Jack Unterweger: Difference between revisions

Jack Unterweger
Jack Unterweger
Born	Johann Unterweger; 16 August 1950; Judenburg, Styria, Allied-occupied Austria
Died	29 June 1994 (aged 43); Graz-Karlau Prison, Graz, Styria, Austria
Cause of death	Suicide by hanging
Occupation(s)	Serial killer; journalist, playwright, waiter
Conviction(s)	Murder (10 counts)
Criminal penalty	Life imprisonment
Details
Victims	12–15
Span of crimes	1974; 1990 – 1992
Country	Austria, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, United States
Date apprehended	27 February 1992

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Johann "Jack" Unterweger (16 August 1950 – 29 June 1994) was an Austrian serial killer who committed murder in several countries – Austria, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. Initially convicted in 1974 of a single murder, Unterweger began to write extensively while in prison. His work gained the attention of Austrian intellectuals, who interpreted it as evidence of his supposed rehabilitation. After significant lobbying, Unterweger was released on parole in 1990. Upon his release, he became a minor celebrity and worked as a playwright and journalist, but within months he resumed his killing spree. Unterweger hanged himself in prison after being convicted of nine more murders in June 1994.

Early life

Jack Unterweger was born August 16, 1950, in Judenburg, Styria,^[1]^[2] to Theresia Unterweger, a Viennese barmaid and waitress, and Jack Becker, an American soldier whom she had met in the Italian city of Trieste.^[3] Some sources describe his mother as a prostitute.^[4] Unterweger's mother was jailed for fraud while pregnant but was released and travelled to Graz, where he was born. After she was arrested again in 1953, Unterweger was sent to Carinthia to live with his grandfather,^[3] a reputed "rough fellow" who regularly used his grandson to help him steal farm animals.^[5]

Unterweger was in and out of prison for much of his youth. He was convicted sixteen times between 1966 and 1974, mostly for theft-related offences, but also for pimping and sexual assault on a sex worker; he spent most of those eight years in prison.^[6]

First murder conviction, imprisonment and release

In 1974, Unterweger murdered 18-year-old West German national Margaret Schäfer by strangling her with her own bra, for which he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison in 1976. While incarcerated he wrote short stories, poems, plays and an autobiography, Purgatory or The Trip to Prison – Report of a Guilty Man,^[7] that later served as the basis for a documentary.^[8] Several figures, including Austrian writer Elfriede Jelinek, have since questioned whether Unterweger actually wrote Purgatory.^[9]

In 1985, a campaign to pardon and release Unterweger from prison commenced. Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger (SPÖ/ÖVP) refused the petition when it was presented to him, citing the court-mandated minimum of fifteen years' prisonment.^[10] Writers, artists, journalists and politicians agitated for a pardon,^[11] including Jelinek and German novelist Günter Grass,^[12] along with the editor of Manuskripte magazine, Alfred Kolleritsch.^[11]

Unterweger was released on 23 May 1990, after the required minimum fifteen years of his sentence. Upon his release, Purgatory was taught in Austrian schools and his stories for children were performed on Austrian radio. Unterweger himself hosted television programmes which discussed criminal rehabilitation^[13] and worked as a journalist for the public broadcaster ORF, where he reported on stories concerning the very murders for which he was later found guilty.^[11]^[12]

Later murders

Law enforcement later discovered that Unterweger killed a young woman named Blanka Bočková in Czechoslovakia^[14]^[15] in addition to seven other women in Austria in 1990—Brunhilde Masser, aged 39; Heidi Hammerer, aged 31; Elfriede Schrempf, aged 35; Silvia Zagler, aged 23; Sabine Moitzl, aged 25; Karin Eroglu-Sladky, aged 25; Regina Prem, aged 32, all in the first year after his release, and all garroted with their bras.^[14]

In 1991, Unterweger was hired by an Austrian magazine to write about crime in Los Angeles and the differences between U.S. and European attitudes to prostitution. He met local police, even going so far as to participate in a ride-along in the city's red light districts.^[14] During his time in Los Angeles, three sex workers—Shannon Exley, Irene Rodriguez, and Peggy Booth—were beaten, sexually assaulted with tree branches and strangled with their own bras.^[16]

Back in Austria, Unterweger was suggested as a suspect for the sex worker murders. In the absence of other suspects, police took a serious look at Unterweger and kept him under surveillance until he went to the U.S., ostensibly as a reporter; the police observed nothing to connect him with the killings.

