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| colorcode = {{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}
| colorcode = {{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}
| name = National Liberation Party
| name = National Liberation Party
| native_name = {{lang|es|Partido Liberación Nacional}}
| native_name = Partido Liberación Nacional
| logo = Logo del Partido Liberación Nacional.svg
| logo = Logo del Partido Liberación Nacional.svg
| leader1_title = President
| leader1_title = President
Line 11: Line 11:
| leader2_name = [[José Figueres Ferrer]]
| leader2_name = [[José Figueres Ferrer]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1951|10|12|df=y}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1951|10|12|df=y}}
| headquarters = Casa Liberacionista "José Figueres Ferrer", [[San José, Costa Rica]]
| headquarters = Casa Liberacionista "José Figueres Ferrer", [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
| youth_wing = ''Juventud Liberacionista''
| youth_wing = ''Juventud Liberacionista''
| student_wing = ''Movimiento Universitario Liberacionista'' (MUL)<br />''Movimiento Estudiantil Liberacionista de Educación Media'' (MELEM)
| student_wing = ''Movimiento Universitario Liberacionista'' (MUL)<br />''Movimiento Estudiantil Liberacionista de Educación Media'' (MELEM)
| ideology = {{Nowrap| [[Social democracy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238536276 |title=Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America? |date= |accessdate=29 December 2021}}</ref><br/>[[Third Way]]<br />[[Figuerism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosales Valladares |first1=Rotsay |title=Análisis de Coyuntura Política N°2 - Primarias Partido Liberación Nacional |journal=Universidad de Costa Rica |url=https://ciep.ucr.ac.cr/hablemos-politica/an%C3%A1lisis-de-coyuntura-pol%C3%ADtica-n%C2%B02-primarias-partido-liberaci%C3%B3n-nacional |accessdate=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arrieta |first1=Esteban |title="Figuerismo" pide a Tribunal de Ética de PLN investigar rival por difamación |url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/figuerismo_pide_a_tribunal_de_etica_de_pln_investigar_rival_por_difamacion |accessdate=27 January 2020 |agency=La República}}</ref><br />'''Factions''':<br/>[[Liberalism]]<br />[[Social liberalism]]<br />[[Democratic socialism]]<br />[[Social conservatism]]}}
| ideology = {{Nowrap| [[Social democracy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238536276 |title=Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America? |date= |accessdate=29 December 2021}}</ref><br/>[[Third Way]]<br />[[Figuerism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosales Valladares |first1=Rotsay |title=Análisis de Coyuntura Política N°2 – Primarias Partido Liberación Nacional |journal=Universidad de Costa Rica |url=https://ciep.ucr.ac.cr/hablemos-politica/an%C3%A1lisis-de-coyuntura-pol%C3%ADtica-n%C2%B02-primarias-partido-liberaci%C3%B3n-nacional |accessdate=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arrieta |first1=Esteban |title="Figuerismo" pide a Tribunal de Ética de PLN investigar rival por difamación |url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/figuerismo_pide_a_tribunal_de_etica_de_pln_investigar_rival_por_difamacion |accessdate=27 January 2020 |agency=La República}}</ref>}}
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<br/>'''Factions:'''<br/>[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]<br />'''Historical'''<br />[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-07|title= A former center-left president and a former conservative minister on the ballot in Costa Rica |url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220207-un-expresidente-de-centroizquierda-y-un-exministro-conservador-a-balotaje-en-costa-rica|access-date=2022-02-12|website=France 24}}</ref><br />'''Historical:'''<br />[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]
| international = [[Socialist International]]
| international = [[Socialist International]]
| regional = [[COPPPAL]]
| regional = [[COPPPAL]]
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[Green]], [[white]]
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[Green]], [[white]]
| seats1_title = [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]]
| seats1_title = [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|17|57|hex=#008024}}
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|19|57|hex=#008024}}
| seats2_title = [[Intendant]]s
| seats2_title = [[Intendant]]s
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|2|8|hex=#008024}}
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|2|8|hex=#008024}}
| seats3_title = [[List of mayors in Costa Rica|Mayors]]
| seats3_title = [[List of mayors in Costa Rica|Mayors]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|42|82|hex=#008024}}
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|29|82|hex=#008022}}
| seats4_title = Alderpeople
| seats4_title = Alderpeople
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|171|508|hex=#008024}}
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|171|508|hex=#008024}}
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| seats6_title = District councillors
| seats6_title = District councillors
| seats6 = {{Composition bar|855|1944|hex=#008024}}
| seats6 = {{Composition bar|855|1944|hex=#008024}}
| flag = [[File:Bandera de Partido Liberación Nacional.svg|200px]]
| flag = [[File:Bandera de Partido Liberación Nacional.svg|border|200px]]
| website = https://www.plncr.org/
| website = {{URL|https://www.plncr.org/}}
| country = Costa Rica
| country = Costa Rica
}}
}}


