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|type=Short-range air-to-air missile
|type=Short-range air-to-air missile
|used_by=
|used_by=
|manufacturer=Luoyang Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre (EOTDC), <br>Hanzhong Nanfeng Machine Factory
|manufacturer=Luoyang Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre (EOTDC)<br>Hanzhong Nanfeng Machine Factory<br>Xi’an Eastern Machinery Factory
|unit_cost=
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|production_date= 1989—present
|service=
|service= c. 1989
|engine=[[Solid-fuel rocket]]
|engine=[[Solid-fuel rocket]]
|weight=115kg (PL-9C)
|weight=123kg (PL-9)<br>115kg (PL-9C)
|length=2.9m (PL-9C)
|length=2.9m (PL-9/C)
|height=
|height=
|diameter=0.157m (PL-9C)
|diameter=0.157m (PL-9C)
|wingspan= 0.856m (PL-9C)
|wingspan= 0.856m (PL-9C)
|speed=Mach 2+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/PL-9_a002626001.aspx|title=PL-9|website=Deagel.com|accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>
|speed=Mach 2+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/PL-9_a002626001.aspx|title=PL-9|website=Deagel.com|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>
|vehicle_range=22km (PL-9C, air-to-air), > 8km (surface-to-air)
|vehicle_range=15km (PL-9)<br>22km (PL-9C, air-to-air)<br> >8km (DK-9, surface-to-air)
|ceiling=
|ceiling=
|altitude=4.5km (surface-to-air)
|altitude=4.5km (surface-to-air)
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}}
}}


The '''PL-9''' ({{zh|s=霹雳-9|p=Pī Lì-9|l=Thunderbolt-9}}) is a short-range, [[infrared-homing]] [[air-to-air missile]] (AAM) developed by the [[People's Republic of China]]. It was originally designed by Dong Bingyin (董秉印) at the Luoyang Electro Optical Center, which is also known as Institute 612 and renamed in 2002 as the China Air-to-Air Guided Missile Research Institute (中国空空导弹研究院). After Dong Bingyin died, his position was succeeded by Mr. Jin Xianzhong (金先仲). The deputy general designer of PL-9 is the same deputy general designer of [[PL-12]], Dr. Liang Xiaogeng (梁晓庚).
The '''PL-9''' ({{zh|s=霹雳-9|p=Pī Lì-9|l=Thunderbolt-9}}) is a short-range, [[infrared-homing]] [[air-to-air missile]] (AAM) developed by the [[People's Republic of China]].


==History==
⚫
The PL-9C is one of the latest versions of the PL-9, which also has a [[surface-to-air]] variant (DK-9). The PL-9C tactical low-altitude [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) was first revealed during the 1989 [[Paris Air Show]]. The launch unit is available in both towed and self-propelled arrangement. The self-propelled version has a launch complex consisting four-rail launcher and the associated target acquisition and radar and electro-optical director mounted on a 6X6 [[WZ551]] [[armored personnel carrier]] (APC). The towed version has a four-rail launcher mounted on a four-wheel carriage. The launch unit is supported by a range of truck-mounted ground equipment for maintenance and missile testing.
The PL-9 program was initiated in 1986. The missile entered batch production in 1989. Two improved variants, PL-9B and PL-9C, was certified in 1992 and 2002. The latest version of the PL-9 is PL-9D.{{sfn|Wood|Yang|Cliff|2020|p=16-19}}


The missile was originally designed by Dong Bingyin (董秉印) at the Luoyang Electro Optical Center, which is also known as Institute 612 and renamed in 2002 as the China Air-to-Air Guided Missile Research Institute (中国空空导弹研究院). After Dong Bingyin died, his position was succeeded by Mr. Jin Xianzhong (金先仲). The deputy general designer of PL-9 is the same deputy general designer of [[PL-12]], Dr. Liang Xiaogeng (梁晓庚).
⚫
The missile is fitted with a cryogenic [[liquid nitrogen]] gas-cooled [[Infrared|IR]] seeker capable of +/-40 degree off boresight angles. Flight control is by long span pointed delta fins at the front of the missile with Sidewinder-type slipstream driven [[rolleron]]s on the aft tail fin surfaces to prevent roll and so enhance the operation of the guidance system. The missile has a maximum effective range of 35&nbsp;km and an altitude limit of 6.5&nbsp;km. The single-shot hit probability for a single missile launch at an approaching target is 90%. The missile can be used at a stand-alone system, or as a part of the Type 390 (DK-9) brigade (regiment)-level combined AAA/SAM air defence system. The missile entered production in 1991 and saw limited service with the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] ground forces.