Arrest and death

Police in Graz eventually gathered enough evidence to arrest Unterweger, but he had fled by the time they entered his home.^[14] After law enforcement agencies chased him and his girlfriend, Bianca Mrak, through Switzerland, France, and the US, he was finally arrested by US Marshals in Miami, Florida, on 27 February 1992.^[14] While a fugitive, he had called the Austrian media to try to convince them of his innocence.

Unterweger was extradited back to Austria on 27 May 1992 and charged with eleven murders, including one in Prague and three in Los Angeles.^[14] The jury found him guilty of nine murders by a 6:2 majority, sufficient for a conviction under Austrian law.^[14] Based on a psychiatric examination, Austrian psychiatrist Dr. Reinhard Haller diagnosed Unterweger with narcissistic personality disorder and presented his findings to the court on 20 June 1994.^[17]^[18] On 29 June, Unterweger was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.^[19]

That night, Unterweger killed himself at Graz-Karlau Prison by hanging himself with a rope made from shoelaces and a cord from the trousers of a tracksuit, using the same knot that was found on all the strangled sex workers.^[14]^[16]

Prior to his death, Unterweger had asserted his intention to seek an appeal, and therefore, under Austrian law, his guilty verdict was not considered legally binding after his death, as it has not been reviewed and confirmed by the court.^[20]

References

^ "Information researched and summarized by Chelsea Newton & Tiffany Waller | Department of Psychology | Radford University | Radford, VA 24142-6946" (PDF).
^ Newton, Michael (1990). Hunting Humans: An Encyclopedia of Modern Serial Killers. Loompanics Unlimited. ISBN 978-1559500265.
^ ^a ^b Leake, John (13 November 2007). Entering Hades: The Double Life of a Serial Killer. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781429996334. entering hades.
^ Hindmarsh, Richard (2010). Genetic Suspects: Global Governance of Forensic DNA Profiling and Databasing. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521519434.
^ "Die spektakulärsten Kriminalfälle". Kabel 1. 9 August 2015.
^ Milhorn, Thomas H. (2004). Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers. Universal-Publishers. p. 464. ISBN 9781581124897.
^ "Murderer's 'final freedom': The bizarre life of Jack Unterweger, poet". The Independent. 3 July 1994. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ Debruge, Peter (13 August 2015). "Locarno Film Review: 'Jack'". Variety. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
^ "JACK. Gier frisst Schönheiten, Episode 3". NDR. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Leake 2007, p. 40.
^ ^a ^b ^c MacFarlane, Robert (13 January 2008). "A Murderous Talent". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Connolly, Kate (30 June 2009). "John Malkovich brings serial killer Jack Unterweger back to life on Vienna stage". The Guardian.
^ Legare, Michael Joseph (13 January 2016). When Things Seem Odd: Polly and the Internal Guardian. FriesenPress. ISBN 9781460277539.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Atkinson, Rick (3 August 1994). "Killer Prose". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
^ Czech language article about the victim from Prague
^ ^a ^b Malnic, Eric (30 June 1994). "Austrian Slayer of L.A. Prostitutes Kills Self". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035.
^ Haller, Reinhard (1999). "Malignant Narcissism and Sexual Homicide - exemplified by the Jack Unterweger case". Archiv für Kriminologie. 204 (1–2): 1–11. PMID 10489586. S2CID 32370723.
^ Leake 2007, p. 297.
^ Leake 2007, p. 309.
^ Leake 2007, p. 314.