The '''National Liberation Party''' ({{lang-es|Partido Liberación Nacional}}, '''PLN'''), nicknamed the '''''{{lang|es|verdiblancos}}''''' ("green and whites"),<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/candidatos-frenarian-nuevos-tratados-comerciales_0_1387861228.html Tres candidatos frenarían nuevos tratados comerciales] La Nación, 2013-12-31. {{in lang|es}}</ref> is a political party in [[Costa Rica]]. The party is a member of the [[Socialist International]].<ref>[http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931 Socialist International list of members]. Socialistinternational.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-10.</ref> [[Social democracy|Social-democratic]] by statute, the party has a few internal factions, including [[Liberalism|liberals]], [[Third Way]] supporters and [[centrists]], as well as some [[social conservatives]].
The '''National Liberation Party''' ({{langx|es|Partido Liberación Nacional}}, '''PLN'''), nicknamed the '''''{{lang|es|verdiblancos}}''''' ("green and whites"),<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/candidatos-frenarian-nuevos-tratados-comerciales_0_1387861228.html Tres candidatos frenarían nuevos tratados comerciales] La Nación, 2013-12-31. {{in lang|es}}</ref> is a political party in [[Costa Rica]]. The party is a member of the [[Socialist International]].<ref>[http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931 Socialist International list of members]. Socialistinternational.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-10.</ref> [[Social democracy|Social-democratic]] by statute, the party has a few internal factions, including [[Liberalism|liberals]], [[Third Way]] supporters, [[centrists]], and [[social conservatives]].


== History ==
== History ==
In 1948 a rebel group called National Liberation Army commanded by [[caudillo]] [[José Figueres Ferrer]] led a rebellion against the government of then [[President of Costa Rica|President]] [[Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia]] and his [[People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)|communist allies]]. After the [[Costa Rican Civil War|Civil War]] the rebels were victorious and Figueres took power de facto. Yet, Figueres did not overrule the [[social reform]]s made by Calderón and allies, like [[Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social|Social Security]], almost free college education and Labor Laws but kept them and even made a series of [[Progressivism|progressive]] reforms himself like abolishing the army and introducibg taxation on capital. Figueres gave up power in favor of the democratically elected president [[Otilio Ulate]] in 1949.<ref name="San José University">{{cite web|title=Costa Rica|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/costarica.htm|website=San José University|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
In 1948, a rebel group called National Liberation Army commanded by [[caudillo]] [[José Figueres Ferrer]] led a rebellion against the government of then [[President of Costa Rica|President]] [[Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia]] and his [[People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)|communist allies]]. After the [[Costa Rican Civil War|Civil War]] the rebels were victorious and Figueres took power de facto. Yet, Figueres did not overrule the [[social reform]]s made by Calderón and allies, like [[Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social|Social Security]], almost free college education and Labor Laws but kept them and even made a series of [[Progressivism|progressive]] reforms himself like abolishing the army and introducing taxation on capital. Figueres gave up power in favor of the democratically elected president [[Otilio Ulate]] in 1949.<ref name="San José University">{{cite web|title=Costa Rica|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/costarica.htm|website=San José University|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>


In 1951 the Social Democratic Party, the Centre for the Study of National Problems and the group Democratic Action formed the National Liberation Party in October 12 in order to participate in the [[1953 Costa Rican general election|1953 election]], the first election since the civil war, with Figueres as nominee and [[democratic socialism]] as their ideology.<ref name="San José University"/> This election was very controversial as many parties were unable to participate, among others Calderon’s [[National Republican Party (Costa Rica)|Republican Party]] and the Communists. Figueres won easily over the only other candidate with 60% of the votes.
In 1951, the Social Democratic Party, the Centre for the Study of National Problems and the group Democratic Action formed the National Liberation Party in October 12 in order to participate in the [[1953 Costa Rican general election|1953 election]], the first election since the civil war, with Figueres as nominee and [[democratic socialism]] as their ideology.<ref name="San José University"/> This election was very controversial as many parties were unable to participate, among others Calderon’s [[National Republican Party (Costa Rica)|Republican Party]] and the Communists. Figueres won easily over the only other candidate with 60% of the votes.


For the [[1958 Costa Rican general election|1958 general election]] the PLN was split, as [[Jorge Rossi Chavarría|Jorge Rossi]] left the party after losing in the primaries and was basically an independent candidate thus splitting the Social Democrat vote. The PLN suffers it first defeat as oppositional candidate, liberal [[Mario Echandi]], won the election with the support of Calderón. However, after this time PLN will be clearly Costa Rica’s [[Dominant-party system|dominant party]] in the political system as only when the opposition ran united were capable of winning.<ref name="San José University"/> This was the case in the [[1966 Costa Rican general election|1966]] and [[1978 Costa Rican general election|1978 election]], the rest of the time PLN’s nominees tended to win easily.
For the [[1958 Costa Rican general election|1958 general election]], the PLN was split, as [[Jorge Rossi Chavarría|Jorge Rossi]] left the party after losing in the primaries and was basically an independent candidate thus splitting the Social Democrat vote. The PLN suffers it first defeat as oppositional candidate, liberal [[Mario Echandi]], won the election with the support of Calderón. However, after this time, PLN will be clearly Costa Rica’s [[Dominant-party system|dominant party]] in the political system as only when the opposition ran united were capable of winning.<ref name="San José University"/> This was the case in the [[1966 Costa Rican general election|1966]] and [[1978 Costa Rican general election|1978 election]], the rest of the time PLN’s nominees tended to win easily.


