the availability of [[Solid state (electronics)|solid-state]] direction center (DC) equipment such as the [[Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment|Martin AN/GSG-6 BIRDIE]] deployed in 1961, the [[United States Department of Defense]] approved in December 1963 the replacement of the AN/FSG-1.<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|317}} Six were replaced with [[Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System]]s<ref name=McMaster/> with the last replacement on February 8, 1967, at [[Oakdale Air Force Station|Oakdale AFS, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Leonard>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoxycYhoKZkC&pg=PA320 |format=Google Books |accessdate=2011-09-29 |quote=''1963…26 September…Two ARADCOM Missile Masters phased out, leaving eight in the system.''}}{{Rp|317}}</ref>{{Rp|317,320}} Ft Lawton,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denfeld |first=Duane Colt |date=March 19, 2011 |title=Nike Missile Bases: Washington State Cold War Defenses |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9711 |format=HistoryLink.org Essay 9711 |accessdate=2011-10-04 |quote=''A [[CIM-10 Bomarc|BOMARC]]…missile installation at [[Paine Field]], Everett, was planned but not completed.''}}</ref> [[Fort Heath]] MA,<ref name=McMaster/> and [[Lockport Air Force Station|Lockport AFS]] NY<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike Missile Niagara Falls-Buffalo Defense Area |work=Nike Air Defense Missile |url=http://www.techbastard.com/missile/nike/niagara-ny.php |accessdate=2011-10-04}}</ref> were replaced with BIRDIEs<ref name=ARD/> while instead of replacement, the AN/FSG-1 at [[Pedricktown Army Air Defense Base]] was removed after its defense area was incorporated{{When|Pedricktown closed in September, *before* the Highlands upgrade in November|date=October 2011}} into the combined [[New York-Philadelphia Defense Area]] controlled by Highlands AADS<ref name=LiveJournal>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2005 |title=Nike Site PH-64DC Army Air Defense Command Post Pedricktown, NJ |url=http://dracolich.livejournal.com/46636.html |work=Practice safe lunch…. |publisher=LiveJournal.com |accessdate=2011-09-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402191417/http://dracolich.livejournal.com/46636.html |archivedate=April 2, 2012 |df= }}</ref>—which later switched to a BIRDIE by July 1, 1972<ref name=McMaster/>{{Rp|C-23}} (conversely, Ft Heath & Lockport subsequently switched from BIRDIE to AN/TSQ-51).<ref name=McMaster>{{Cite report|last=McMaster |first=B. N., [[et al]] |date=December 1984 |title=Historical Overview of the Nike Missile System |url=http://www5.hanford.gov/pdw/fsd/AR/FSD0001/FSD0037/D199049898/D199049898_19126_147.pdf |publisher=Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. |accessdate=2011-09-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402132428/http://www5.hanford.gov/pdw/fsd/AR/FSD0001/FSD0037/D199049898/D199049898_19126_147.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-02 |df= }}<br>
With the availability of [[Solid state (electronics)|solid-state]] direction center (DC) equipment such as the [[Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment|Martin AN/GSG-6 BIRDIE]] deployed in 1961, the [[United States Department of Defense]] approved in December 1963 the replacement of the AN/FSG-1.<ref name=Leonard/>{{Rp|317}} Six were replaced with [[Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System]]s<ref name=McMaster/> with the last replacement on February 8, 1967, at [[Oakdale Air Force Station|Oakdale AFS, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Leonard>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoxycYhoKZkC&pg=PA320 |format=Google Books |access-date=2011-09-29 |quote=1963…26 September…Two ARADCOM Missile Masters phased out, leaving eight in the system.|isbn=9781437921311 }}{{Rp|317}}</ref>{{Rp|317,320}} Ft Lawton,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denfeld |first=Duane Colt |date=March 19, 2011 |title=Nike Missile Bases: Washington State Cold War Defenses |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9711 |format=HistoryLink.org Essay 9711 |access-date=2011-10-04 |quote=A [[CIM-10 Bomarc|BOMARC]]…missile installation at [[Paine Field]], Everett, was planned but not completed.}}</ref> [[Fort Heath]] MA,<ref name=McMaster/> and [[Lockport Air Force Station|Lockport AFS]] NY<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike Missile Niagara Falls-Buffalo Defense Area |work=Nike Air Defense Missile |url=http://www.techbastard.com/missile/nike/niagara-ny.php |access-date=2011-10-04}}</ref> were replaced with BIRDIEs<ref name=ARD/> while instead of replacement, the AN/FSG-1 at [[Pedricktown Army Air Defense Base]] was removed after its defense area was incorporated{{When|date=October 2011}}<!-- Pedricktown closed in September, *before* the Highlands upgrade in November --> into the combined [[New York-Philadelphia Defense Area]] controlled by Highlands AADS<ref name=LiveJournal>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2005 |title=Nike Site PH-64DC Army Air Defense Command Post Pedricktown, NJ |url=http://dracolich.livejournal.com/46636.html |work=Practice safe lunch…. |publisher=LiveJournal.com |access-date=2011-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402191417/http://dracolich.livejournal.com/46636.html |archive-date=April 2, 2012 }}</ref>—which later switched to a BIRDIE by July 1, 1972<ref name=McMaster/>{{Rp|C-23}} (conversely, Ft Heath & Lockport subsequently switched from BIRDIE to AN/TSQ-51).<ref name=McMaster>{{Cite report|last=McMaster |first=B. N. |display-authors=etal |date=December 1984 |title=Historical Overview of the Nike Missile System |url=http://www5.hanford.gov/pdw/fsd/AR/FSD0001/FSD0037/D199049898/D199049898_19126_147.pdf |publisher=Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. |access-date=2011-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402132428/http://www5.hanford.gov/pdw/fsd/AR/FSD0001/FSD0037/D199049898/D199049898_19126_147.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-02 }}<br/>
'''*NOTE''': Estimates for AN/FSG-1 dates with asterisks are from the annual July 1 maps in McMaster's report, which don't show a symbol near the Pedricktown NJ site but instead mark a Missile Master north of Philadelphia near Allentown/Bethlehem PA). Also, although [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hedo3ZzK_t0C&lpg=PA21 Berhow 2005] claims 7 of the 10 AN/FSG-1 systems were replaced with AN/TSQ-51 systems, the maps only show 6 AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentors in 1966 at former Missile Master sites, with Ft Heath instead shown with an AN/FSG-1 Missile Master in 1964 (near a separate Massachusetts BIRDIE), then a Ft Heath BIRDIE in 1966 & 1967, a Ft Heath Missile Mentor in 1968 & 1969, and no Ft Heath AADCP in 1970 ([http://ed-thelen.org/loc-r.html a Rhode Island Missile Mentor] was depicted in 1970; but not in 1971.) Likewise, the report's maps show the replacement Lockport BIRDIE subsequently switched to a Missile Mentor between July 1, 1967 & July 1, 1968 (as did [http://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/army-air-defense-command-post-aadcp.htm Homestead-Miami.)]</ref>
'''*NOTE''': Estimates for AN/FSG-1 dates with asterisks are from the annual July 1 maps in McMaster's report, which don't show a symbol near the Pedricktown NJ site but instead mark a Missile Master north of Philadelphia near Allentown/Bethlehem PA). Also, although [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hedo3ZzK_t0C&pg=PA21 Berhow 2005] claims 7 of the 10 AN/FSG-1 systems were replaced with AN/TSQ-51 systems, the maps only show 6 AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentors in 1966 at former Missile Master sites, with Ft Heath instead shown with an AN/FSG-1 Missile Master in 1964 (near a separate Massachusetts BIRDIE), then a Ft Heath BIRDIE in 1966 & 1967, a Ft Heath Missile Mentor in 1968 & 1969, and no Ft Heath AADCP in 1970 ([http://ed-thelen.org/loc-r.html a Rhode Island Missile Mentor] was depicted in 1970; but not in 1971.) Likewise, the report's maps show the replacement Lockport BIRDIE subsequently switched to a Missile Mentor between July 1, 1967 & July 1, 1968 (as did [http://www.nps.gov/ever/historyculture/army-air-defense-command-post-aadcp.htm Homestead-Miami.)]</ref>


