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Map of Bulgaria and Romania with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. Northern Dobruja is highlighted in orange.

Southern Dobruja or South Dobruja (Bulgarian: Южна Добруджа, romanized: Yuzhna Dobrudzha or simply Добруджа, Dobrudzha; Romanian: Dobrogea de Sud or Dobrogea Nouă, lit. 'New Dobruja'), also the Quadrilateral (Romanian: Cadrilater), is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising Dobrich and Silistra provinces, part of the historical region of Dobruja. It has an area of 7,412 square km^[1] and a population of 358,000.

It is historically noteworthy as a point of contention in Bulgarian-Romanian relations. Part of Bulgaria between 1878 and 1913, the region was annexed by Romania in the Treaty of Bucharest (1913), targeted by Bulgaria during World War I (1914–18), and subsequently remained Romanian until 1940, when Bulgaria regained control in the Treaty of Craiova, which went along with a compulsory population exchange. Southern Dobruja has been part of Bulgaria since 1940.

History

At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of Bulgarians and Turks with several smaller minorities, including Gagauz, Crimean Tatars and Romanians. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) Roma, 11,718 (4.1%) Tatars, and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.^{[citation needed]}

Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous Bulgarian principality from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the Second Balkan War, when the region was ceded to Romania under the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).

In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the agrarian reforms in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.^[2] In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of Aromanians from Macedonia, as well as Megleno-Romanians from the same place and Romanians from Wallachia, which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.^[2]^[3]

On 7 September 1940, Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova. The treaty was followed by a mandatory population exchange: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of whom settled there after 1913), Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave Northern Dobruja. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[3]

Demographic history

Ethnicity	1910	1930¹^[7]	2001^[8]	2011^[9]
All	282,007	378,344	357,217	283,395³
Bulgarian	134,355 (47.6%)	143,209 (37.9%)	248,382 (69.5%)	192,698 (68%)
Turkish	106,568 (37.8%)	129,025 (34.1%)	76,992 (21.6%)	72,963 (25.75%)
Roma	12,192 (4.3%)	7,615 (2%)	25,127 (7%)	12,163 (4.29%)
Tatar	11,718 (4.2%)	6,546 (1.7%)	4,515 (1.3%)	808 (0.29%)
Romanian	6,348 (2.3%)²	77,728 (20.5%)	591 (0.2%)²	947 (0.33%)

¹According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Durostor and Caliacra), which included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County) and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)

²Including persons counted as Vlachs in Bulgarian Census

³Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.

Administrative divisions

Between 1913 and 1940, during the Romanian rule, the region covered two counties: Durostor and Caliacra. Nowadays, the territory of Southern Dobruja forms the provinces of Silistra and Dobrich.

References

^ Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania, 1866-1947, p. 448
^ ^a ^b Theodore I. Geshkoff. Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe, Columbia University Press, 1940, p. 57
^ ^a ^b Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
^ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”, George Ungureanu
^ Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–376. ISBN 9781403993410.
^ Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
^ Calculated from results of the 1930 census per county, taken from Mănuilă, Sabin (1939). La Population de la Dobroudja (in French). Bucarest: Institut Central de Statistique. OCLC 1983592.
^ Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
^ Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население по етническа група и майчин език" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2015-11-20.

[1] Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania, 1866-1947, p. 448

[geshkoff-2] Theodore I. Geshkoff. Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe, Columbia University Press, 1940, p. 57

[megl-3] Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.

[4] „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”, George Ungureanu

[5] Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–376. ISBN 9781403993410.

[6] Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.

[7] Calculated from results of the 1930 census per county, taken from Mănuilă, Sabin (1939). La Population de la Dobroudja (in French). Bucarest: Institut Central de Statistique. OCLC 1983592.

[nsi.bg-8] Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2007-05-02.