⚫
The PL-9C is one of the later versions of the PL-9, which also has a [[surface-to-air]] variant (DK-9). The PL-9C tactical low-altitude [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) was first revealed during the 1989 [[Paris Air Show]]. The launch unit is available in both towed and self-propelled arrangements. The self-propelled version has a launch complex consisting four-rail launcher and the associated target acquisition and radar and electro-optical director mounted on a 6X6 [[WZ551]] [[armored personnel carrier]] (APC). The towed version has a four-rail launcher mounted on a four-wheel carriage. The launch unit is supported by a range of truck-mounted ground equipment for maintenance and missile testing.

==Design==
⚫
The PL-9 utilizes the airframe modified from the [[PL-5]] and [[PL-7]] missile. The seeker head is fitted with sensors from [[PL-8 (missile)|PL-8]] and [[Python (missile)|Python-3]] missile.{{sfn|Wood|Yang|Cliff|2020|p=36}} The missile is fitted with a cryogenic [[liquid nitrogen]] gas-cooled [[Infrared|IR]] seeker capable of +/-40 degree off boresight angles. Flight control is by long span pointed delta fins at the front of the missile with Sidewinder-type slipstream driven [[rolleron]]s on the aft tail fin surfaces to prevent roll and so enhance the operation of the guidance system. The missile has a maximum effective range of 35&nbsp;km {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}, although a hit at such a range is unlikely, as maximum effective range calculations tend to assume a meeting engagement against a target flying at high altitude straight at the missile, minimizing the range the missile itself needs to cover. The single-shot hit probability for a single missile launch at an approaching target is 90%. The missile can be used at a stand-alone system, or as a part of the Type 390 (DK-9) brigade (regiment)-level combined AAA/SAM air defence system. The missile entered production in 1991 and saw limited service with the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] ground forces.

==Variants==
;PL-9
;PL-9B
;PL-9C
;PL-9D
;DK-9: PL-9 modified surface-to-air missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/pl-9.htm |title=PL-9 DK-9 |website=globalsecurity }}</ref>


==Operators==
==Operators==
===Current operators===
===Current operators===
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2019}}
{{Refimprove section|date=September 2019}}

;{{PRC}}
;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
⚫
* [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
⚫
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]] (BAF)<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
⚫
* [[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force]]

;{{flag|Namibia}}
* [[Namibian Air Force]]<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=73}}</ref>

;{{flag|Nigeria}}
* [[Nigerian Air Force]]<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=94}}</ref>


;{{PAK}}
;{{PAK}}
* [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF)
* [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF)


;{{flag|Bangladesh}}
;{{PRC}}
⚫
* [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
⚫
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]] (BAF)<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
⚫
* [[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force]]

==See also==
* [[PL-5]]
* [[PL-7]]
* [[PL-8 (missile)|PL-8]]
* [[PL-10]]


==References==
==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Weinert |first2=Peter |last3=Hinz |first3=Fabian |last4=Lepko |first4=Mark |title=African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe |date=2011 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9825539-8-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Peter |last2=Yang |first2=David |last3=Cliff |first3=Roger |title=Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China |url=https://airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/Books/2020-11-%2030%20Air-to-Air%20Missiles%20and%20Guidance%20Systems.pdf?ver=C8qY98R8IETgcweqak0tqA%3d%3d |date=November 2020 |publisher=China Aerospace Studies Institute |location=Montgomery |isbn=9798574996270}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 60: Line 92:
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Short range air-to-air missiles]]