==Operations==
==Operations==
The "semiautomatic"<ref name=Digest/>{{Rp|17}} AN/FSG-1 automatically plotted target tracks, evaluated missile sites for use against a target, and automated the communication with batteries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 1999 |title=AN/FSG-1 Missile Master |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/an-fsg-1.htm |work=Weapons of Mass Destruction |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |accessdate=2011-09-27 |quote=''By eliminating voice communications, this Martin-built system allowed an area commander to use all his batteries to engage up to 24 different targets.''}}</ref> The automation reduced delay "by four or five times" over the previous command post method with manual plotting,<ref name=OOCities/> review of hardcopy performance charts to estimate an intercept point, and telephone voice commands.<ref name=RB1960/> Operators at the AADCP reviewed the {{Convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Debons |first1=Anthony |last2=Fried |first2=Charles |date=March 31 – April 1, 1958 |title=Effects of Rate and Prolonged Viewing of Radar Signal Flicker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false |format=Google books |location=[[Rome Air Development Center]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Science]]-[[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] |journal=Illumination and Visibility of Radar and Sonar Displays: Proceedings of a Symposium |lccn=58-60044 |accessdate=2011-10-23 |quote=''The present problem arose in connection with the proposed integration of the Army Missile Master System with '''jointly used air defense radars'''. … I visited the Army center having the radar scopes in question… The experiment duplicated exactly the size of scope and flicker rate.''}} (p. 124)</ref> orange interactive [[plan position indicator]] [[Cathode ray tube|CRTs]] which displayed the AN/FSG-1 [[:Category:Radar networks|radar network]]'s data, e.g., "14 pieces of information…height, level, priority, direction…",<ref>{{Cite web |date=c. 1998 |title=Tape 11: Theodore C. Viars |url=http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/oh-Theodore-C-Viars.html |format=text description of NTSC Video |work=[[Camp Evans]] Oral Histories |publisher=InfoAge.com |accessdate=2011-09-14 |quote=''Gene Sheftelman, who described target information that would be displayed on a CRT with 14 pieces of information to include height, level, priority, direction from velocity vector, etc. This capability was demonstrated to military and private people concerned with Air Defense. Ted presented a paper in 1955 at the ''[http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/450355/ October 3-5 (Vol. XI)]'' [https://www.google.com/#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&source=hp&q=%22National+Electronics+Conference%22+1955&pbx=1&oq=%22National+Electronics+Conference%22+1955&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=18766l20404l1l20545l5l5l0l0l0l0l437l1139l3-2.1l3l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=d566e0fbd09c8604&biw=1600&bih=737 National Electronics Conference] in Chicago on this subject.''}}</ref> etc. in the tiered Antiaircraft Operations Center (AAOC). The "Blue Room"<ref name=RB1960/> was recessed in a pit with a stage,<ref name=HAER/> blue walls, blue overhead fluorescent illumination, and more than 12 blue consoles. In the rear of the AAOC was the highest "''third row ''[with]'' a "friendly protector" console, three tactical monitor consoles, and a tactical director's console. The defense commander's room…at the top rear''" had a window for viewing into the AAOC.<ref name=RTN>{{Cite journal |date=March 1958 |title=Missile Master Air Defense System |url=http://coldwar-c4i.net/Missile-Master/RTN0358-054.html |journal=[[Radio & TV News]] |pages=54–5 |accessdate=2011-09-26}} ([http://coldwar-c4i.net/Missile-Master/RTN0358-055.html page 55)]</ref> The AAOC crew was typically 22 soldiers and 5 company grade officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebing |first=Ralph |title=Missile Master Detachment: 2d Artillery Group; Niagara-Buffalo Air Defense |work=Unit Histories |url=http://ed-thelen.org/unit-histories.html |accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref>
The "semiautomatic"<ref name=Digest/>{{Rp|17}} AN/FSG-1 automatically plotted target tracks, evaluated missile sites for use against a target, and automated the communication with batteries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 1999 |title=AN/FSG-1 Missile Master |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/airdef/an-fsg-1.htm |work=Weapons of Mass Destruction |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=2011-09-27 |quote=By eliminating voice communications, this Martin-built system allowed an area commander to use all his batteries to engage up to 24 different targets.}}</ref> The automation reduced delay "by four or five times" over the previous command post method with manual plotting,<ref name=OOCities/> review of hardcopy performance charts to estimate an intercept point, and telephone voice commands.<ref name=RB1960/> Operators at the AADCP reviewed the {{Convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Debons |first1=Anthony |last2=Fried |first2=Charles |date=March 31 – April 1, 1958 |title=Effects of Rate and Prolonged Viewing of Radar Signal Flicker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 |format=Google books |location=[[Rome Air Development Center]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]-[[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] |journal=Illumination and Visibility of Radar and Sonar Displays: Proceedings of a Symposium |lccn=58-60044 |access-date=2011-10-23 |quote=''The present problem arose in connection with the proposed integration of the Army Missile Master System with '''jointly used air defense radars'''. … I visited the Army center having the radar scopes in question… The experiment duplicated exactly the size of scope and flicker rate.''}} (p. 124)</ref> orange interactive [[plan position indicator]] [[Cathode ray tube|CRTs]] which displayed the AN/FSG-1 [[:Category:Radar networks|radar network]]'s data, e.g., "14 pieces of information…height, level, priority, direction…",<ref>{{Cite web |date=c. 1998 |title=Tape 11: Theodore C. Viars |url=http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/oh-Theodore-C-Viars.html |format=text description of NTSC Video |work=[[Camp Evans]] Oral Histories |publisher=InfoAge.com |access-date=2011-09-14 |quote=''Gene Sheftelman, who described target information that would be displayed on a CRT with 14 pieces of information to include height, level, priority, direction from velocity vector, etc. This capability was demonstrated to military and private people concerned with Air Defense. Ted presented a paper in 1955 at the ''October 3-5 (Vol. XI)'' National Electronics Conference in Chicago on this subject.'' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200117/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/oh-Theodore-C-Viars.html |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> etc. in the tiered Antiaircraft Operations Center (AAOC). The "Blue Room"<ref name=RB1960/> was recessed in a pit with a stage,<ref name=HAER/> blue walls, blue overhead fluorescent illumination, and more than 12 blue consoles. In the rear of the AAOC was the highest "''third row ''[with]'' a "friendly protector" console, three tactical monitor consoles, and a tactical director's console. The defense commander's room…at the top rear''" had a window for viewing into the AAOC.<ref name=RTN>{{Cite journal |date=March 1958 |title=Missile Master Air Defense System |url=http://coldwar-c4i.net/Missile-Master/RTN0358-054.html |journal=[[Radio & TV News]] |pages=54–5 |access-date=2011-09-26}} ([http://coldwar-c4i.net/Missile-Master/RTN0358-055.html page 55)]</ref> The AAOC crew was typically 22 soldiers and 5 company grade officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebing |first=Ralph |title=Missile Master Detachment: 2d Artillery Group; Niagara-Buffalo Air Defense |work=Unit Histories |url=http://ed-thelen.org/unit-histories.html |access-date=2011-09-24}}</ref>