[nsi2011-9] Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население по етническа група и майчин език" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2015-11-20.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Geographical region in north-eastern Bulgaria}}
-[[Image:Dobrogea-cadrilater.png|thumb|Map of Romania and Bulgaria with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. Northern Dobruja is highlighted in orange.]]
-[[File:Southern Dobruja ethnic religious 1930.svg|thumb|Southern Dobruja ethnic and religious makeup (1930)]]
-'''Southern Dobruja or South Dobruja''' ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: Южна Добруджа, ''Yuzhna Dobrudzha'' or simply Добруджа, ''Dobrudzha'') is an area of northeastern [[Bulgaria]] comprising the administrative districts named for its two principal cities of [[Dobrich]] and [[Silistra]]. It has an area of 7,565 km² and a population of 358,000. When it was a part of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] from 1913 to 1940 it was known in  [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as ''Dobrogea de sud'', the ''Cadrilater'' ("Quadrilateral"), or ''Dobrogea Nouă'' ("New Dobruja").
+[[Image:Dobrogea-cadrilater.png|thumb|Map of Bulgaria and Romania with Southern Dobrudja or Cadrilater highlighted in yellow. [[Northern Dobruja]] is highlighted in orange.]]
-At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of [[Bulgarians]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] with several smaller minorities, including [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]], [[Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria|Crimean Tatars]] and [[Romanians]]. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) [[Romani people|Gypsies]], 11,718 (4.1%) Tatars, and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
+'''Southern Dobruja''' or '''South Dobruja''' ({{langx|bg|Южна Добруджа|translit=Yuzhna Dobrudzha}} or simply {{lang|bg|Добруджа}}, {{transl|bg|Dobrudzha}}; {{langx|ro|Dobrogea de Sud}} or {{lang|ro|Dobrogea Nouă}}, {{Literal translation|New Dobruja}}), also the '''Quadrilateral''' ({{Langx|ro|Cadrilater|links=no}}), is an area of north-eastern [[Bulgaria]] comprising [[Dobrich Province|Dobrich]] and [[Silistra Province|Silistra]] [[provinces of Bulgaria|provinces]], part of the [[historical region]] of [[Dobruja]]. It has an area of 7,412 square km<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eKkegAiLtzMC&pg=PA448 Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, ''Rumania, 1866-1947'', p. 448]</ref> and a population of 358,000.
-Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgarian principality]] from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the [[Second Balkan War]], when the region was ceded to [[Romania]] under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1913|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913).
+It is historically noteworthy as a point of contention in [[Bulgaria–Romania relations|Bulgarian-Romanian relations]]. Part of Bulgaria between 1878 and 1913, the region was annexed by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] in the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913), targeted by [[Bulgaria during World War I]] (1914–18), and subsequently remained Romanian until 1940, when Bulgaria regained control in the [[Treaty of Craiova]], which went along with a [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania|compulsory population exchange]]. Southern Dobruja has been part of Bulgaria since 1940.
-In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the [[agrarian reform]]s in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.<ref name="geshkoff"/> In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of [[Aromanians]] from [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], as well as Romanians from [[Wallachia]], which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.<ref name="geshkoff">Theodore I. Geshkoff. ''Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1940, p. 57</ref>
+==History==
-On 7 September 1940 Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the [[Treaty of Craiova]]. The treaty was followed by a mandatory [[Population transfer|population exchange]]: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of which settled there after 1913) were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave Northern Dobruja. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.<ref>[http://www.centrul-cultural-pitesti.ro/wp/file-de-istorie-9/ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”], George Ungureanu</ref>
+{{Further information|Dobruja#History}}
+At the beginning of the modern era, Southern Dobruja had a mixed population of [[Bulgarians]] and [[Bulgarian Turks|Turks]] with several smaller minorities, including [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]], [[Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria|Crimean Tatars]] and [[Romanians]]. In 1910, of the 282,007 inhabitants of Southern Dobruja, 134,355 (47.6%) were Bulgarians, 106,568 (37.8%) Turks, 12,192 (4.3%) [[Romani people|Roma]], 11,718 (4.1%) [[Tatars]], and 6,484 (2.4%) Romanians.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
-In 1913–1940, during the [[Kingdom of Romania]], the region covered two counties: [[Durostor County|Durostor]] and [[Caliacra County|Caliacra]]. Nowadays, the territory of Southern Dobruja forms the provinces of [[Silistra Province|Silistra]] and [[Dobrich Province|Dobrich]].
+Southern Dobruja was part of the autonomous [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgarian principality]] from 1878 and part of the independent Bulgarian state from 1908 until Bulgaria's defeat in the [[Second Balkan War]], when the region was ceded to [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1913|Treaty of Bucharest]] (1913).