In [[1986 Costa Rican general election|1986]] then younger leader [[Óscar Arias]] won the party’s nomination facing the traditional leadership of the party, including Figueres. Arias won also the country’s presidency and his role in the negotiation of a peace agreement to stop the Central American Wars earned him the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="San José University"/> Some critics inside and outside the party pointed Arias’ administration as more [[neo-liberal]] than [[socialist]] and as a switch from PLN’s traditional progressive views.<ref name="San José University"/>
In [[1986 Costa Rican general election|1986]], then younger leader [[Óscar Arias]] won the party’s nomination facing the traditional leadership of the party, including Figueres. Arias won also the country’s presidency and his role in the negotiation of a peace agreement to stop the Central American Wars earned him the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="San José University"/> Some critics inside and outside the party pointed Arias’ administration as more [[neo-liberal]] than [[socialist]] and as a switch from PLN’s traditional progressive views.<ref name="San José University"/>


Wasn’t until 1983 when the [[Unity Coalition]] merged into the [[Social Christian Unity Party]] that PLN had to confront what was basically a party of the same dimensions. It is after this time that Costa Rica enters a [[two-party system]] with PLN and PUSC as the two main political forces and between the two 90% of the vote casting. But in the 2000s a new party is founded by many former PLN and PUSC leaders, among them former minister and deputy [[Ottón Solís]], former [[First Lady of Costa Rica|First Lady]] [[Margarita Penón]] (Óscar Arias’ ex-wife) and notable writer and journalist [[Alberto Cañas Escalante|Alberto Cañas]]. The new party named [[Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)|Citizens Action Party]] attracted many progressive voters dissatisfied with PLN’s turn to the right and is often pointed as one of the reasons for PLN’s nominee [[Rolando Araya]]’s defeat in the [[2002 Costa Rican general election|2002 general election]]. In any case, after PUSC’ catastrophic debacle in 2005 due to a series of corruption scandals PAC became PLN’s main political rival. This was particularly notorious in the [[2006 Costa Rican general election|2006 election]] with Óscar Arias looking for re-election and PAC’s candidate Ottón Solís. Most Costa Ricans showed mixed feelings over Arias, some admiring him and some others very oppose to his figure.<ref name="San José University"/> That and the issue of [[CAFTA]] that polarized public opinion as basically half the population was in favor and half against apparently was translated into the voting polls as Arias (who was pro-CAFTA) and Solís (who was anti-CAFTA) were practically tied after the election. Arias won by a very slight margin of some 22.000 votes after an exhaustive counting.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henderson|first1=James D.|title=A Reference Guide to Latin American History|year=2000|isbn=9781563247446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2F7c0wW7g4C&q=history+of+national+union+party+costa+rica+jose+manuel+echandi&pg=PA195|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
It wasn't until 1983 when the [[Unity Coalition]] merged into the [[Social Christian Unity Party]] that PLN had to confront what was basically a party of the same dimensions. It is after this time that Costa Rica enters a [[two-party system]] with PLN and PUSC as the two main political forces and between the two 90% of the vote casting. However, in the 2000s, a new party was founded by many former PLN and PUSC leaders, among them former minister and deputy [[Ottón Solís]], former [[First Lady of Costa Rica|First Lady]] [[Margarita Penón]] (Óscar Arias’ ex-wife) and notable writer and journalist [[Alberto Cañas Escalante|Alberto Cañas]]. The new party named [[Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)|Citizens Action Party]] attracted many progressive voters dissatisfied with PLN’s turn to the right and is often pointed as one of the reasons for PLN’s nominee [[Rolando Araya]]’s defeat in the [[2002 Costa Rican general election|2002 general election]]. In any case, after PUSC’ catastrophic debacle in 2005 due to a series of corruption scandals PAC became PLN’s main political rival. This was particularly notorious in the [[2006 Costa Rican general election|2006 election]] with Óscar Arias looking for re-election and PAC’s candidate Ottón Solís. Most Costa Ricans showed mixed feelings over Arias, some admiring him and some others very oppose to his figure.<ref name="San José University"/> That and the issue of [[CAFTA]] that polarized public opinion as basically half the population was in favor and half against apparently was translated into the voting polls as Arias (who was pro-CAFTA) and Solís (who was anti-CAFTA) were practically tied after the election. Arias won by a very slight margin of some 22,000 votes after an exhaustive counting.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henderson|first1=James D.|title=A Reference Guide to Latin American History|year=2000|isbn=9781563247446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2F7c0wW7g4C&q=history+of+national+union+party+costa+rica+jose+manuel+echandi&pg=PA195|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>