[1] "Information researched and summarized by Chelsea Newton & Tiffany Waller | Department of Psychology | Radford University | Radford, VA 24142-6946" (PDF).

[2] Newton, Michael (1990). Hunting Humans: An Encyclopedia of Modern Serial Killers. Loompanics Unlimited. ISBN 978-1559500265.

[EnteringHades-3] Leake, John (13 November 2007). Entering Hades: The Double Life of a Serial Killer. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781429996334. entering hades.

[4] Hindmarsh, Richard (2010). Genetic Suspects: Global Governance of Forensic DNA Profiling and Databasing. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521519434.

[5] "Die spektakulärsten Kriminalfälle". Kabel 1. 9 August 2015.

[crime-6] Milhorn, Thomas H. (2004). Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers. Universal-Publishers. p. 464. ISBN 9781581124897.

[7] "Murderer's 'final freedom': The bizarre life of Jack Unterweger, poet". The Independent. 3 July 1994. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

[8] Debruge, Peter (13 August 2015). "Locarno Film Review: 'Jack'". Variety. Retrieved 4 February 2017.

[9] "JACK. Gier frisst Schönheiten, Episode 3". NDR. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[FOOTNOTELeake200740-10] Leake 2007, p. 40.

[NYT-11] MacFarlane, Robert (13 January 2008). "A Murderous Talent". The New York Times.

[vienna-12] Connolly, Kate (30 June 2009). "John Malkovich brings serial killer Jack Unterweger back to life on Vienna stage". The Guardian.

[13] Legare, Michael Joseph (13 January 2016). When Things Seem Odd: Polly and the Internal Guardian. FriesenPress. ISBN 9781460277539.

[atkinson-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Atkinson, Rick (3 August 1994). "Killer Prose". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 August 2018.

[15] Czech language article about the victim from Prague

[LATimes-16] Malnic, Eric (30 June 1994). "Austrian Slayer of L.A. Prostitutes Kills Self". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035.

[17] Haller, Reinhard (1999). "Malignant Narcissism and Sexual Homicide - exemplified by the Jack Unterweger case". Archiv für Kriminologie. 204 (1–2): 1–11. PMID 10489586. S2CID 32370723.

[FOOTNOTELeake2007297-18] Leake 2007, p. 297.

[FOOTNOTELeake2007309-19] Leake 2007, p. 309.