Latest revision as of 14:10, 14 November 2024

PL-9
TypeShort-range air-to-air missile
Place of originPeople's Republic of China
Service history
In servicec. 1989
Production history
ManufacturerLuoyang Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre (EOTDC)
Hanzhong Nanfeng Machine Factory
Xi’an Eastern Machinery Factory
Produced1989—present
Specifications
Mass123kg (PL-9)
115kg (PL-9C)
Length2.9m (PL-9/C)
Diameter0.157m (PL-9C)
Wingspan0.856m (PL-9C)
Warhead11.8kg blast-frag, or expanding rod (RF-fuse)
Detonation
mechanism
laser proximity fuse
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
15km (PL-9)
22km (PL-9C, air-to-air)
>8km (DK-9, surface-to-air)
Flight altitude4.5km (surface-to-air)
Maximum speed Mach 2+[1]
Guidance
system
multi-element infrared
Launch
platform
Aircraft, helicopter gunships, ground-launched

The PL-9 (Chinese: 霹雳-9; pinyin: Pī Lì-9; lit. 'Thunderbolt-9') is a short-range, infrared-homing air-to-air missile (AAM) developed by the People's Republic of China.

History

[edit]

The PL-9 program was initiated in 1986. The missile entered batch production in 1989. Two improved variants, PL-9B and PL-9C, was certified in 1992 and 2002. The latest version of the PL-9 is PL-9D.[2]

The missile was originally designed by Dong Bingyin (董秉印) at the Luoyang Electro Optical Center, which is also known as Institute 612 and renamed in 2002 as the China Air-to-Air Guided Missile Research Institute (中国空空导弹研究院). After Dong Bingyin died, his position was succeeded by Mr. Jin Xianzhong (金先仲). The deputy general designer of PL-9 is the same deputy general designer of PL-12, Dr. Liang Xiaogeng (梁晓庚).

The PL-9C is one of the later versions of the PL-9, which also has a surface-to-air variant (DK-9). The PL-9C tactical low-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) was first revealed during the 1989 Paris Air Show. The launch unit is available in both towed and self-propelled arrangements. The self-propelled version has a launch complex consisting four-rail launcher and the associated target acquisition and radar and electro-optical director mounted on a 6X6 WZ551 armored personnel carrier (APC). The towed version has a four-rail launcher mounted on a four-wheel carriage. The launch unit is supported by a range of truck-mounted ground equipment for maintenance and missile testing.

Design

[edit]

The PL-9 utilizes the airframe modified from the PL-5 and PL-7 missile. The seeker head is fitted with sensors from PL-8 and Python-3 missile.[3] The missile is fitted with a cryogenic liquid nitrogen gas-cooled IR seeker capable of +/-40 degree off boresight angles. Flight control is by long span pointed delta fins at the front of the missile with Sidewinder-type slipstream driven rollerons on the aft tail fin surfaces to prevent roll and so enhance the operation of the guidance system. The missile has a maximum effective range of 35 km [citation needed], although a hit at such a range is unlikely, as maximum effective range calculations tend to assume a meeting engagement against a target flying at high altitude straight at the missile, minimizing the range the missile itself needs to cover. The single-shot hit probability for a single missile launch at an approaching target is 90%. The missile can be used at a stand-alone system, or as a part of the Type 390 (DK-9) brigade (regiment)-level combined AAA/SAM air defence system. The missile entered production in 1991 and saw limited service with the PLA ground forces.

Variants

[edit]
PL-9
PL-9B
PL-9C
PL-9D
DK-9
PL-9 modified surface-to-air missile.[4]

Operators

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
 Bangladesh
 Namibia
 Nigeria
 Pakistan
 People's Republic of China

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ "PL-9". Deagel.com. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  2. ^ Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 16-19.
  3. ^ Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 36.
  4. ^ "PL-9 DK-9". globalsecurity.
  5. ^ "Trade-Register-1971-2018.rft". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  6. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 73
  7. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 94
Bibliography
[edit]
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