In the [[2006 Costa Rican general election|same year's parliamentary election]], the party won 25 out of 57 seats. In the [[2010 Costa Rican general election|2010 general election]], [[Laura Chinchilla]], the previous [[Vice President of Costa Rica|vice-president]] and the PLN candidate, won the election with an initial count of 47 percent.
In the [[2006 Costa Rican general election|same year's parliamentary election]], the party won 25 out of 57 seats. In the [[2010 Costa Rican general election|2010 general election]], [[Laura Chinchilla]], the previous [[Vice President of Costa Rica|vice-president]] and the PLN candidate, won the election with an initial count of 47 percent.
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A newspaper poll in July 2011 showed a decline in party popularity. Commentary on the poll pointed to an inherited fiscal crisis, border friction with Nicaragua, and natural disasters the previous November as contributing factors to public discontent.<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/archivo/desploma-calificacion-labor-presidenta_0_1205279541.html Se desploma calificación sobre labor de presidenta Chinchilla]. Nacion.com (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2013-22-22.</ref><ref>[http://www.nacion.com/2012-05-21/Opinion/sueno-totalitario.aspx Sueño totalitario] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525133625/http://www.nacion.com/2012-05-21/Opinion/sueno-totalitario.aspx |date=2012-05-25 }}. Nacion.com (2012-05-21). Retrieved on 2012-08-10.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/world/americas/09costarica.html|title=Costa Rica: Female Leader Elected|author=Elisabeth Malkin|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=February 8, 2010|access-date=February 10, 2010}}</ref>
A newspaper poll in July 2011 showed a decline in party popularity. Commentary on the poll pointed to an inherited fiscal crisis, border friction with Nicaragua, and natural disasters the previous November as contributing factors to public discontent.<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/archivo/desploma-calificacion-labor-presidenta_0_1205279541.html Se desploma calificación sobre labor de presidenta Chinchilla]. Nacion.com (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2013-22-22.</ref><ref>[http://www.nacion.com/2012-05-21/Opinion/sueno-totalitario.aspx Sueño totalitario] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525133625/http://www.nacion.com/2012-05-21/Opinion/sueno-totalitario.aspx |date=2012-05-25 }}. Nacion.com (2012-05-21). Retrieved on 2012-08-10.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/world/americas/09costarica.html|title=Costa Rica: Female Leader Elected|author=Elisabeth Malkin|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=February 8, 2010|access-date=February 10, 2010}}</ref>


In 2013 PLN’s candidate was [[San José, Costa Rica|San José Mayor]] since 1982 [[Johnny Araya Monge|Johnny Araya]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Costa Rica's 13 presidential candidates|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2014/01/23/meet-costa-ricas-13-presidential-candidates|access-date=27 March 2016|agency=The Tico Times}}</ref> (Rolando Araya’s brother) after other aspirants like former Presidential Minister Rodrigo Arias (Óscar Arias’ brother) and former president [[José María Figueres]] (José Figueres’ son) dropped from the race due to be very low in the polls making a primary unnecessary. Araya was the frontrunner for a while in most polls but he went second in the first electoral round earning only 29% of the votes, the lowest percentage ever for a PLN’s nominee, and behind PAC’s nominee [[Luis Guillermo Solís]]. For the run-off election Araya resign his candidacy arguing that he had no more money to run a campaign and that all polls showed him losing by wide margin. Effectively in the second round Solís won with 78% of the votes (1.3 million voters) and Araya gained only 22%.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buckman|first1=Robert T.|title=Latin America 2014|date=20 August 2014|isbn=9781475812282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqVjBAAAQBAJ&q=broad+front+history+costa+rica&pg=PA148|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
In 2013, PLN’s candidate was [[San José, Costa Rica|San José Mayor]] since 1982 [[Johnny Araya Monge|Johnny Araya]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Costa Rica's 13 presidential candidates|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2014/01/23/meet-costa-ricas-13-presidential-candidates|access-date=27 March 2016|agency=The Tico Times}}</ref> (Rolando Araya’s brother) after other aspirants like former Presidential Minister Rodrigo Arias (Óscar Arias’ brother) and former president [[José María Figueres]] (José Figueres’ son) dropped from the race due to be very low in the polls making a primary unnecessary. Araya was the frontrunner for a while in most polls but he went second in the first electoral round earning only 29% of the votes, the lowest percentage ever for a PLN’s nominee, and behind PAC’s nominee [[Luis Guillermo Solís]]. For the run-off election Araya resign his candidacy arguing that he had no more money to run a campaign and that all polls showed him losing by wide margin. Effectively in the second round Solís won with 78% of the votes (1.3 million voters) and Araya gained only 22%.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buckman|first1=Robert T.|title=Latin America 2014|date=20 August 2014|isbn=9781475812282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqVjBAAAQBAJ&q=broad+front+history+costa+rica&pg=PA148|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>


Araya was expelled from the party after a resolution of the Ethics Committee due to his resignation as candidate in the second round (something unconstitutional, as the [[Constitution of Costa Rica|Constitution]] does not allow resigning a candidacy) thus Araya ran for Mayor of San José with a local party winning the election in the [[2016 Costa Rican municipal elections|2016 municipal election]], in which PLN was the most voted party, yet it lost 14 mayoralties and received much fewer votes that in the previous municipal election.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Blair|title=Latin America 2015-2016|date=20 August 2015|isbn=9781475818710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8tcCgAAQBAJ&q=broad+front+history+costa+rica&pg=PA148|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
Araya was expelled from the party after a resolution of the Ethics Committee due to his resignation as candidate in the second round (something unconstitutional, as the [[Constitution of Costa Rica|Constitution]] does not allow resigning a candidacy) thus Araya ran for Mayor of San José with a local party winning the election in the [[2016 Costa Rican municipal elections|2016 municipal election]], in which PLN was the most voted party, yet it lost 14 mayoralties and received much fewer votes that in the previous municipal election.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Blair|title=Latin America 2015–2016|date=20 August 2015|isbn=9781475818710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8tcCgAAQBAJ&q=broad+front+history+costa+rica&pg=PA148|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>


