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Filk music
Filk music
Stylistic origins	Folk music; underground music; science fiction; fantasy;
Cultural origins	United States
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	Nerd-folk

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Filk music is a musical culture, genre, and community tied to science fiction, fantasy, and horror fandom and a type of fan labor. The genre has existed since the early 1950s and been played primarily since the mid-1970s. The genre has a niche but faithful popularity in the underground.^[1]

Etymology and definitions

The term "filk" (originally a typographical error) predates 1955.^[2] (See also below.)

Interfilk, a charity registered in California to "[promote] cultural exchange through filk music",^[3] offered multiple sources of definitions, without summary, for filk music c. 2002 – c. 2012,^[4] but since relies almost entirely on an article by Jordin Kare titled "Filk Music", originally published by Sing Out! magazine, for their definition. Kare quotes Nick Smith of the Los Angeles Filkharmonics as stating:^[5]

It is a mixture of song parodies and original music, humorous and serious, about subjects like science fiction, fantasy, computers, cats, politics, the space program, books, movies, TV shows, love, war, death...

and summarizes that "almost anything goes at a filksing".^[5]

Filk has been defined as what is sung or performed by the network of people who originally gathered to sing at science fiction or fantasy conventions.^[6]

Another definition focuses on filking as a community of those who are interested in filk music and who form part of the social network self-identified with filking. As described later in this article, the origins of filk in science fiction conventions and its current organization emphasizes the social-network aspect of filking. The social aspect of filk as contrasted with the "performer vs. audience" dichotomy of much of modern music was described in a speech by ethnomusicologist Sally Childs-Helton.^[7]

Styles and subjects

The range of topics in filk songs stems from its cultural roots in fandom. Many songs honor specific works in science fiction, fantasy, or speculative fiction. Other songs are about science, fantasy, computers, technology in general, or values related to technological change.^[8]

A significant number of filk songs are parodies, whether in the original sense of simply re-using a tune or in the modern sense of specifically humorous re-use.^[9]

One subtype of filk songs is the "ose" song, one on themes of death and gloom. The term derives from the word "morose", as in "ose, morose, even-more-ose".^[10]

History

In the early 1950s, the term filk music started as a misspelling of folk music in an essay by Lee Jacobs, "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music". Wrai Ballard, then editor of the Spectator Amateur Press Society refused to publish it for fear that the article's bawdy content could get them into trouble with the Post Office under the Comstock Laws, but found the typo itself amusing, and mentioned it repeatedly;^[11] thus, Jacobs's typo became the self-identified term for the genre/subculture while it was still an informal, unrecognized activity at conventions. Its first documented deliberate use was by Karen Anderson in Die Zeitschrift für vollständigen Unsinn (The Journal for Utter Nonsense) No. 774 (June 1953), for a song written by her husband Poul Anderson.^[12]

At the 1974 World Science Fiction Convention author Bob Asprin announced publicly the creation of a group of volunteers he dubbed the Dorsai Irregulars, and a singing session ensued later that night.^[13] In the 1970s and 1980s, filking slowly became established as an acknowledged activity at science fiction conventions. Some convention organizers allotted hotel function space late at night for filkers, or filking occurred in hallways, bars or any other place that the filkers could find. Some convention organizers in the 1980s began inviting guests specifically for their filking. Some specialized conventions focused entirely on filk, beginning with FilkCon in Chicago in 1979, organized by Margaret Middleton and Curt Clemmer, later joined by BayFilk in Northern California; the Ohio Valley Filk Fest (OVFF) in Columbus, Ohio; ConChord in Los Angeles and in San Diego,^[14] California; GAFilk in Atlanta, Georgia;^[15] Musicon in Nashville, Tennessee; FilKONtario near Toronto, Ontario; a rotating British filkcon, and one (NEFilk) in the northeastern US;^[16] and the German FilkCONtinental.^[17]

Filk circles

Physical layout

As the name implies, a rough circle of chairs is usually formed.^[9] Traditionally, filk circles are started in the evening and tend to continue very late into the night.^[9]

Musical instruments

A wide range of instruments can be found in a filk circle, although the most common is the acoustic guitar.^[9] Acoustic instruments are more common than electric instruments, although portable keyboards and even theremins are not unheard of.^[18]

Types

Filk circles are often given an organizational structure to make it easier for participants to know when it is time to perform or time to listen to other performers. There are many ways to accomplish this. However, the most common types of filk circle are listed below.^[19]

Bardic

The advantage of the bardic circle is that it has a clear structure, which enforces politeness. It ensures everyone in the circle gets their turn so that even shy people can have a chance to request or perform. There are disadvantages, however. A bardic circle with large numbers of participants will take a long time to traverse the entire circle, making people wait too long for their turn. Such a circle was lamented in a filk by Suzette Haden Elgin: "I've been here with my song at the ready since day before yesterday night."^[20]

Chaos

In a chaos circle, there is no sequential organization. Any performer can simply begin playing a song after the prior song is finished, or any participant can shout out a request. Care must be taken to prevent two songs from starting at the same time. Frequently the word "follower!" is shouted in a chaos circle, meaning that a performer believes they have the perfect song to follow the prior song, and they want to play it now.^[21]

