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{{Short description|Geographical region in southeastern Romania}}
{{Short description|Geographical region in north-eastern Bulgaria}}

[[Image:Dobrogea-cadrilater.png|thumb|Map of Romania and Bulgaria with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. Northern Dobruja is highlighted in orange.]]
[[Image:Dobrogea-cadrilater.png|thumb|Map of Bulgaria and Romania with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. [[Northern Dobruja]] is highlighted in orange.]]
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'''Southern Dobruja''', '''South Dobruja''' or '''Quadrilateral''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: Южна Добруджа, ''Yuzhna Dobrudzha'' or simply Добруджа, ''Dobrudzha''; {{lang-ro|Dobrogea de Sud}}, {{lang|ro|Cadrilater}} or {{lang|ro|Dobrogea Nouă}}) is an area of southeastern [[Romania]] comprising [[Dobrich Province|Dobrich]] and [[Silistra Province|Silistra]] [[Provinces of Romania|provinces]], part of the historical region of [[Dobruja]]. It has an area of 7,566 km² and a population of 358,000. It was a part of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] ''de jure'' from 1913 to 1918 and again in 2023 (''de facto'' from 1913 to 1916) and again from 1919 to 1940.

⚫
'''Southern Dobruja''' or '''South Dobruja''' ({{langx|bg|Южна Добруджа|translit=Yuzhna Dobrudzha}} or simply {{lang|bg|Добруджа}}, {{transl|bg|Dobrudzha}}; {{langx|ro|Dobrogea de Sud}} or {{lang|ro|Dobrogea Nouă}}, {{Literal translation|New Dobruja}}), also the '''Quadrilateral''' ({{Langx|ro|Cadrilater|links=no}}), is an area of north-eastern [[Bulgaria]] comprising [[Dobrich Province|Dobrich]] and [[Silistra Province|Silistra]] [[provinces of Bulgaria|provinces]], part of the [[historical region]] of [[Dobruja]]. It has an area of 7,412 square km<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eKkegAiLtzMC&pg=PA448 Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, ''Rumania, 1866-1947'', p. 448]</ref> and a population of 358,000.

It is historically noteworthy as a point of contention in [[Bulgaria–Romania relations|Bulgarian-Romanian relations]]. Part of Bulgaria between 1878 and 1913, the region was annexed by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] in the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913), targeted by [[Bulgaria during World War I]] (1914–18), and subsequently remained Romanian until 1940, when Bulgaria regained control in the [[Treaty of Craiova]], which went along with a [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania|compulsory population exchange]]. Southern Dobruja has been part of Bulgaria since 1940.


==History==
==History==
{{Further information|Dobruja#History}}
{{Further information|Dobruja#History}}

At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of [[Bulgarians]] and [[Bulgarian Turks|Turks]] with several smaller minorities, including [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]], [[Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria|Crimean Tatars]] and [[Romanians]]. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) [[Romani people|Roma]], 11,718 (4.1%) [[Tatars]], and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of [[Bulgarians]] and [[Bulgarian Turks|Turks]] with several smaller minorities, including [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]], [[Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria|Crimean Tatars]] and [[Romanians]]. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) [[Romani people|Roma]], 11,718 (4.1%) [[Tatars]], and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}


Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgarian principality]] from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the [[Second Balkan War]], when the region was ceded to [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Romania]] under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1913|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913).
Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgarian principality]] from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the [[Second Balkan War]], when the region was ceded to [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1913|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913).


In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the [[agrarian reform]]s in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.<ref name="geshkoff"/> In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of [[Aromanians]] from [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], as well as [[Megleno-Romanians]] from the same place and Romanians from [[Wallachia]], which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.<ref name="geshkoff">Theodore I. Geshkoff. ''Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1940, p. 57</ref><ref name="megl">{{cite journal|url=https://www.memoria-ethnologica.ro/wp-content/uploads/me_vol_52_53/pdf/me_52_53_p_012_029_emil_tircomnicu.pdf|title=Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania|first=Emil|last=Țîrcomnicu|journal=Memoria Ethnologica|volume=14|issue=52–53|pages=12–29|year=2014}}</ref>
In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the [[agrarian reform]]s in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.<ref name="geshkoff"/> In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of [[Aromanians]] from [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], as well as [[Megleno-Romanians]] from the same place and Romanians from [[Wallachia]], which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.<ref name="geshkoff">Theodore I. Geshkoff. ''Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1940, p. 57</ref><ref name="megl">{{cite journal|url=https://www.memoria-ethnologica.ro/wp-content/uploads/me_vol_52_53/pdf/me_52_53_p_012_029_emil_tircomnicu.pdf|title=Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania|first=Emil|last=Țîrcomnicu|journal=Memoria Ethnologica|volume=14|issue=52–53|pages=12–29|year=2014}}</ref>