Via an [[Tactical Data Links|automated data link (ADL)]] of digital information,<ref name=Digest/> the AN/FSG-1 communicated the [[identification friend or foe]] status from the AADCP to remote fire units where a "foe" symbol was placed "''around''{{Specify|clearly the letters f-o-e weren't used "around", so was it a ring or, as indicated by the promotion booklet, a box?|date=October 2011}} each radar return on the scope".<ref name=Stephens/> The AN/FSG-1 assigned a Nike fire unit to a target using the same ATABE "programmed selection logic" as the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|USAF SAGE system]], and the [[algorithm]] could be tested using a simulator (a "20-target raid…with maneuvering targets, takes approximately 1 1/4 minutes.")<ref name=ASD1961/> When the AN/FSG-1 had automatically assigned a battery to a foe, a technician used the "entry stick" to alert the battery to "prepare to engage" (e.g., lock the Target Tracking Radar on the target).<ref name=PP1961/> The director's console was subsequently used to manually input the attack command, and the AN/FSG-1 transmitted<ref>{{Cite book |title=Missile Master |url=http://nikemissile.org/missilemaster/mm.pdf |format=[http://ed-thelen.org/MissileMaster-mm-intro.html promotion booklet] |publisher=Martin Company |accessdate=2011-09-13 |quote=''Tactical Monitor ''operators'' assign a specific target to an individual battery''}}</ref> a change{{Specify|how, with a number for the battery?|date=October 2011}} to the foe symbol at the designated fire unit<ref name=Stephens>{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Gary |date=October 1999 |title=Three Hours from Armageddon: Life at a Cold War Nike Missile Site |url=http://www.authorsden.com/categories/article_top.asp?catid=25&id=40634 |publisher=AuthorsDen.com |journal=ADA Magazine Online |accessdate=2011-10-04 |quote=''The EWPB operator starts calling out and plotting hostile inbound tracks. … An AADCP-generated "foe" symbol is around each radar return on the scope. One of these symbols indicates that our battery is to engage that target.''}}</ref> where the [[MIM-14 Nike-Hercules#Guidance|Battery Control Officer]] reacted to the symbol and issued the firing order to a ready{{Specify|did the remote battery provide launcher status to the AN/FSG-1, e.g., so the decision logic could account for a battery's lower fire rate if a launcher was disabled?|date=September 2011}} missile.<ref name=FM44-1>{{Cite manual |format=field manual |title=FM 44-1: U. S. Army Air Defense Employment |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/docrepository/FM44_1_1965.pdf |publisher=Headquarters, [[Department of the Army]] |date=11 October 1965 |accessdate=2011-09-06 |quote=''The '''Missile Master includes…defense acquisition and height-finding radars'''… The Missile Master may receive automatic data link input from SAGE … '''FM 44-10…AN/FSG-1'''…FM 44-13 U.S. Army Air Defense Fire Direction System, AN/MSG-4 (Missile Monitor)''}}</ref> The AN/FSG-1 also provided{{Clarify|Was this done by the AN/FSG-1, or was the link directly between batteries so it would work during autonomous operations?|date=October 2011}} a communication function previously performed{{Clarify|was the IBDL either of the 1950 or 1954 systems?|date=October 2011}} by the [https://books.google.com/books?id=UD3A4MKFjYIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22Interim+Battery+Data+Link%22&source=bl&ots=3ZejvBqVVK&sig=yfUHUZVlnvQ8kIcmxyUq8Y9s1vs&hl=en&ei=v2mKTtCZGaOQsQL7ktHJBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22Interim%20Battery%20Data%20Link%22&f=false Interim Battery Data Link (IBDL) system] which had transmitted the "missile away" notification from the firing battery to other sites, allowing "battery commanders to see which targets were being engaged by other batteries".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2005 |url=http://gulfwarcouncil.com/edgewood_test_veterans.htm |title=Edgewood Test Veterans |publisher=GulfWarCouncil.com |accessdate=2011-10-05 |quote=}}</ref>
Via an [[Tactical Data Links|automated data link (ADL)]] of digital information,<ref name=Digest/> the AN/FSG-1 communicated the [[identification friend or foe]] status from the AADCP to remote fire units where a "foe" symbol was placed "''around''{{Specify|clearly the letters f-o-e weren't used "around", so was it a ring or, as indicated by the promotion booklet, a box?|date=October 2011}} each radar return on the scope".<ref name=Stephens/> The AN/FSG-1 assigned a Nike fire unit to a target using the same ATABE "programmed selection logic" as the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|USAF SAGE system]], and the [[algorithm]] could be tested using a simulator (a "20-target raid…with maneuvering targets, takes approximately 1 1/4 minutes.")<ref name=ASD1961/> When the AN/FSG-1 had automatically assigned a battery to a foe, a technician used the "entry stick" to alert the battery to "prepare to engage" (e.g., lock the Target Tracking Radar on the target).<ref name=PP1961/> The director's console was subsequently used to manually input the attack command, and the AN/FSG-1 transmitted<ref>{{Cite book |title=Missile Master |url=http://nikemissile.org/missilemaster/mm.pdf |format=promotion booklet |publisher=Martin Company |access-date=2011-09-13 |quote=''Tactical Monitor ''operators'' assign a specific target to an individual battery''}}</ref> a change{{Specify|how, with a number for the battery?|date=October 2011}} to the foe symbol at the designated fire unit<ref name=Stephens>{{Cite journal |last=Stephens |first=Gary |date=October 1999 |title=Three Hours from Armageddon: Life at a Cold War Nike Missile Site |url=http://www.authorsden.com/categories/article_top.asp?catid=25&id=40634 |publisher=AuthorsDen.com |journal=ADA Magazine Online |access-date=2011-10-04 |quote=''The EWPB operator starts calling out and plotting hostile inbound tracks. … An AADCP-generated "foe" symbol is around each radar return on the scope. One of these symbols indicates that our battery is to engage that target.''}}</ref> where the [[MIM-14 Nike-Hercules#Guidance|Battery Control Officer]] reacted to the symbol and issued the firing order to a ready{{Specify|did the remote battery provide launcher status to the AN/FSG-1, e.g., so the decision logic could account for a battery's lower fire rate if a launcher was disabled?|date=September 2011}} missile.<ref name=FM44-1>{{Cite manual |format=field manual |title=FM 44-1: U. S. Army Air Defense Employment |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/docrepository/FM44_1_1965.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309181910/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/docrepository/FM44_1_1965.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Headquarters, [[Department of the Army]] |date=11 October 1965 |access-date=2011-09-06 |quote=''The '''Missile Master includes…defense acquisition and height-finding radars'''… The Missile Master may receive automatic data link input from SAGE … '''FM 44-10…AN/FSG-1'''…FM 44-13 U.S. Army Air Defense Fire Direction System, AN/MSG-4 (Missile Monitor)'' }}</ref> The AN/FSG-1 also provided{{Clarify|Was this done by the AN/FSG-1, or was the link directly between batteries so it would work during autonomous operations?|date=October 2011}} a communication function previously performed{{Clarify|was the IBDL either of the 1950 or 1954 systems?|date=October 2011}} by the [https://books.google.com/books?id=UD3A4MKFjYIC&dq=%22Interim+Battery+Data+Link%22&pg=PA51 Interim Battery Data Link (IBDL) system] which had transmitted the "missile away" notification from the firing battery to other sites, allowing "battery commanders to see which targets were being engaged by other batteries".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2005 |url=http://gulfwarcouncil.com/edgewood_test_veterans.htm |title=Edgewood Test Veterans |publisher=GulfWarCouncil.com |access-date=2011-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830234741/http://gulfwarcouncil.com/edgewood_test_veterans.htm |archive-date=2011-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