The chaos circle's advantage is its spontaneity and energy. "Runs" of songs will frequently get started, with each new song intended to make some sort of connection to or commentary on the prior song's topic. The disadvantage is that it takes concentration and effort to be polite and respectful in a chaos circle: It is easy to accidentally interrupt another performer who's trying to start up a song of their own, especially in a very large circle where one might not be able to easily hear the other performer on the opposite side of the room. Chaos circles thus have a reputation of favoring bold, loud performers who can command attention. One countermeasure to such conflicts is for someone, generally not one of the current/starting-up performers, to shout "Filker up!", possibly pointing to the one being interrupted. This alerts the room, and specifically the (usually unintentional) interrupter, to be quiet and pay attention to the filker who has started performing.^[22]

Token bardic

A token bardic circle, also known as a "poker-chip" bardic circle, attempts to combine the enforced politeness of the bardic circle with the freeform nature of the chaos circle. A container full of some type of token such as poker chips is supplied for the circle. Each person participating in the circle is given a fixed number of tokens when they enter the room (frequently two tokens) and can throw a token into the center of the circle at any time to claim a pick or play turn. When all the active tokens in the circle are used up, they are scooped up and redistributed for the next round.^[21]

Etiquette

The etiquette of the filk circle begins with a respect for all music, including (and perhaps especially) amateur music and amateur performers. Everyone is encouraged to perform, regardless of their skill level. No one is criticized except to occasionally give tips or suggestions.^[19]

Cultural perspective

At a deep level, the folk culture of filk validates creative arts in the midst of an explicitly technological culture. When accepting induction into the Filk Hall of Fame in 2003, ethnomusicologist Sally Childs-Helton said, "We have taken our right to be creative and to literally 'play' in the best sense of that word." Filk combines folk roots, live music circles, and dominant acoustical instrumentation, on the one hand, with high-tech cultural maintenance, on the other hand—a dense network of filkers' web pages, recordings, sound reinforcement at filk conventions, e-mail lists, and so on. The eclectic content of filk frequently contains that assertion of human creativity, especially in connection with technology. (See for example Leslie Fish's "Hope Eyrie".) While there are significant numbers of memorial songs,^[23] pessimistic songs blame carelessness, incompetence, and corruption, only rarely considering the frailties of a society built on technology or hopes for the future. Because these themes cross international boundaries in filk, they are not explainable as a purely American optimism vis-a-vis technology (in contrast to Nye, 1996).^[24]

That openness to participation is a marked norm in filking.^[25]

Occasional discussions over the boundaries of filk indicates the extent to which participants in filking are both aware of and keenly interested in the definition of filk as a community. Newsgroup debates over such topics as whether "Weird Al" Yankovic is a filker suggest the deep feelings involved. In practice, most formal recognition of filkers in various awards are to those who regularly attend self-identified filk events, not to professional artists whose work may be considered found filk.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

Pegasus Awards

The OVFF convention committee solicits nominations for finalists for the Pegasus Awards (the nominating ballot) during the late spring and summer. There is an opinion poll that runs during the year as well to help interested folk brainstorm ideas for the nominating ballot. The finalist ballot is distributed in the early fall and must be returned by the opening night of OVFF. Voting can be done online—either to nominate finalists or to vote for the finalists themselves. The final round of voting happens at OVFF itself, where handwritten ballots are collected after the annual Pegasus concert. The entire process is administered by the OVFF convention committee.^[28]

Filk Hall of Fame

The Filk Hall of Fame^[29] was created by David Hayman in 1995 as a complement to the Pegasus Awards.^[30]

Anyone may make a nomination.^[31]