The party, as then main opposition to [[Luis Guillermo Solís]]'s government, went into a very divisive [[National Liberation Party presidential primary, 2017|primary]] in which then deputy [[Antonio Álvarez Desanti]] won over former president [[José María Figueres]]. Internal fighting made impossible to reach an agreement among the factions leading to Figueres withdrawing his support of Desanti's nomination. Desanti, who had previously left the party whilst criticizing it for corruption and abandoning its social-democratic ideology, had the support of [[Oscar Arias]] and his brother Rodrigo, however. Nevertheless its results in the [[2018 Costa Rican general election]] were crushing, as the party suffered its worst defeat in history with only 18% of votes and failing to gain a spot in the run-off ending as third for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teletica.com/185265_costa-rica-decidira-su-nuevo-presidente-en-una-segunda-ronda-entre-los-dos-alvarado|title=Costa Rica decidirá su nuevo presidente en una segunda ronda entre los dos Alvarado|access-date=5 February 2018|date=4 February 2018|publisher=Teletica}}</ref>
The party, as then main opposition to [[Luis Guillermo Solís]]'s government, went into a very divisive [[National Liberation Party presidential primary, 2017|primary]] in which then deputy [[Antonio Álvarez Desanti]] won over former president [[José María Figueres]]. Internal fighting made impossible to reach an agreement among the factions leading to Figueres withdrawing his support of Desanti's nomination. Desanti, who had previously left the party whilst criticizing it for corruption and abandoning its social-democratic ideology, had the support of [[Oscar Arias]] and his brother Rodrigo, however. Nevertheless its results in the [[2018 Costa Rican general election]] were crushing, as the party suffered its worst defeat in history with only 18% of votes and failing to gain a spot in the run-off ending as third for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teletica.com/185265_costa-rica-decidira-su-nuevo-presidente-en-una-segunda-ronda-entre-los-dos-alvarado|title=Costa Rica decidirá su nuevo presidente en una segunda ronda entre los dos Alvarado|access-date=5 February 2018|date=4 February 2018|publisher=Teletica}}</ref>

== Party leadership ==
Presidents of the party:<ref>{{cite web |title=Historia Partido Liberación Nacional |url=https://liberacionista.net/historia-partido-liberacion-nacional/ |website=Liberacionista.net |language=es |date=16 April 2018}}</ref>

*[[Francisco José Orlich Bolmarcich]], 1952-1956
*[[María Teresa Obregón Zamora]], 1956-1957
*[[Rafael París Steffens]], 1957-1958
*[[José Figueres Ferrer]], 1958-1970
*[[Daniel Oduber Quirós]], 1970-1974
*[[José Figueres Ferrer]], 1974-1993
*[[Carlos Manuel Castillo Morales]], 1993-1994
*[[Manuel Aguilar Bonilla]], 1994-1995
*[[Rolando Araya Monge]], 1995-1999
*[[Sonia Picado Sotela]], 1999-2001
*[[Mireya Hernández]], 2001-2002
*[[Ana Gabriela Ross]], 2002
*[[Marielos Sancho Barquero]], 2002-2003
*[[Francisco Antonio Pacheco]], 2003-2010
*[[Bernal Jiménez Monge]], 2010-2015
*[[José María Figueres Olsen]], 2015-2016
*[[Jorge Pattoni Sáenz]], interim, 2016-2019
*[[Guillermo Constenla Umaña]], 2019
*[[Kattia Rivera Soto]], interim, 2019-2022
*[[Ricardo Sancho Chavarría]], 2022-