[FOOTNOTELeake2007314-20] Leake 2007, p. 314.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
 {{Infobox criminal
- |name        = Jack Unterweger
+| name              = Jack Unterweger
- | image      =
+| image             =
- |birth_name  = Johann Unterweger
+| birth_name        = Johann Unterweger
- |birth_date  = {{birth date|1950|08|16|df=y}}
+| birth_date        = {{birth date|1950|08|16|df=y}}
- |birth_place = [[Judenburg]], [[Styria]], Austria
+| birth_place       = [[Judenburg]], [[Styria]], [[Allied-occupied Austria]]
- |death_date  = {{death date and age|1994|06|29|1950|08|16|df=y}}
+| death_date        = {{death date and age|1994|06|29|1950|08|16|df=y}}
- |death_place = [[Graz-Karlau Prison]], [[Graz]], Styria, Austria
+| death_place       = [[Graz-Karlau Prison]], [[Graz]], Styria, Austria
- |cause       = [[Suicide by hanging]]
+| cause             = [[Suicide by hanging]]
- |occupation  = Serial killer; journalist, playwright, waiter
+| occupation        = Serial killer; journalist, playwright, waiter
- |penalty     = [[Life imprisonment]]
+| penalty           = [[Life imprisonment]]
- |victims     = 12–15
+| victims           = 12–15
- |beginyear   = 1974; 1990
+| beginyear         = 1974; 1990
- |endyear     = 1992
+| endyear           = 1992
- |country     = Austria, [[West Germany]], [[Czechoslovakia]], United States
+| country           = Austria, [[West Germany]], [[Czechoslovakia]], United States
- |apprehended = 27 February 1992
+| apprehended       = 27 February 1992
+| conviction        = [[Murder]] (10 counts)
 }}
-[[File:Flugblatt Wortbrücke 3 und 4 - Unterweger.jpg|thumb]]
+[[File:Flugblatt Wortbrücke 3 und 4 - Unterweger.jpg|thumb|A leaflet written by Jack Unterweger while in prison in 1986, advertising third issue of literature magazine ''Wortbrücke'' edited by himself, calling for papers for the fourth issue, and asking for financial and material support.]]
-'''Johann''' "'''Jack'''" '''Unterweger''' (16 August 1950 &nbsp;– 29 June 1994) was an Austrian [[serial killer]] who committed murder in several countries&nbsp;– Austria, [[West Germany]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and the United States. Initially convicted in 1974 of a single murder, Unterweger began to write extensively while in prison. His work gained the attention of the Austrian literary elite, who took it as evidence that he had been [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitated]].
+'''Johann''' "'''Jack'''" '''Unterweger''' (16 August 1950 &nbsp;– 29 June 1994) was an Austrian [[serial killer]] who committed murder in several countries&nbsp;– Austria, [[West Germany]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and the United States. Initially convicted in 1974 of a single murder, Unterweger began to write extensively while in prison. His work gained the attention of Austrian intellectuals, who interpreted it as evidence of his supposed [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]]. After significant lobbying, Unterweger was released on [[parole]] in 1990. Upon his release, he became a minor [[celebrity]] and worked as a [[playwright]] and [[journalist]], but within months he resumed his killing spree. Unterweger [[suicide by hanging|hanged himself]] in prison after being convicted of nine more murders in June 1994.
-After significant lobbying, Unterweger was released on [[parole]] in 1990. Upon his release, he became a minor celebrity and worked as a [[playwright]] and journalist, but within months he resumed killing women. Unterweger [[suicide by hanging|hanged himself]] in prison after being convicted of nine more murders in June 1994.
 == Early life ==
-Jack Unterweger was born August 16, 1950, in [[Judenburg]], [[Styria]], Austria,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Unterweger,%20Jack%20_2008,%20spring_.pdf|title=Information researched and summarized by Chelsea Newton & Tiffany Waller {{!}} Department of Psychology {{!}} Radford University {{!}} Radford, VA 24142-6946}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Newton | first = Michael | title = Hunting Humans: An Encyclopedia of Modern Serial Killers | isbn = 978-1559500265 | publisher = Loompanics Unlimited | year = 1990 }}</ref> to Theresia Unterweger, a [[Vienna|Viennese]] barmaid and waitress, and Jack Becker, an American soldier whom she had met in [[Trieste]], Italy.<ref name=EnteringHades>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/enteringhadesdou00leak|url-access=registration|quote=entering hades.