{{External media
{{External media
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|image2=[http://nikemissile.org/missilemaster/mm.pdf AN/FSG-1 promotion booklet]
|image2=[http://nikemissile.org/missilemaster/mm.pdf AN/FSG-1 promotion booklet]
|image3=[http://www.nikemissile.org/AADCAP/aadcaps.shtml Niagara console]
|image3=[http://www.nikemissile.org/AADCAP/aadcaps.shtml Niagara console]
|image4=[http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?63121-Mil-photos-from-Florida-state-archives Ft Meade consoles]
}}
}}


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{{Reflist |refs=
{{Reflist |refs=


<ref name=Contair>{{Cite web |last=McGrath |first=John J (historian, Center of Military History) |year=1998–2002 |title=Continental Air Defense Collection |url=http://www.history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/contair.htm |format=Finding Aid |publisher=[[U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center|USAHEC]] |accessdate=2011-09-28 |quote=''Army Press Release 4 Feb 74, announcing end of CONUS Nike program with a site by site listing of sites to be closed … "When the Cold War Claimed 10 Lives in Monmouth;" "Cold War Remnant is Being Destroyed; "On Alert;" "Missile Master;" … Command Report, USARADCOM 1960, 1966; … ''}} '''NOTE''': The descriptions for the Fort Heath images (SC5999xx) identify the Missile Master as site ID "B-18" on August 18, 1962. The list also identifies Nike firings at Point Mugu, Fort Wainwright, Fort Richardson, Summit AK, & Fort Bliss; and has an article on the "Accidental Nike Launch at Fort Meade".</ref>
<ref name=Contair>{{Cite web |last=McGrath |first=John J (historian, Center of Military History) |year=1998–2002 |title=Continental Air Defense Collection |url=http://www.history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/contair.htm |format=Finding Aid |publisher=[[U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center|USAHEC]] |access-date=2011-09-28 |quote=''Army Press Release 4 Feb 74, announcing end of CONUS Nike program with a site by site listing of sites to be closed … "When the Cold War Claimed 10 Lives in Monmouth;" "Cold War Remnant is Being Destroyed; "On Alert;" "Missile Master;" … Command Report, USARADCOM 1960, 1966; … '' |archive-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609181601/https://history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/contair.htm |url-status=dead }} '''NOTE''': The descriptions for the Fort Heath images (SC5999xx) identify the Missile Master as site ID "B-18" on August 18, 1962. The list also identifies Nike firings at Point Mugu, Fort Wainwright, Fort Richardson, Summit AK, & Fort Bliss; and has an article on the "Accidental Nike Launch at Fort Meade".</ref>


<ref name=Digest>{{Cite journal |date=January 1965 |chapter=Chapter 3 |title=Army Air Defense Control Systems |chapterurl=http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter3.pdf |journal=[http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter0-1.pdf U. S. Army Air Defense ''Digest''] |location=Hillman Hall, [[Fort Bliss]], Texas |publisher=U. S. Army Air Defense School |accessdate=2011-09-28 |quote=''The term "radar [[:wiktionary:netting|netting]]" (fig 43) describes the process by which track data derived from several additional or remote radars are gathered at a single center to produce an integrated set of meaningful target information''}}<sup>[http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter2.pdf Ch. 2, p. 17]</sup> '''NOTE''': The p. 36 image with scrub brush ("Figure 34") titled "Missile Master" is identified differently in the text as "SAGE (fig 34)" (Texas had 3 BIRDIE command posts: Austin, Duncanville, & Sweetwater.)</ref>
<ref name=Digest>{{Cite book |date=January 1965 |chapter=Chapter 3: Army Air Defense Control Systems |chapter-url=http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter3.pdf |title=U. S. Army Air Defense Digest |url=http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter0-1.pdf |location=Hillman Hall, [[Fort Bliss]], Texas |publisher=U. S. Army Air Defense School |quote=''The term "radar [[:wiktionary:netting|netting]]" (fig 43) describes the process by which track data derived from several additional or remote radars are gathered at a single center to produce an integrated set of meaningful target information''}}<sup>[http://ed-thelen.org/USAADSDigest1965chapter2.pdf Ch. 2, p. 17]</sup> '''NOTE''': The p. 36 image with scrub brush ("Figure 34") titled "Missile Master" is identified differently in the text as "SAGE (fig 34)" (Texas had 3 BIRDIE command posts: Austin, Duncanville, & Sweetwater.)</ref>