== Electoral performance==
== Electoral performance==
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|-
|-
!rowspan=2|Election
!rowspan=2|Election
!rowspan=2|Leader
!rowspan=2|Candidate
!colspan=4|First round
!colspan=4|First round
!colspan=4|Second round
!colspan=4|Second round
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| 123,444
| 123,444
| 64.7%
| 64.7%
| 1/2
| 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
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| 94,788
| 94,788
| 42.8%
| 42.8%
| {{decrease}} 2/3
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 94: Line 118:
| 192,850
| 192,850
| 50.3%
| 50.3%
| {{increase}} 1/4
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 101: Line 125:
| 218,590
| 218,590
| 49.5%
| 49.5%
| {{decrease}} 2/2
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 108: Line 132:
| 295,883
| 295,883
| 54.8%
| 54.8%
| {{increase}} 1/5
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 115: Line 139:
| 294,609
| 294,609
| 43.4%
| 43.4%
| 1/8
| 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 122: Line 146:
| 364,285
| 364,285
| 43.8%
| 43.8%
| {{decrease}} 2/8
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 128: Line 152:
| 568,374
| 568,374
| 58.8%
| 58.8%
| {{increase}} 1/6
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 135: Line 159:
| 620,314
| 620,314
| 52.3%
| 52.3%
| 1/6
| 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 142: Line 166:
| 636,701
| 636,701
| 47.2%
| 47.2%
| {{decrease}} 2/7
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 149: Line 173:
| 739,339
| 739,339
| 49.6%
| 49.6%
| {{increase}} 1/7
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 156: Line 180:
| 618,834
| 618,834
| 44.4%
| 44.4%
| {{decrease}} 2/12
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 163: Line 187:
| 475,030
| 475,030
| 31.1%
| 31.1%
| 2/12
| 2nd
| -
| ─
| 563,202
| 563,202
| 42.0%
| 42.0%
| 2/2
| 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 174: Line 198:
| 664,551
| 664,551
| 40.9%
| 40.9%
| {{increase}} 1/7
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 181: Line 205:
| 896,516
| 896,516
| 46.9%
| 46.9%
| 1/9
| 1st
| {{yes2|Won}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|-
|-
Line 188: Line 212:
| 610,634
| 610,634
| 29.7%
| 29.7%
| {{decrease}} 2/13
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| -
| ─
| 374,844
| 374,844
| 22.1%
| 22.1%
| 2/2
| 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
|-
Line 199: Line 223:
| 377,688
| 377,688
| 18.6%
| 18.6%
| {{decrease}} 3/13
| {{decrease}} 3rd
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
! [[2022 Costa Rican general election|2022]]
| [[José María Figueres|José Figueres Olsen]]
| 571,518
| 27.3%
| {{increase}} 1st
| ─
| 924,699
| 47.2%
| 2nd
| {{no2|Lost}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|}
|}
Line 219: Line 254:
| 114,043
| 114,043
| 64.7%
| 64.7%
| {{Composition bar|30|45|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|30|45|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| New
| New
| 1/4
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 228: Line 263:
| 86,081
| 86,081
| 41.7%
| 41.7%
| {{Composition bar|20|45|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|20|45|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 10
| {{decrease}} 10
| 1/8
| 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 236: Line 271:
| 184,135
| 184,135
| 49.8%
| 49.8%
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 9
| {{increase}} 9
| 1/9
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 245: Line 280:
| 202,891
| 202,891
| 48.9%
| 48.9%
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| 0
| 0
| 1/5
| 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 254: Line 289:
| 269,038
| 269,038
| 50.7%
| 50.7%
| {{Composition bar|32|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|32|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{increase}} 3
| 1/8
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 263: Line 298:
| 271,867
| 271,867
| 40.9%
| 40.9%
| {{Composition bar|27|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|27|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{decrease}} 5
| 1/12
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 272: Line 307:
| 155,047
| 155,047
| 48.2%
| 48.2%
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{decrease}} 2/15
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 280: Line 315:
| 527,231
| 527,231
| 55.5%
| 55.5%
| {{Composition bar|33|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|33|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 8
| {{increase}} 8
| {{increase}} 1/16
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 289: Line 324:
| 560,694
| 560,694
| 47.8%
| 47.8%
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|29|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{decrease}} 4
| 1/13
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 298: Line 333:
| 559,632
| 559,632
| 41.9%
| 41.9%
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{decrease}} 2/14
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 307: Line 342:
| 658,258
| 658,258
| 44.6%
| 44.6%
| {{Composition bar|28|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|28|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{increase}} 3
| {{increase}} 1/15
| {{increase}} 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 316: Line 351:
| 481,933
| 481,933
| 34.8%
| 34.8%
| {{Composition bar|23|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|23|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{decrease}} 2/23
| {{decrease}} 2nd
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 325: Line 360:
| 412,383
| 412,383
| 27.1%
| 27.1%
| {{Composition bar|17|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|17|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{decrease}} 6
| 2/18
| 2nd
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 334: Line 369:
| 589,731
| 589,731
| 36.5%
| 36.5%
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|25|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 8
| {{increase}} 8
| 1/11
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 343: Line 378:
| 708,043
| 708,043
| 37.3%
| 37.3%
| {{Composition bar|24|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|24|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{decrease}} 1
| 1/18
| 1st
| {{yes2|Government}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
Line 352: Line 387:
| 526,531
| 526,531
| 25.7%
| 25.7%
| {{Composition bar|18|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|18|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{decrease}} 6
| 1/18
| 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|-
Line 361: Line 396:
| 416,638
| 416,638
| 19.5%
| 19.5%
| {{Composition bar|17|57|hex=#228B22}}
| {{Composition bar|17|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{decrease}} 1
| 1/25
| 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2022 Costa Rican general election|2022]]
| [[José María Figueres|José Figueres Olsen]]
| 515,231
| 24.8%
| {{Composition bar|19|57|hex={{party color|National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| 1st
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|}
|}
Line 371: Line 415:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|es}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|es}}

{{Costa Rican political parties}}
{{Costa Rican political parties}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
⚫
[[Category:1951 establishments in Costa Rica]]

[[Category:National liberation movements]]
⚫
[[Category:Political parties in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Full member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Full member parties of the Socialist International]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Costa Rica]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 14 November 2024

National Liberation Party
Partido Liberación Nacional
PresidentJorge Pattoni Sáenz
FounderJosé Figueres Ferrer
Founded12 October 1951; 73 years ago (1951-10-12)
HeadquartersCasa Liberacionista "José Figueres Ferrer", San José
Student wingMovimiento Universitario Liberacionista (MUL)
Movimiento Estudiantil Liberacionista de Educación Media (MELEM)
Youth wingJuventud Liberacionista
Ideology Social democracy[1]
Third Way
Figuerism[2][3]
Political positionCentre-left[4]
Historical:
Centre-left to left-wing
Regional affiliationCOPPPAL
International affiliationSocialist International
Colours    Green, white
Legislative Assembly
19 / 57
Intendants
2 / 8
Mayors
29 / 82
Alderpeople
171 / 508
Syndics
260 / 486
District councillors
855 / 1,944
Party flag
Website
www.plncr.org

The National Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido Liberación Nacional, PLN), nicknamed the verdiblancos ("green and whites"),[5] is a political party in Costa Rica. The party is a member of the Socialist International.[6] Social-democratic by statute, the party has a few internal factions, including liberals, Third Way supporters, centrists, and social conservatives.