|title=Entering Hades: The Double Life of a Serial Killer|last=Leake|first=John|date=November 13, 2007|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9781429996334|language=en|pages=[https://archive.org/details/enteringhadesdou00leak/page/37 37]–38}}</ref> Some sources describe his mother as a [[sex worker]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Genetic Suspects: Global Governance of Forensic DNA Profiling and Databasing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=Hindmarsh |first=Richard |year=2010 |isbn=9780521519434 |page=153}}</ref> Unterweger's mother was jailed for [[fraud]] while pregnant but was released and travelled to [[Graz]], where he was born. After his mother was arrested again in 1953, Unterweger was sent to [[Carinthia]] to live with his grandfather,<ref name=EnteringHades/> who was known as a "rough fellow" who regularly used his grandson to help him steal farm animals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Die spektakulärsten Kriminalfälle |date=August 9, 2015 |work=[[Kabel 1]]}}</ref>
+Jack Unterweger was born August 16, 1950, in [[Judenburg]], [[Styria]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Unterweger,%20Jack%20_2008,%20spring_.pdf|title=Information researched and summarized by Chelsea Newton & Tiffany Waller {{!}} Department of Psychology {{!}} Radford University {{!}} Radford, VA 24142-6946}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Newton | first = Michael | title = Hunting Humans: An Encyclopedia of Modern Serial Killers | isbn = 978-1559500265 | publisher = Loompanics Unlimited | year = 1990 }}</ref> to Theresia Unterweger, a [[Vienna|Viennese]] barmaid and waitress, and Jack Becker, an American soldier whom she had met in the Italian city of [[Trieste]].<ref name=EnteringHades>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/enteringhadesdou00leak|url-access=registration|quote=entering hades.|title=Entering Hades: The Double Life of a Serial Killer|last=Leake|first=John|date=November 13, 2007|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9781429996334|language=en|pages=[https://archive.org/details/enteringhadesdou00leak/page/37 37]–38}}</ref> Some sources describe his mother as a [[prostitute]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Genetic Suspects: Global Governance of Forensic DNA Profiling and Databasing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=Hindmarsh |first=Richard |year=2010 |isbn=9780521519434 |page=153}}</ref> Unterweger's mother was jailed for [[fraud]] while pregnant but was released and travelled to [[Graz]], where he was born. After she was arrested again in 1953, Unterweger was sent to [[Carinthia]] to live with his grandfather,<ref name=EnteringHades/> a reputed "rough fellow" who regularly used his grandson to help him steal farm animals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Die spektakulärsten Kriminalfälle |date=August 9, 2015 |work=[[Kabel 1]]}}</ref>
-Unterweger was in and out of prison for much of his youth. He worked as a waiter but between 1966 and 1974 he was convicted sixteen times, mostly for [[theft]]-related offences, but also for [[pimping]] and [[sexual assault]] on a sex worker; he spent most of those eight years in jail.<ref name="crime">{{cite book |title=Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers |publisher=Universal-Publishers |last=Milhorn |first=Thomas H. |year=2004 |pages=464 |isbn=9781581124897}}</ref>
+Unterweger was in and out of prison for much of his youth. He was convicted sixteen times between 1966 and 1974, mostly for [[theft]]-related offences, but also for [[pimping]] and [[sexual assault]] on a sex worker; he spent most of those eight years in prison.<ref name="crime">{{cite book |title=Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers |publisher=Universal-Publishers |last=Milhorn |first=Thomas H. |year=2004 |pages=464 |isbn=9781581124897}}</ref>
 ==First murder conviction, imprisonment and release==
-In 1974, Unterweger murdered 18-year-old [[West Germany|West German]] national Margaret Schäfer by [[strangulation|strangling]] her with her own bra, for which he was convicted and sentenced to [[life imprisonment|life in prison]] in 1976. While incarcerated he wrote short stories, poems, plays, and an [[autobiography]], ''Purgatory or The Trip to Prison – Report of a Guilty Man'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/murderers-final-freedom-the-bizarre-life-of-jack-unterweger-poet-and-killer-of-prostitutes-ends-at-1417861.html|title=Murderer's 'final freedom': The bizarre life of Jack Unterweger, poet|date=1994-07-03|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> that later served as the basis for a [[documentary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/locarno-film-review-jack-1201569201/|title=Locarno Film Review: 'Jack'|last=Debruge|first=Peter|date=August 13, 2015|newspaper=Variety|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> Several figures, including Austrian writer [[Elfriede Jelinek]], have since questioned whether Unterweger actually wrote ''Purgatory''.<ref>{{cite web |title=JACK. Gier frisst Schönheiten, Episode 3 |url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/jack-gier-frisst-schoenheiten/folge-3-weg-in-die-freiheit/ndr/10417275/ |publisher=NDR |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