<ref name=Brown>{{Cite case |litigants=[http://nj.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19781024_0040137.NJ.htm/qx Brown v. Jersey Central Power and Light Co.] |decided=October 24, 1978 |url= |format=FindACase.com |court=New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division |accessdate=2011-09-14}} "''The power building at Highlands was "in a 25' x 17' cinderblock building, designated on the plans as "Switch Gear Room Bldg. 118." The equipment in this small building permits the missile site to switch back and forth from external commercial power to its own internal power from diesel generators. …van housing the computer''"</ref>
<ref name=Brown>{{Cite court |litigants= Brown v. Jersey Central Power and Light Co. |date =October 24, 1978 |url= https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-published/1978/163-n-j-super-179-0.html |court=New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division |quote= ''The power building at Highlands was "in a 25' x 17' cinderblock building, designated on the plans as "Switch Gear Room Bldg. 118." The equipment in this small building permits the missile site to switch back and forth from external commercial power to its own internal power from diesel generators. …van housing the computer''}}</ref>


<ref name=HAER>{{Cite report |title=Selfridge Field, Building No. 1050… |url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/MI0684/ |number=HAER No. MI-684 |location=[[Library of Congress]] |publisher=[[Historic American Buildings Survey]]/[[Historic American Engineering Record]] |accessdate=2011-09-27}} '''NOTE''': The labels on one of the HAER floor plans are after the bunker was used for [[air traffic control]] (rooms for [[RAPCON]], [[ATCALS]], etc.)</ref>
<ref name=HAER>{{Cite report |title=Selfridge Field, Building No. 1050… |url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/MI0684/ |number=HAER No. MI-684 |location=[[Library of Congress]] |publisher=[[Historic American Buildings Survey]]/[[Historic American Engineering Record]] |access-date=2011-09-27}} '''NOTE''': The labels on one of the HAER floor plans are after the bunker was used for [[air traffic control]] (rooms for [[RAPCON]], [[ATCALS]], etc.)</ref>


<ref name=NG1956>{{Cite journal |date=August 1956|title=Magic in the Skies: The Missile Master |url=http://ed-thelen.org/Missile_Master_NG_mag_Aug_56%5B1%5D.pdf |journal=The National Guardsman |accessdate=2011-09-14 |quote=''A forerunner has been in experimental operation at Ft Geo G Meade, Md, for nearly two years"''}}</ref>
<ref name=NG1956>{{Cite journal |date=August 1956|title=Magic in the Skies: The Missile Master |url=http://ed-thelen.org/Missile_Master_NG_mag_Aug_56%5B1%5D.pdf |journal=The National Guardsman |access-date=2011-09-14 |quote=A forerunner has been in experimental operation at Ft Geo G Meade, Md, for nearly two years}}</ref>


<ref name=PP1961>{{Cite news |last=McNamara |first=Jack |date=December 17, 1961 |title=24 Hours At A Nike Site |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-XkbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r04EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2488%2C678588 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |accessdate=2012-03-02 |quote=''40-million-dollar Missile Master at Oakdale…18th Artillery Group, which protects Pittsburgh…rotates the "entry stick" on his console, designating a target to be tracked by radar…"prepare to engage}}</ref>
<ref name=PP1961>{{Cite news |last=McNamara |first=Jack |date=December 17, 1961 |title=24 Hours At A Nike Site |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-XkbAAAAIBAJ&pg=2488%2C678588 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |access-date=2012-03-02 |quote=40-million-dollar Missile Master at Oakdale…18th Artillery Group, which protects Pittsburgh…rotates the "entry stick" on his console, designating a target to be tracked by radar…"prepare to engage}}</ref>


<ref name=RB1960>{{Cite news|date=June 7, 1960 |title=Base is Dedicated: 'Blue Room' at Missile Master Gives Eerie But Secure Feeling |url=http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1960-1969/1960/1960.06.07.pdf |location=Red Bank, New Jersey |newspaper=Red Bank Register |pages=1–2 |accessdate=2011-09-30 |quote=''RADAR SCANNER at Missile Master atop Highlands hills tells the height of aircraft or other flying objects. It is one of the smaller pieces of radar equipment. …replaces a {{sic|manuel}} operations center at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where Gen.Hewitt's headquarters, the 52d Artillery Brigade Air Defense, also known as "the New York Defense… In addition to the New York area, Missile Master sites are now operational in the Baltimore-Washington area, Seattle and Boston. … '''A Detroit installation will open this week'''." |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323151514/http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1960-1969/1960/1960.06.07.pdf |archivedate=March 23, 2012 |df= }} (photograph caption).</ref>
<ref name=RB1960>{{Cite news|date=June 7, 1960 |title=Base is Dedicated: 'Blue Room' at Missile Master Gives Eerie But Secure Feeling |url=http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1960-1969/1960/1960.06.07.pdf |location=Red Bank, New Jersey |newspaper=Red Bank Register |pages=1–2 |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=RADAR SCANNER at Missile Master atop Highlands hills tells the height of aircraft or other flying objects. It is one of the smaller pieces of radar equipment. …replaces a {{sic|manuel}} operations center at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where Gen.Hewitt's headquarters, the 52d Artillery Brigade Air Defense, also known as "the New York Defense… In addition to the New York area, Missile Master sites are now operational in the Baltimore-Washington area, Seattle and Boston. … '''A Detroit installation will open this week'''." |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323151514/http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1960-1969/1960/1960.06.07.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2012 }} (photograph caption).</ref>
}}
}}


==See Also==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin AN FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System}}
*[[List of military electronics of the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:1950 in <!--computer -->science]]<!--prototype-->


⚫
[[Category:1950 in science]]<!--prototype-->
[[Category:1950 in military history]]<!--prototype-->
[[Category:1950 in military history]]<!--prototype-->
[[Category:1957 establishments in the United States]]<!--AN/FSG-1 "put into action"-->
[[Category:1957 establishments in the United States]]<!--AN/FSG-1 "put into action"-->
[[Category:1957 in military history]]
[[Category:1957 in military history]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1967 in military history]]
[[Category:1967 in military history]]
[[Category:Cold War military computer systems of the United States]]
[[Category:Computer systems of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Project Nike]]
[[Category:Project Nike]]
[[Category:United States Army equipment]]
[[Category:United States nuclear command and control]]
[[Category:United States nuclear command and control]]
[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]

Latest revision as of 12:16, 14 November 2024

AN/FSG-1
Part of Army Air Defense Command Posts
at Missile Master complexes
9 states: CA IL MA MD MI NJ(2) NY PA WA
in United States
Typemilitary command, control and coordination system
Site information
OwnerUnited States Army
OperatorArmy Air Defense Command
Controlled by
Subsystems
&
AAOC
consoles[4]		tactical display subsystem with

3 tactical monitor consoles:

  • friendly protector console
  • operations officer's console
  • commander's console

tracking subsystem with

  • 6 tracking consoles
  • 2 surveillance and entry cons.
  • 2 range-height indicator cons.
  • channel status unit
computing and storage equipment
ADL transmitters and receivers
For other Nike command & control systems, see BIRDIE and Missile Mentor.

The Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System, better known as Missile Master, was an electronic fire distribution center for United States Army surface-to-air missiles.[5] It aimed to computerize Cold War air defense (AD) command posts[4] from manual plotting board operations[6] to automated command and control.[7][8]

The 10 C3 systems used radar netting ("electronic umbrella")[9] at Missile Master military installations for coordinating ground-controlled interception by Nike and MIM-23 Hawk missiles. The vacuum tube fire control logic reduced the time to designate the appropriate missile battery to launch if an enemy target had intruded into a defense area where an AN/FSG-1 system was deployed.

History

[edit]
AN/FSG-1 systems in 9 U.S. nuclear bunkers (large building) networked local radars and "up to 24 Nike Hercules AD missile batteries".[5]

The AN/FSG-1 was an outgrowth of the July 1945 Signal Corps' Project 414A for an electronic Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS),[10] a 1950 prototype computer and console system,[11] and the 1954 experimental forerunner/"test system"[3][12]: 55  (AN/GSG-2) installed at Fort George G. Meade.[11] The 1st AN/FSG-1 was contracted in August 1955,[13] the program had been publicly announced by August 1956,[3] Missile Master sites had been selected by June 1957,[14] and the "operational"[4] AN/FSG-1 at the Fort Meade radar station was "put into action" on December 5, 1957.[15] A 13-minute AN/FSG-1 military film (MF 11-8923) was produced in 1958,[7] and Congressional funding for additional sites was initiated in 1959 after the "Missile Master Plan" resolved the Army Project Nike and USAF CIM-10 Bomarc plans for SAM air defense.[16]

During the October 1959-July 1960 study regarding the system's algorithm for Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE),[17] the "first production model AN/FSG-1" was dedicated in January 1960 at Fort Lawton Air Force Station (AFS), Washington.[18]: 313  Following installation, a checkout period, and AN/FSG-1 acceptance; a dedication ceremony was often held and open to media (e.g., May 1960 acceptance at Highlands AADS, New Jersey,[13] with June 5 dedication).[19] The "SAGE/Missile Master test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the AN/FSG-1 "mathematical model" using actual radar tracks of SAC and ADC aircraft sorties[clarification needed] into the defense areas[17] (SAC-simulated bomb runs were planned after September 22, 1960).[18]: 314  The last (10th) AN/FSG-1 was dedicated in December 1960 at Fort MacArthur, California.[1]

AN/FSG-1 installations
ST
site
(defense area)
 AN/FSG-1 operations razed[20] CP: Brig (batteries)
MD Fort Meade December 5, 1957—August 1966[21] (no bunker) W-13DC: 35th[12]
WA Fort Lawton AFS January 21, 1960[22]—c. January 1965* 2008 [2] S-90DC
MA Fort Heath c. April 1960 [3] [19]—early 1965.[citation needed] 1969[23] B-21DC[24]
(12)
NJ Highlands AADS May 1960[13]—November 30, 1966[18] 1995[25] NY-55DC: 52nd[6]
MI Selfridge AFB June 1960[18]—c. October 1967* 2005[26] D-15DC 
(16)
NY Lockport AFS  Jul or Aug 1960[27]—c. July 1965* bunker intact NF-17DC
NJ Pedricktown AADB *[specify]        —September 1966[6] bunker intact PH-64DC: 24th[4]
IL Arlington Heights AFS  October 28, 1960[28]—c. October 1967* bunker intact C-80DC: 45th[28]
PA Oakdale AFS November 18, 1960[29]—February 8, 1967 P-70DC: 31st[30]  
(6)[31]
CA Fort MacArthur DC December 14, 1960 [5]<--[18]-->—January 31, 1967[32] c. 1985[33] LA-45DC: 47th [6]
(16)

Replacement

[edit]

With the availability of solid-state direction center (DC) equipment such as the Martin AN/GSG-6 BIRDIE deployed in 1961, the United States Department of Defense approved in December 1963 the replacement of the AN/FSG-1.[18]: 317  Six were replaced with Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination Systems[34] with the last replacement on February 8, 1967, at Oakdale AFS, Pennsylvania.[18]: 317, 320  Ft Lawton,[35] Fort Heath MA,[34] and Lockport AFS NY[36] were replaced with BIRDIEs[9] while instead of replacement, the AN/FSG-1 at Pedricktown Army Air Defense Base was removed after its defense area was incorporated[when?] into the combined New York-Philadelphia Defense Area controlled by Highlands AADS[37]—which later switched to a BIRDIE by July 1, 1972[34]: C-23  (conversely, Ft Heath & Lockport subsequently switched from BIRDIE to AN/TSQ-51).[34]

Operations

[edit]

The "semiautomatic"[4]: 17  AN/FSG-1 automatically plotted target tracks, evaluated missile sites for use against a target, and automated the communication with batteries.[38] The automation reduced delay "by four or five times" over the previous command post method with manual plotting,[6] review of hardcopy performance charts to estimate an intercept point, and telephone voice commands.[19] Operators at the AADCP reviewed the 19 in (48 cm)[39] orange interactive plan position indicator CRTs which displayed the AN/FSG-1 radar network's data, e.g., "14 pieces of information…height, level, priority, direction…",[40] etc. in the tiered Antiaircraft Operations Center (AAOC). The "Blue Room"[19] was recessed in a pit with a stage,[41] blue walls, blue overhead fluorescent illumination, and more than 12 blue consoles. In the rear of the AAOC was the highest "third row [with] a "friendly protector" console, three tactical monitor consoles, and a tactical director's console. The defense commander's room…at the top rear" had a window for viewing into the AAOC.[12] The AAOC crew was typically 22 soldiers and 5 company grade officers.[42]

Via an automated data link (ADL) of digital information,[4] the AN/FSG-1 communicated the identification friend or foe status from the AADCP to remote fire units where a "foe" symbol was placed "around[specify] each radar return on the scope".[43] The AN/FSG-1 assigned a Nike fire unit to a target using the same ATABE "programmed selection logic" as the USAF SAGE system, and the algorithm could be tested using a simulator (a "20-target raid…with maneuvering targets, takes approximately 1 1/4 minutes.")[17] When the AN/FSG-1 had automatically assigned a battery to a foe, a technician used the "entry stick" to alert the battery to "prepare to engage" (e.g., lock the Target Tracking Radar on the target).[31] The director's console was subsequently used to manually input the attack command, and the AN/FSG-1 transmitted[44] a change[specify] to the foe symbol at the designated fire unit[43] where the Battery Control Officer reacted to the symbol and issued the firing order to a ready[specify] missile.[5] The AN/FSG-1 also provided[clarification needed] a communication function previously performed[clarification needed] by the Interim Battery Data Link (IBDL) system which had transmitted the "missile away" notification from the firing battery to other sites, allowing "battery commanders to see which targets were being engaged by other batteries".[45]

External images
image icon console images
image icon AN/FSG-1 promotion booklet
image icon Niagara console