History

[edit]

In 1948, a rebel group called National Liberation Army commanded by caudillo José Figueres Ferrer led a rebellion against the government of then President Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia and his communist allies. After the Civil War the rebels were victorious and Figueres took power de facto. Yet, Figueres did not overrule the social reforms made by Calderón and allies, like Social Security, almost free college education and Labor Laws but kept them and even made a series of progressive reforms himself like abolishing the army and introducing taxation on capital. Figueres gave up power in favor of the democratically elected president Otilio Ulate in 1949.[7]

In 1951, the Social Democratic Party, the Centre for the Study of National Problems and the group Democratic Action formed the National Liberation Party in October 12 in order to participate in the 1953 election, the first election since the civil war, with Figueres as nominee and democratic socialism as their ideology.[7] This election was very controversial as many parties were unable to participate, among others Calderon’s Republican Party and the Communists. Figueres won easily over the only other candidate with 60% of the votes.

For the 1958 general election, the PLN was split, as Jorge Rossi left the party after losing in the primaries and was basically an independent candidate thus splitting the Social Democrat vote. The PLN suffers it first defeat as oppositional candidate, liberal Mario Echandi, won the election with the support of Calderón. However, after this time, PLN will be clearly Costa Rica’s dominant party in the political system as only when the opposition ran united were capable of winning.[7] This was the case in the 1966 and 1978 election, the rest of the time PLN’s nominees tended to win easily.

In 1986, then younger leader Óscar Arias won the party’s nomination facing the traditional leadership of the party, including Figueres. Arias won also the country’s presidency and his role in the negotiation of a peace agreement to stop the Central American Wars earned him the Nobel Peace Prize.[7] Some critics inside and outside the party pointed Arias’ administration as more neo-liberal than socialist and as a switch from PLN’s traditional progressive views.[7]

It wasn't until 1983 when the Unity Coalition merged into the Social Christian Unity Party that PLN had to confront what was basically a party of the same dimensions. It is after this time that Costa Rica enters a two-party system with PLN and PUSC as the two main political forces and between the two 90% of the vote casting. However, in the 2000s, a new party was founded by many former PLN and PUSC leaders, among them former minister and deputy Ottón Solís, former First Lady Margarita Penón (Óscar Arias’ ex-wife) and notable writer and journalist Alberto Cañas. The new party named Citizens Action Party attracted many progressive voters dissatisfied with PLN’s turn to the right and is often pointed as one of the reasons for PLN’s nominee Rolando Araya’s defeat in the 2002 general election. In any case, after PUSC’ catastrophic debacle in 2005 due to a series of corruption scandals PAC became PLN’s main political rival. This was particularly notorious in the 2006 election with Óscar Arias looking for re-election and PAC’s candidate Ottón Solís. Most Costa Ricans showed mixed feelings over Arias, some admiring him and some others very oppose to his figure.[7] That and the issue of CAFTA that polarized public opinion as basically half the population was in favor and half against apparently was translated into the voting polls as Arias (who was pro-CAFTA) and Solís (who was anti-CAFTA) were practically tied after the election. Arias won by a very slight margin of some 22,000 votes after an exhaustive counting.[8]

In the same year's parliamentary election, the party won 25 out of 57 seats. In the 2010 general election, Laura Chinchilla, the previous vice-president and the PLN candidate, won the election with an initial count of 47 percent.

A newspaper poll in July 2011 showed a decline in party popularity. Commentary on the poll pointed to an inherited fiscal crisis, border friction with Nicaragua, and natural disasters the previous November as contributing factors to public discontent.[9][10][11]

In 2013, PLN’s candidate was San José Mayor since 1982 Johnny Araya[12] (Rolando Araya’s brother) after other aspirants like former Presidential Minister Rodrigo Arias (Óscar Arias’ brother) and former president José María Figueres (José Figueres’ son) dropped from the race due to be very low in the polls making a primary unnecessary. Araya was the frontrunner for a while in most polls but he went second in the first electoral round earning only 29% of the votes, the lowest percentage ever for a PLN’s nominee, and behind PAC’s nominee Luis Guillermo Solís. For the run-off election Araya resign his candidacy arguing that he had no more money to run a campaign and that all polls showed him losing by wide margin. Effectively in the second round Solís won with 78% of the votes (1.3 million voters) and Araya gained only 22%.[13]

Araya was expelled from the party after a resolution of the Ethics Committee due to his resignation as candidate in the second round (something unconstitutional, as the Constitution does not allow resigning a candidacy) thus Araya ran for Mayor of San José with a local party winning the election in the 2016 municipal election, in which PLN was the most voted party, yet it lost 14 mayoralties and received much fewer votes that in the previous municipal election.[14]

The party, as then main opposition to Luis Guillermo Solís's government, went into a very divisive primary in which then deputy Antonio Álvarez Desanti won over former president José María Figueres. Internal fighting made impossible to reach an agreement among the factions leading to Figueres withdrawing his support of Desanti's nomination. Desanti, who had previously left the party whilst criticizing it for corruption and abandoning its social-democratic ideology, had the support of Oscar Arias and his brother Rodrigo, however. Nevertheless its results in the 2018 Costa Rican general election were crushing, as the party suffered its worst defeat in history with only 18% of votes and failing to gain a spot in the run-off ending as third for the first time in its history.[15]