+In 1914, Romania demanded all landowners prove their property and surrender to the Romanian state one third of the land they claimed or pay an equivalent of its value. This was similar to the [[agrarian reform]]s in Romania which occurred the previous century, in which the landlords had to give up two-thirds of their land, which was then handed over to the peasants.<ref name="geshkoff"/> In Southern Dobruja, many of the peasants who received the land were settlers, including tens of thousands of [[Aromanians]] from [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], as well as [[Megleno-Romanians]] from the same place and Romanians from [[Wallachia]], which led to claims that the reforms had a nationalist purpose.<ref name="geshkoff">Theodore I. Geshkoff. ''Balkan Union: A Road to Peace in Southeastern Europe'', [[Columbia University Press]], 1940, p. 57</ref><ref name="megl">{{cite journal|url=https://www.memoria-ethnologica.ro/wp-content/uploads/me_vol_52_53/pdf/me_52_53_p_012_029_emil_tircomnicu.pdf|title=Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania|first=Emil|last=Țîrcomnicu|journal=Memoria Ethnologica|volume=14|issue=52–53|pages=12–29|year=2014}}</ref>
+On 7 September 1940, Southern Dobruja was restored to Bulgaria under the [[Treaty of Craiova]]. The treaty was followed by a mandatory [[Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania|population exchange]]: about 110,000 Romanians (almost 95% of whom settled there after 1913), [[Aromanians]] and [[Megleno-Romanians]] were forced to leave Southern Dobruja, whereas 77,000 Bulgarians had to leave [[Northern Dobruja]]. Only a few hundred Romanians and Aromanians are now left in the region.<ref>[http://www.centrul-cultural-pitesti.ro/wp/file-de-istorie-9/ „Problema Cadrilaterului - diferendum teritorial şi repere imagologice (1913-1940)”], George Ungureanu</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ|title=Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944|first=Dennis|last=Deletant|author-link=Dennis Deletant|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|pages=1–376|year=2006|isbn=9781403993410}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=257706|title=Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)|first=Maria|last=Costea|journal=Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române|issue=12|pages=267–275|year=2009|language=ro}}</ref><ref name="megl" />
+==Demographic history==
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Ethnicity
+! 1910
+! 1930<sup>1</sup><ref>Calculated from results of the 1930 census per county, taken from {{cite book|first=Sabin|last= Mănuilă|title=La Population de la Dobroudja|publisher=Institut Central de Statistique|location=Bucarest|year=1939|oclc=1983592|language=fr}}</ref>
+! 2001<ref name="nsi.bg">Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from {{cite web|title=Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група|publisher=Националния статистически институт |url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm|language=bg|access-date=2007-05-02}}</ref>
+! 2011<ref name="nsi2011">Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from {{cite web|title=Население по етническа група и майчин език|publisher=Националния статистически институт|url=http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R9.aspx|language=bg|access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>
+|-
+| All
+| 282,007
+| 378,344
+| 357,217
+| 283,395<sup>3</sup>
+|-
+| Bulgarian
+| 134,355 (47.6%)
+| 143,209 (37.9%)
+| 248,382 (69.5%)
+| 192,698 (68%)
+|-
+| Turkish
+| 106,568 (37.8%)
+| 129,025 (34.1%)
+| 76,992  (21.6%)
+| 72,963 (25.75%)
+|-
+| Roma
+| 12,192 (4.3%)
+| 7,615 (2%)
+| 25,127 (7%)
+| 12,163 (4.29%)
+|-
+| Tatar
+| 11,718 (4.2%)
+| 6,546 (1.7%)
+| 4,515 (1.3%)
+| 808 (0.29%)
+|-
+| Romanian
+| 6,348 (2.3%)<sup>2</sup>
+| 77,728 (20.5%)
+| 591 (0.2%)<sup>2</sup>
+| 947 (0.33%)
+|}
+:<sup>1</sup>According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of [[Durostor County|Durostor]] and [[Caliacra County|Caliacra]]), which included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of [[Ostrov, Constanța|Ostrov]] and [[Lipnița]], now part of [[Constanța County]]) and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of [[General Toshevo Municipality|General Toshevo]] and [[Krushari Municipality|Krushari]] municipalities)
+:<sup>2</sup>Including persons counted as [[Vlachs]] in Bulgarian Census
+:<sup>3</sup>Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.
+==Administrative divisions==
+Between 1913 and 1940, during the Romanian rule, the region covered two counties: [[Durostor County|Durostor]] and [[Caliacra County|Caliacra]]. Nowadays, the territory of Southern Dobruja forms the provinces of [[Silistra Province|Silistra]] and [[Dobrich Province|Dobrich]].
 == See also ==
 * [[Northern Dobruja]]
+* [[Balchik Palace]], summer palace residence of Queen [[Marie of Romania]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 22: / Line 82: @@
 [[Category:Dobruja|*]]
-[[Category:Forced migrations in Europe]]
 [[Category:Geographical regions of Bulgaria]]

v t e Historical regions in Romania
Banat (1918–)^a	Banat^h
Dobruja (1878–)	Northern Dobruja^c Southern Dobruja (1913–16; 1919–40)^d
Moldavia (1859–)^b	Bessarabia^e (1918–40; 1941–44) Budjak (1918–40; 1941–44) Bukovina (Southern Bukovina (1918–)^f; Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)^f) Hertsa (1859–1940; 1941–44)^b Western Moldavia
Transylvania (1918–)^a^g	Crișana^h Maramureșⁱ Székely Land^j
Wallachia (1859–)^b	Muntenia Oltenia
^aDe jure since 1920 ^bDe jure since 1862 ^cDe jure ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the Danube Delta) between May 1918 and November 1919 ^dDe jure ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and November 1919 ^eSouthern Bessarabia in Romania (1859–78) ^fDe jure since 1919 ^gNorthern Transylvania in Hungary (1940–44) ^hOnly the eastern part ⁱOnly the southern part ^jTransylvania proper