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Berhow, Mark (2005). US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004. Taylor, Chris (illustrations). Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 1-84176-838-3. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
  2. ^ "Missile Master Warns 10 Key Defense Areas" (PDF). Army Research and Development Newsmagazine. Washington, D.C. December 1960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  3. ^ a b c "Magic in the Skies: The Missile Master" (PDF). The National Guardsman. August 1956. Retrieved 2011-09-14. A forerunner has been in experimental operation at Ft Geo G Meade, Md, for nearly two years
  4. ^ a b c d e "Chapter 3: Army Air Defense Control Systems" (PDF). U. S. Army Air Defense Digest (PDF). Hillman Hall, Fort Bliss, Texas: U. S. Army Air Defense School. January 1965. The term "radar netting" (fig 43) describes the process by which track data derived from several additional or remote radars are gathered at a single center to produce an integrated set of meaningful target informationCh. 2, p. 17 NOTE: The p. 36 image with scrub brush ("Figure 34") titled "Missile Master" is identified differently in the text as "SAGE (fig 34)" (Texas had 3 BIRDIE command posts: Austin, Duncanville, & Sweetwater.)
  5. ^ a b c FM 44-1: U. S. Army Air Defense Employment (PDF). Headquarters, Department of the Army. 11 October 1965. Archived from the original (field manual) on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 2011-09-06. The Missile Master includes…defense acquisition and height-finding radars… The Missile Master may receive automatic data link input from SAGE … FM 44-10…AN/FSG-1…FM 44-13 U.S. Army Air Defense Fire Direction System, AN/MSG-4 (Missile Monitor)
  6. ^ a b c d "AN/FSG-1 Missile Master and AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor". The Historic Atlantic Highlands Military Reservation (MR). Fort Tilden. November 11, 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  7. ^ a b AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System. USA Signal Air Defense Engineering. 1958. Retrieved 2011-09-20. Film explains the role and operation of the Army's Missile Master System     Designed to function as the communications and intelligence center of our AA defense system NIKE practice alert with and without Missile Master     Emphasizes that it is capable of operating independently and with other weapons as well as NIKE
  8. ^ Miller, J. M. (January 1961). The Evaluation Program for the AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System (Report). Vol. IV, Missile Master Model, Report No. 2354-29-T. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Michigan.
  9. ^ a b "Army Installing First of 19 Midget Missile Master Systems" (PDF). Army Research and Development Newsmagazine. Washington, D.C. October 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  10. ^ History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I: 1945-1955 (PDF). Archived from the original (Army.mil PDF) on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Signal Corps formally establishes Air Defense Fire Distribution System (ADFDS) Project 414A which will lead to development of AN/FSG1 (Missile Master
  11. ^ a b Bender, Donald E (December 1999). "The Pedricktown Missile Master Site, 1960-1966". Quarterly Newsletter. Salem County Historical Society. Archived from the original (FDU.edu website) on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-09-06. A prototype system produced by the U.S. Army Signal Corps during 1950 eventually led to the deployment of the experimental Antiaircraft Defense System (AN/GSG-2) at Fort George G. Meade
  12. ^ a b c "Missile Master Air Defense System". Radio & TV News: 54–5. March 1958. Retrieved 2011-09-26. (page 55)
  13. ^ a b c Brown v. Jersey Central Power and Light Co. (New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division October 24, 1978) ("The power building at Highlands was "in a 25' x 17' cinderblock building, designated on the plans as "Switch Gear Room Bldg. 118." The equipment in this small building permits the missile site to switch back and forth from external commercial power to its own internal power from diesel generators. …van housing the computer"), Text.
  14. ^ "'Missile Master' Survey Completed" (PDF). Red Bank Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. May 2, 1957. p. 13. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
  15. ^ "Missile Master News Release-1". (FTMeade.army.mil transcript) United States Army. December 5, 1957. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  16. ^ "To Congress Today: Missile Master Plan is Readied" (Google News Archive). Sarasota Herald Tribune. June 12, 1959. Retrieved 2011-09-20. (Windsor Daily Star article: Peek Slated At Missile Master Plan Retrieved 2011-09-28)
  17. ^ a b c A Survey and Summary of Mathematical and Simulation Models as Applied to Weapon System Evaluation (Report). Aeronautical Systems Division, USAF. December 1961. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Future experiments and/or tests: Data from the Phase II and Phase III NORAD SAGE/ Missile Master test program is to be used to validate the mathematical model. These are large-scale system tests employing SAC and ADC aircraft. The field test program is the responsibility of the NORAD Joint Test Force stationed at Stewart Air Force Base. …the primary object under present study is the performance of the Missile Master system with SAGE-ATABE inputs and not the SAGE system per se (cites Miller 1961)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Leonard, Barry (2011). History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 (Google Books). ISBN 9781437921311. Retrieved 2011-09-29. 1963…26 September…Two ARADCOM Missile Masters phased out, leaving eight in the system.: 317 
  19. ^ a b c d "Base is Dedicated: 'Blue Room' at Missile Master Gives Eerie But Secure Feeling" (PDF). Red Bank Register. Red Bank, New Jersey. June 7, 1960. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-30. RADAR SCANNER at Missile Master atop Highlands hills tells the height of aircraft or other flying objects. It is one of the smaller pieces of radar equipment. …replaces a manuel [sic] operations center at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where Gen.Hewitt's headquarters, the 52d Artillery Brigade Air Defense, also known as "the New York Defense… In addition to the New York area, Missile Master sites are now operational in the Baltimore-Washington area, Seattle and Boston. … A Detroit installation will open this week." (photograph caption).
  20. ^ Overhead bunker images at Arlington Heights, Lockport, & Pedricktown NOTE: The Lockport bunker is a similarly shaped building but with a different roof shape than the other bunkers (see Morris 2009).
  21. ^ Cole, Merle T. "Army Air Defense Installations in Anne Arundel County: 1950-1975". Nike Missiles. FTMeade.Army.mil. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  22. ^ "Nine Missile Sites To Be Activated" (Google News Archive). Daytona Beach Morning Journal. January 23, 1960. Retrieved 2011-09-25. One site using the electronic air defense coordinating system was placed in operation Thursday at Ft. Lawton, Wash. Another is in operation at Ft. Meade, Md., protecting the Washington-Baltimore area. The announcement said others will be set up in New York, Boston, Buffalo-Niagara, Chicago, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Detroit and Philadelphia. (the Ft Lawton operational date also identified by Leonard 2011, p. 313)
  23. ^ "Harbor Defenses of Boston (MA)". keyhole.com. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Became a MISSILE MASTER control site in the 1950s (demolished 1969). The FAA obtained a radar site here from 1965 - 1986