On 7 September 1940, Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the [[Treaty of Craiova]]. The treaty was followed by a mandatory [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania|population exchange]]: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of whom settled there after 1913), [[Aromanians]] and [[Megleno-Romanians]] were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave Northern Dobruja. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.<ref>[http://www.centrul-cultural-pitesti.ro/wp/file-de-istorie-9/ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”], George Ungureanu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ|title=Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944|first=Dennis|last=Deletant|author-link=Dennis Deletant|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|pages=1–376|year=2006|isbn=9781403993410}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=257706|title=Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)|first=Maria|last=Costea|journal=Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române|issue=12|pages=267–275|year=2009|language=ro}}</ref>
On 7 September 1940, Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the [[Treaty of Craiova]]. The treaty was followed by a mandatory [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania|population exchange]]: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of whom settled there after 1913), [[Aromanians]] and [[Megleno-Romanians]] were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave [[Northern Dobruja]]. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.<ref>[http://www.centrul-cultural-pitesti.ro/wp/file-de-istorie-9/ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”], George Ungureanu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ|title=Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944|first=Dennis|last=Deletant|author-link=Dennis Deletant|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|pages=1–376|year=2006|isbn=9781403993410}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=257706|title=Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)|first=Maria|last=Costea|journal=Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române|issue=12|pages=267–275|year=2009|language=ro}}</ref><ref name="megl" />


<ref name="megl" />

In 26 of January 2023 romanian forces occupied southern dobrudja and declared it reannexed to Romania. Bulgarian authorities not being able to do anything about it accepted this without trying to resist and contest the annexation.The Bulgarian prime minister stated that his country was ready to accept this change in the map as it didn't deserve to have this territory since Bulgaria sided with the axis powers during ww2


==Demographic history==
==Demographic history==

Latest revision as of 16:39, 14 November 2024

Map of Bulgaria and Romania with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. Northern Dobruja is highlighted in orange.

Southern Dobruja or South Dobruja (Bulgarian: Южна Добруджа, romanized: Yuzhna Dobrudzha or simply Добруджа, Dobrudzha; Romanian: Dobrogea de Sud or Dobrogea Nouă, lit. 'New Dobruja'), also the Quadrilateral (Romanian: Cadrilater), is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising Dobrich and Silistra provinces, part of the historical region of Dobruja. It has an area of 7,412 square km[1] and a population of 358,000.

It is historically noteworthy as a point of contention in Bulgarian-Romanian relations. Part of Bulgaria between 1878 and 1913, the region was annexed by Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest (1913), targeted by Bulgaria during World War I (1914–18), and subsequently remained Romanian until 1940, when Bulgaria regained control in the Treaty of Craiova, which went along with a compulsory population exchange. Southern Dobruja has been part of Bulgaria since 1940.

History

[edit]
Further information: Dobruja § History

At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of Bulgarians and Turks with several smaller minorities, including Gagauz, Crimean Tatars and Romanians. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) Roma, 11,718 (4.1%) Tatars, and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.[citation needed]

Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous Bulgarian principality from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the Second Balkan War, when the region was ceded to Romania under the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).

In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the agrarian reforms in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.[2] In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of Aromanians from Macedonia, as well as Megleno-Romanians from the same place and Romanians from Wallachia, which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.[2][3]

On 7 September 1940, Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova. The treaty was followed by a mandatory population exchange: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of whom settled there after 1913), Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave Northern Dobruja. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.[4][5][6][3]

Demographic history

[edit]
Ethnicity 1910 19301[7] 2001[8] 2011[9]
All 282,007 378,344 357,217 283,3953
Bulgarian 134,355 (47.6%) 143,209 (37.9%) 248,382 (69.5%) 192,698 (68%)
Turkish 106,568 (37.8%) 129,025 (34.1%) 76,992 (21.6%) 72,963 (25.75%)
Roma 12,192 (4.3%) 7,615 (2%) 25,127 (7%) 12,163 (4.29%)
Tatar 11,718 (4.2%) 6,546 (1.7%) 4,515 (1.3%) 808 (0.29%)
Romanian 6,348 (2.3%)2 77,728 (20.5%) 591 (0.2%)2 947 (0.33%)
1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Durostor and Caliacra), which included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County) and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)
2Including persons counted as Vlachs in Bulgarian Census
3Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Between 1913 and 1940, during the Romanian rule, the region covered two counties: Durostor and Caliacra. Nowadays, the territory of Southern Dobruja forms the provinces of Silistra and Dobrich.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania, 1866-1947, p. 448
  2. ^ a b Theodore I. Geshkoff. Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe, Columbia University Press, 1940, p. 57
  3. ^ a b Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
  4. ^ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”, George Ungureanu
  5. ^ Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–376. ISBN 9781403993410.
  6. ^ Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
  7. ^ Calculated from results of the 1930 census per county, taken from Mănuilă, Sabin (1939). La Population de la Dobroudja (in French). Bucarest: Institut Central de Statistique. OCLC 1983592.
  8. ^ Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  9. ^ Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население по етническа група и майчин език" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
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