+In 1974, Unterweger murdered 18-year-old [[West Germany|West German]] national Margaret Schäfer by [[strangulation|strangling]] her with her own bra, for which he was convicted and sentenced to [[life imprisonment|life in prison]] in 1976. While incarcerated he wrote short stories, poems, plays and an [[autobiography]], ''Purgatory or The Trip to Prison – Report of a Guilty Man'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/murderers-final-freedom-the-bizarre-life-of-jack-unterweger-poet-and-killer-of-prostitutes-ends-at-1417861.html|title=Murderer's 'final freedom': The bizarre life of Jack Unterweger, poet|date=1994-07-03|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> that later served as the basis for a [[documentary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/locarno-film-review-jack-1201569201/|title=Locarno Film Review: 'Jack'|last=Debruge|first=Peter|date=August 13, 2015|newspaper=Variety|access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref> Several figures, including Austrian writer [[Elfriede Jelinek]], have since questioned whether Unterweger actually wrote ''Purgatory''.<ref>{{cite web |title=JACK. Gier frisst Schönheiten, Episode 3 |url=https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/jack-gier-frisst-schoenheiten/folge-3-weg-in-die-freiheit/ndr/10417275/ |publisher=NDR |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
-In 1985, a campaign to [[pardon]] and release Unterweger from prison commenced. [[President of Austria|Austrian President]] [[Rudolf Kirchschläger]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]]/[[Austrian People's Party|ÖVP]]) refused the petition when presented to him, citing the court-mandated minimum of fifteen years in prison.{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=40}} Writers, artists, journalists and politicians agitated for a pardon,<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/books/review/Macfarlane-t.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last=MacFarlane |first=Robert |title=A Murderous Talent|date=13 January 2008}}</ref> including Jelinek and German novelist [[Günter Grass]];<ref name="vienna">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/30/malkovich-jack-unterweger-vienna-austria|title=John Malkovich brings serial killer Jack Unterweger back to life on Vienna stage|first=Kate |last=Connolly |date=30 June 2009|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> along with the editor of the magazine [[Austrian literature#21st century|''Manuskripte'']], [[Alfred Kolleritsch]].<ref name=NYT/>
+In 1985, a campaign to [[pardon]] and release Unterweger from prison commenced. [[President of Austria|Austrian President]] [[Rudolf Kirchschläger]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]]/[[Austrian People's Party|ÖVP]]) refused the petition when it was presented to him, citing the court-mandated minimum of fifteen years' prisonment.{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=40}} Writers, artists, journalists and politicians agitated for a pardon,<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/books/review/Macfarlane-t.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last=MacFarlane |first=Robert |title=A Murderous Talent|date=13 January 2008}}</ref> including Jelinek and German novelist [[Günter Grass]],<ref name="vienna">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/30/malkovich-jack-unterweger-vienna-austria|title=John Malkovich brings serial killer Jack Unterweger back to life on Vienna stage|first=Kate |last=Connolly |date=30 June 2009|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> along with the editor of [[Austrian literature#21st century|''Manuskripte'' magazine]], [[Alfred Kolleritsch]].<ref name=NYT/>
-Unterweger was released on 23 May 1990, after the required minimum fifteen years of his life term. Upon his release, ''Purgatory'' was taught in Austrian schools and his stories for children were performed on Austrian radio. Unterweger himself hosted television programmes which discussed [[rehabilitation (penology)|criminal rehabilitation]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ypfCwAAQBAJ&q=unterweger+taught+in+schools&pg=PT243|title=When Things Seem Odd: Polly and the Internal Guardian|last=Legare|first=Michael Joseph|date=January 13, 2016|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=9781460277539|language=en}}</ref> and worked as a journalist for the public broadcaster [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]], where he reported on stories concerning the very murders for which he was later found guilty.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=vienna/>