  24. ^ McGrath, John J (historian, Center of Military History) (1998–2002). "Continental Air Defense Collection". USAHEC. Archived from the original (Finding Aid) on 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2011-09-28. Army Press Release 4 Feb 74, announcing end of CONUS Nike program with a site by site listing of sites to be closed … "When the Cold War Claimed 10 Lives in Monmouth;" "Cold War Remnant is Being Destroyed; "On Alert;" "Missile Master;" … Command Report, USARADCOM 1960, 1966; … {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) NOTE: The descriptions for the Fort Heath images (SC5999xx) identify the Missile Master as site ID "B-18" on August 18, 1962. The list also identifies Nike firings at Point Mugu, Fort Wainwright, Fort Richardson, Summit AK, & Fort Bliss; and has an article on the "Accidental Nike Launch at Fort Meade".
  25. ^ Gabrielan, Randall (1999). Middletown, NJ In The 20th Century (paperback). The American Century Series. Arcadia Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7524-1322-8.[verification needed]
  26. ^ Bateman, Tom. "Site D-15DC - Selfridge AFB/ANGB". Detroit - Cleveland Defense Area. NikeHercules.Tripod.com. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  27. ^ Liebing, Ralph. "History of the 2d Artillery Group (Air Defense)". Unit Histories. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  28. ^ a b Freeman, Paul (2011) [2002]. "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Illinois, Northwestern Chicago area". Airfields-Freeman.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. On April 6, 1959, BG Peter Schmick, Brigade CG, announced the purchase of the land, along with plans for the construction of the Command Post, 5 radar towers and supporting buildings, to house the Missile Master. The official dedication of the nation's first [sic] operational automatic electronic weapon system to coordinate all elements of antiaircraft defense was made on October 28, 1960.
  29. ^ "Army Dedicates Missile Master, Keeps Eye On Future And ICBMS" (Google News Archive). The Pittsburgh Press. November 19, 1960. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  30. ^ Hofstetter, Bethany. "Nike missile sites helped keep region safe during Cold War". Murrysville Star. YourMurrysville.com. Retrieved 2012-03-03.[permanent dead link‍]
  31. ^ a b McNamara, Jack (December 17, 1961). "24 Hours At A Nike Site" (Google News Archive). The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 2012-03-02. 40-million-dollar Missile Master at Oakdale…18th Artillery Group, which protects Pittsburgh…rotates the "entry stick" on his console, designating a target to be tracked by radar…"prepare to engage
  32. ^ "'Missile Mentor' to Coordinate L.A. Weapons Unveiled". Los Angeles Times (archives). February 1, 1967. Retrieved 2011-09-30. (a different reference identifies the Ft MacArthur AN/FSG-1 was replaced in 1966: Berhow, Mark A; Gustafson, David (2011) [2002]. Fort MacArthur (PDF) (Report) (electronic ed.). Fort MacArthur Military Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2011-09-13.)
  33. ^ Page, Tom; Morgan, Mark. "Nike 'Missile Master' / 'Missile Mentor' at Fort MacArthur (Site LA-45DC)". Radomes.org. Retrieved 2011-09-13. on…Lower Reservation, east of Pacific Avenue between between [sic] 33rd and 34th Streets.
  34. ^ a b c d McMaster, B. N.; et al. (December 1984). Historical Overview of the Nike Missile System (PDF) (Report). Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
    *NOTE: Estimates for AN/FSG-1 dates with asterisks are from the annual July 1 maps in McMaster's report, which don't show a symbol near the Pedricktown NJ site but instead mark a Missile Master north of Philadelphia near Allentown/Bethlehem PA). Also, although Berhow 2005 claims 7 of the 10 AN/FSG-1 systems were replaced with AN/TSQ-51 systems, the maps only show 6 AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentors in 1966 at former Missile Master sites, with Ft Heath instead shown with an AN/FSG-1 Missile Master in 1964 (near a separate Massachusetts BIRDIE), then a Ft Heath BIRDIE in 1966 & 1967, a Ft Heath Missile Mentor in 1968 & 1969, and no Ft Heath AADCP in 1970 (a Rhode Island Missile Mentor was depicted in 1970; but not in 1971.) Likewise, the report's maps show the replacement Lockport BIRDIE subsequently switched to a Missile Mentor between July 1, 1967 & July 1, 1968 (as did Homestead-Miami.)
  35. ^ Denfeld, Duane Colt (March 19, 2011). "Nike Missile Bases: Washington State Cold War Defenses" (HistoryLink.org Essay 9711). Retrieved 2011-10-04. A BOMARC…missile installation at Paine Field, Everett, was planned but not completed.
  36. ^ "Nike Missile Niagara Falls-Buffalo Defense Area". Nike Air Defense Missile. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
  37. ^ "Nike Site PH-64DC Army Air Defense Command Post Pedricktown, NJ". Practice safe lunch…. LiveJournal.com. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
  38. ^ "AN/FSG-1 Missile Master". Weapons of Mass Destruction. Federation of American Scientists. June 29, 1999. Retrieved 2011-09-27. By eliminating voice communications, this Martin-built system allowed an area commander to use all his batteries to engage up to 24 different targets.
  39. ^ Debons, Anthony; Fried, Charles (March 31 – April 1, 1958). "Effects of Rate and Prolonged Viewing of Radar Signal Flicker" (Google books). Illumination and Visibility of Radar and Sonar Displays: Proceedings of a Symposium. Rome Air Development Center: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. LCCN 58-60044. Retrieved 2011-10-23. The present problem arose in connection with the proposed integration of the Army Missile Master System with jointly used air defense radars. … I visited the Army center having the radar scopes in question… The experiment duplicated exactly the size of scope and flicker rate. (p. 124)
  40. ^ "Tape 11: Theodore C. Viars". Camp Evans Oral Histories. InfoAge.com. c. 1998. Archived from the original (text description of NTSC Video) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2011-09-14. Gene Sheftelman, who described target information that would be displayed on a CRT with 14 pieces of information to include height, level, priority, direction from velocity vector, etc. This capability was demonstrated to military and private people concerned with Air Defense. Ted presented a paper in 1955 at the October 3-5 (Vol. XI) National Electronics Conference in Chicago on this subject.
  41. ^ Selfridge Field, Building No. 1050… (Report). Library of Congress: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record. Retrieved 2011-09-27. NOTE: The labels on one of the HAER floor plans are after the bunker was used for air traffic control (rooms for RAPCON, ATCALS, etc.)
  42. ^ Liebing, Ralph. "Missile Master Detachment: 2d Artillery Group; Niagara-Buffalo Air Defense". Unit Histories. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  43. ^ a b Stephens, Gary (October 1999). "Three Hours from Armageddon: Life at a Cold War Nike Missile Site". ADA Magazine Online. AuthorsDen.com. Retrieved 2011-10-04. The EWPB operator starts calling out and plotting hostile inbound tracks. … An AADCP-generated "foe" symbol is around each radar return on the scope. One of these symbols indicates that our battery is to engage that target.
  44. ^ Missile Master (promotion booklet). Martin Company. Retrieved 2011-09-13. Tactical Monitor operators assign a specific target to an individual battery
  45. ^ "Edgewood Test Veterans". GulfWarCouncil.com. October 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-10-05.

See Also

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