Party leadership

[edit]

Presidents of the party:[16]

Electoral performance

[edit]

Presidential

[edit]
Election Candidate First round Second round
Votes % Position Result Votes % Position Result
1953 José Figueres Ferrer 123,444 64.7% 1st Won
1958 Francisco Orlich 94,788 42.8% Decrease 2nd Lost
1962 192,850 50.3% Increase 1st Won
1966 Daniel Oduber 218,590 49.5% Decrease 2nd Lost
1970 José Figueres Ferrer 295,883 54.8% Increase 1st Won
1974 Daniel Oduber 294,609 43.4% 1st Won
1978 Luis Alberto Monge 364,285 43.8% Decrease 2nd Lost
1982 568,374 58.8% Increase 1st Won
1986 Óscar Arias 620,314 52.3% 1st Won
1990 Carlos Manuel Castillo 636,701 47.2% Decrease 2nd Lost
1994 José Figueres Olsen 739,339 49.6% Increase 1st Won
1998 José Miguel Corrales 618,834 44.4% Decrease 2nd Lost
2002 Rolando Araya 475,030 31.1% 2nd ─ 563,202 42.0% 2nd Lost
2006 Óscar Arias 664,551 40.9% Increase 1st Won
2010 Laura Chinchilla 896,516 46.9% 1st Won
2014 Johnny Araya 610,634 29.7% Decrease 2nd ─ 374,844 22.1% 2nd Lost
2018 Antonio Álvarez 377,688 18.6% Decrease 3rd Lost
2022 José Figueres Olsen 571,518 27.3% Increase 1st ─ 924,699 47.2% 2nd Lost

Parliamentary

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1953 José Figueres Ferrer 114,043 64.7%
30 / 45
 New 1st Government
1958 Francisco Orlich 86,081 41.7%
20 / 45
 Decrease 10 1st Opposition
1962 184,135 49.8%
29 / 57
 Increase 9 1st Government
1966 Daniel Oduber 202,891 48.9%
29 / 57
 0 1st Opposition
1970 José Figueres Ferrer 269,038 50.7%
32 / 57
 Increase 3 1st Government
1974 Daniel Oduber 271,867 40.9%
27 / 57
 Decrease 5 1st Government
1978 Luis Alberto Monge 155,047 48.2%
25 / 57
 Decrease 2 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1982 527,231 55.5%
33 / 57
 Increase 8 Increase 1st Government
1986 Óscar Arias 560,694 47.8%
29 / 57
 Decrease 4 1st Government
1990 Carlos Manuel Castillo 559,632 41.9%
25 / 57
 Decrease 4 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1994 José Figueres Olsen 658,258 44.6%
28 / 57
 Increase 3 Increase 1st Government
1998 José Miguel Corrales 481,933 34.8%
23 / 57
 Decrease 5 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2002 Rolando Araya 412,383 27.1%
17 / 57
 Decrease 6 2nd Opposition
2006 Óscar Arias 589,731 36.5%
25 / 57
 Increase 8 1st Government
2010 Laura Chinchilla 708,043 37.3%
24 / 57
 Decrease 1 1st Government
2014 Johnny Araya 526,531 25.7%
18 / 57
 Decrease 6 1st Opposition
2018 Antonio Álvarez 416,638 19.5%
17 / 57
 Decrease 1 1st Opposition
2022 José Figueres Olsen 515,231 24.8%
19 / 57
 Increase 2 1st Opposition

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Is Social Democracy Possible in Latin America?". Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  2. ^ Rosales Valladares, Rotsay. "Análisis de Coyuntura Política N°2 – Primarias Partido Liberación Nacional". Universidad de Costa Rica. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  3. ^ Arrieta, Esteban. ""Figuerismo" pide a Tribunal de Ética de PLN investigar rival por difamación". La República. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  4. ^ "A former center-left president and a former conservative minister on the ballot in Costa Rica". France 24. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
  5. ^ Tres candidatos frenarían nuevos tratados comerciales La Nación, 2013-12-31. (in Spanish)
  6. ^ Socialist International list of members. Socialistinternational.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-10.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Costa Rica". San José University. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  8. ^ Henderson, James D. (2000). A Reference Guide to Latin American History. ISBN 9781563247446. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  9. ^ Se desploma calificación sobre labor de presidenta Chinchilla. Nacion.com (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2013-22-22.
  10. ^ Sueño totalitario Archived 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine. Nacion.com (2012-05-21). Retrieved on 2012-08-10.
  11. ^ Elisabeth Malkin (February 8, 2010). "Costa Rica: Female Leader Elected". New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  12. ^ "Meet Costa Rica's 13 presidential candidates". The Tico Times. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  13. ^ Buckman, Robert T. (20 August 2014). Latin America 2014. ISBN 9781475812282. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  14. ^ Turner, Blair (20 August 2015). Latin America 2015–2016. ISBN 9781475818710. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Costa Rica decidirá su nuevo presidente en una segunda ronda entre los dos Alvarado". Teletica. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Historia Partido Liberación Nacional". Liberacionista.net (in Spanish). 16 April 2018.
[edit]
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