+Unterweger was released on 23 May 1990, after the required minimum fifteen years of his sentence. Upon his release, ''Purgatory'' was taught in Austrian schools and his stories for children were performed on Austrian radio. Unterweger himself hosted television programmes which discussed [[rehabilitation (penology)|criminal rehabilitation]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ypfCwAAQBAJ&q=unterweger+taught+in+schools&pg=PT243|title=When Things Seem Odd: Polly and the Internal Guardian|last=Legare|first=Michael Joseph|date=January 13, 2016|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=9781460277539|language=en}}</ref> and worked as a journalist for the public broadcaster [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]], where he reported on stories concerning the very murders for which he was later found guilty.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=vienna/>
 == Later murders ==
-Law enforcement later discovered that Unterweger killed a young woman named Blanka Bočková in [[Czechoslovakia]],<ref name="atkinson"/><ref>[http://praha.idnes.cz/vyroci-vrazdy-v-praze-pred-25-lety-dqq-/praha-zpravy.aspx?c=A150915_2191839_praha-zpravy_bur Czech language article about the victim from Prague]</ref> and seven more in Austria in 1990—Brunhilde Masser, aged&nbsp;39; Heidi Hammerer, aged&nbsp;31; Elfriede Schrempf, aged&nbsp;35; Silvia Zagler, aged&nbsp;23; Sabine Moitzl, aged&nbsp;25; Karin Eroglu-Sladky, aged&nbsp;25; Regina Prem, aged&nbsp;32, all in the first year after his release, and all [[garrote]]d with their bras.<ref name="atkinson"/>
+Law enforcement later discovered that Unterweger killed a young woman named Blanka Bočková in [[Czechoslovakia]]<ref name="atkinson"/><ref>[http://praha.idnes.cz/vyroci-vrazdy-v-praze-pred-25-lety-dqq-/praha-zpravy.aspx?c=A150915_2191839_praha-zpravy_bur Czech language article about the victim from Prague]</ref> in addition to seven other women in Austria in 1990—Brunhilde Masser, aged&nbsp;39; Heidi Hammerer, aged&nbsp;31; Elfriede Schrempf, aged&nbsp;35; Silvia Zagler, aged&nbsp;23; Sabine Moitzl, aged&nbsp;25; Karin Eroglu-Sladky, aged&nbsp;25; Regina Prem, aged&nbsp;32, all in the first year after his release, and all [[garrote]]d with their bras.<ref name="atkinson"/>
-In 1991, Unterweger was hired by an Austrian magazine to write about crime in [[Los Angeles]] and the differences between U.S. and European attitudes to [[prostitution]]. He met local police, even going so far as to participate in a [[ride-along]] of the city's [[red light district]]s.<ref name="atkinson"/> During Unterweger's time in Los Angeles, three sex workers - Shannon Exley, Irene Rodriguez, and Peggy Booth - were beaten, sexually assaulted with tree branches, and strangled with their own bras.<ref name=LATimes>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-30/local/me-10223_1_los-angeles|title=Austrian Slayer of L.A. Prostitutes Kills Self|last=Malnic|first=Eric|date=June 30, 1994|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|issn=0458-3035}}</ref>
+In 1991, Unterweger was hired by an Austrian magazine to write about crime in [[Los Angeles]] and the differences between U.S. and European attitudes to prostitution. He met local police, even going so far as to participate in a [[ride-along]] in the city's [[red light district]]s.<ref name="atkinson"/> During his time in Los Angeles, three sex workers—Shannon Exley, Irene Rodriguez, and Peggy Booth—were beaten, sexually assaulted with tree branches and strangled with their own bras.<ref name=LATimes>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-30-me-10223-story.html|title=Austrian Slayer of L.A. Prostitutes Kills Self|last=Malnic|first=Eric|date=June 30, 1994|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|issn=0458-3035}}</ref>
-Back in Austria, Unterweger was suggested as a suspect for the sex worker murders. In the absence of other suspects, police took a serious look at Unterweger and kept him under [[surveillance]] until he went to the US, ostensibly as a reporter; the police observed nothing to connect him with the killings.
+Back in Austria, Unterweger was suggested as a suspect for the sex worker murders. In the absence of other suspects, police took a serious look at Unterweger and kept him under [[surveillance]] until he went to the U.S., ostensibly as a reporter; the police observed nothing to connect him with the killings.
 == Arrest and death ==
 Police in Graz eventually gathered enough evidence to arrest Unterweger, but he had fled by the time they entered his home.<ref name="atkinson">{{cite news |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=Killer Prose |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/08/03/killer-prose/796b8f84-0ee1-437e-9cd6-6496cbecbbe6/?noredirect=on |access-date=6 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=3 August 1994}}</ref> After law enforcement agencies chased him and his girlfriend, Bianca Mrak, through Switzerland, France, and the US, he was finally arrested by [[U.S. Marshals Service|US Marshals]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]], on 27 February 1992.<ref name="atkinson"/> While a fugitive, he had called the Austrian media to try to convince them of his innocence.
-Unterweger was [[extradition|extradited]] back to Austria on 27 May 1992 and charged with eleven murders, including one in [[Prague]] and three in Los Angeles.<ref name="atkinson"/> The jury found him guilty of nine murders by a 6:2 majority, sufficient for a conviction under Austrian law at the time.<ref name="atkinson"/> Based on psychiatric examination, Austrian psychiatrist Dr. Reinhard Haller diagnosed Unterweger with [[narcissistic personality disorder]] and presented his findings to the court on 20 June 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haller |first1=Reinhard |title=Malignant Narcissism and Sexual Homicide - exemplified by the Jack Unterweger case |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%5BMalignant-narcissism-and-sexual-by-the-Jack-case%5D.-Haller/2e333eac26086d3a565ec82c93a645c4e5fdeb39 |journal=Archiv für Kriminologie |year=1999 |volume=204 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11 |pmid=10489586 |s2cid=32370723 |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=297}} On 29 June, Unterweger was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=309}}
+Unterweger was [[extradition|extradited]] back to Austria on 27 May 1992 and charged with eleven murders, including one in [[Prague]] and three in Los Angeles.<ref name="atkinson"/> The jury found him guilty of nine murders by a 6:2 majority, sufficient for a conviction under Austrian law.<ref name="atkinson"/> Based on a psychiatric examination, Austrian psychiatrist Dr. Reinhard Haller diagnosed Unterweger with [[narcissistic personality disorder]] and presented his findings to the court on 20 June 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haller |first1=Reinhard |title=Malignant Narcissism and Sexual Homicide - exemplified by the Jack Unterweger case |journal=Archiv für Kriminologie |year=1999 |volume=204 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11 |pmid=10489586 |s2cid=32370723 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=297}} On 29 June, Unterweger was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=309}}
-That night, Unterweger killed himself at [[Graz-Karlau Prison]] by hanging himself with a rope made from shoelaces and a cord from the trousers of a track suit, using the same knot that was found on all the strangled sex workers.<ref name="atkinson"/><ref name=LATimes/>
+That night, Unterweger killed himself at [[Graz-Karlau Prison]] by hanging himself with a rope made from shoelaces and a cord from the trousers of a tracksuit, using the same knot that was found on all the strangled sex workers.<ref name="atkinson"/><ref name=LATimes/>
 Prior to his death, Unterweger had asserted his intention to seek an [[appeal]], and therefore, under Austrian law, his guilty verdict was not considered legally binding after his death, as it has not been reviewed and confirmed by the court.{{Sfn|Leake|2007|p=314}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 74: @@
 [[Category:Austrian people who died in prison custody]]
 [[Category:Austrian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
+[[Category:People paroled from life sentence]]
 [[Category:Austrian rapists]]
 [[Category:Austrian serial killers]]
 [[Category:Crimes against sex workers]]
 [[Category:Criminals from Los Angeles]]
-[[Category:Male serial killers]]
 [[Category:People convicted of murder by Austria]]
 [[Category:People from Judenburg]]
-[[Category:People with psychopathy]]
 [[Category:People with antisocial personality disorder]]
-[[Category:People with narcissistic personality disorder]]
 [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Austria]]
 [[Category:Prisoners who died in Austrian detention]]

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