References

^ "Filk on Stage". HowlRound Theatre Commons. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
^ Coppa, Francesca (2006). "A Brief History of Media Fandom". In Hellekson, Karen; Busse, Kristina (eds.). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 41–59. ISBN 978-0-7864-2640-9.
^ "About Interfilk". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "What is filk?". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b Kare, Jordin. "What is filk?". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "The Definition of Filk" [song title], Mark Mandel, Consonance 2003 Songbook, p. 9
^ "Filk Hall of Fame: This Is My Tribe". Archived from the original on 16 April 2011.
^ Jardin, Xeni (1 September 2005). "Filk Music for Nerd People". Wired.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bragg, Roy (18 July 2010). "Filk: Sci-fi meets folk music". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ Rogow, Roberta (1991). Futurespeak: A Fan's Guide to the Language of Science Fiction. New York: Paragon House. p. 238. ISBN 978-1557783479.
^ Gold, Lee. "An Egocentric and Convoluted History of Early Filk and Filking". Fanac.org. Retrieved 20 November 2014. Lee Jacobs, a LArea [= Los Angeles area] fan who [...] in the 50s, [had] submitted an essay to SAPS (Spectator Amateur Press Society) entitled "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music" supposedly about science fiction incidents in folk song, but actually a straight-faced analysis of a number of thoroughly filthy "dirty songs", taking various metaphors in them as if they were meant literally. Originally published in the ConChord 12 Songbook, 1997
^ Gold, Lee. "Tracking Down The First Deliberate Use Of "Filk Song"". Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
^ John Hall. "Filk Music and the Dorsai Irregulars". Di.org. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
^ "ConChord History Pages". Sandiegofilk.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
^ "GAFilk: Georgia Filk Convention". Gafilk.org.
^ "The Northeast Filk Convention". Nefilk.us.
^ "FilkCONtinental". Filkcontinental.de. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ Sutton, Brenda (2011). "Guest of Honor: Dr. Mary Crowell". Conflikt.org. Retrieved 18 November 2014. We watched this beautiful young woman lug her keyboard (not the most portable of filk instruments, mind you) into the filk room with a slight amount of dread and a large measure of anticipation. And then she played her opening measures – all Gershwiny, bluesy, and fine – we all relaxed.
^ ^a ^b Gold, Lee (2004). "Welcome to the Filk Circle" (PDF). Massfilc.org. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Fredric L. Rice. "Lyrics and Tune Copyright 1983 Suzette Haden Elgin Song at the Ready The Filksing was crow". Skeptictank.org.
^ ^a ^b "Filk FAQ Welcome To The Circle". Kayshapero.net. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ "Concert & Circle Etiquette" (PDF). Conflikt.org. 2016. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b Launius, Roger D. (5 October 2004). "Got Filk? Lament for Apollo in Modern Sci-Fi Folk Music". 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. 5th International Astronautical Congress 2004; Vancouver; Canada. doi:10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06. Retrieved 18 November 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) The exact date is taken from the congress program Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, p. 106. Printed in Quest: The History of Spaceflight, Bethesda, MD, USA: International Space Business Council, 12 (4) (2005), Johnson, Stephen, ed. ISSN 1065-7738
^ ^a ^b Nye, David E. (1994). American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-64034-1. OCLC 36213568.
^ ^a ^b Jenkins, Henry (1992). "'Strangers No More We Sing': Filk Music, Folk Culture, and the Fan Community". Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90571-0. OCLC 26055104.
^ Childs-Helton, Barry; Sally Childs-Helton (29 March 2003). "Acceptance Speeches of Barry & Sally Childs-Helton". Filk Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
^ Solomon H. Davidoff, "Filk:" A Study of Shared Musical Traditions and Related Phenomena among Fan Groups (M.A. thesis, Bowling Green State University, 1996). Bowling Green State University Thesis 6673. (At BGSU, call no. LD 4191 O6 No 6673.)
^ "Pegasus Awards". Ovff.org.
^ "Filk Hall of Fame". Filkontario.ca.
^ Judith Hayman; Dave Hayman (March 2001). "The Filk Hall of Fame: A Short History". Filkontario.ca.
^ "FHOF – This is My Tribe". Filkontario.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

External links

Debbie Ohi's Filk FAQ Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Filk Book Index
Filk Database
Filk Discography by Justin W. Eiler
Friends of Filk Calendar of Filk Events
List of upcoming Filk-Conventions
rec.music.filk FAQ
Tomorrow's Songs Today—A filk history book written by Gary McGath, released January 2015
UK Filk Music Database

[1] "Filk on Stage". HowlRound Theatre Commons. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2023.

[Coppa_in_Hellekson_and_Busse-2] Coppa, Francesca (2006). "A Brief History of Media Fandom". In Hellekson, Karen; Busse, Kristina (eds.). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 41–59. ISBN 978-0-7864-2640-9.

[Interfilk,_about-3] "About Interfilk". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[Interfilk,_2002-4] "What is filk?". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[interfilk,_2018-5] Kare, Jordin. "What is filk?". Interfilk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[6] "The Definition of Filk" [song title], Mark Mandel, Consonance 2003 Songbook, p. 9

[7] "Filk Hall of Fame: This Is My Tribe". Archived from the original on 16 April 2011.

[8] Jardin, Xeni (1 September 2005). "Filk Music for Nerd People". Wired.

[Bragg-9] Bragg, Roy (18 July 2010). "Filk: Sci-fi meets folk music". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[Rogow-10] Rogow, Roberta (1991). Futurespeak: A Fan's Guide to the Language of Science Fiction. New York: Paragon House. p. 238. ISBN 978-1557783479.

[Gold97-11] Gold, Lee. "An Egocentric and Convoluted History of Early Filk and Filking". Fanac.org. Retrieved 20 November 2014. Lee Jacobs, a LArea [= Los Angeles area] fan who [...] in the 50s, [had] submitted an essay to SAPS (Spectator Amateur Press Society) entitled "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music" supposedly about science fiction incidents in folk song, but actually a straight-faced analysis of a number of thoroughly filthy "dirty songs", taking various metaphors in them as if they were meant literally. Originally published in the ConChord 12 Songbook, 1997

[firstUse-12] Gold, Lee. "Tracking Down The First Deliberate Use Of "Filk Song"". Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2006.

[dorsaiHistory-13] John Hall. "Filk Music and the Dorsai Irregulars". Di.org. Retrieved 25 November 2006.

[14] "ConChord History Pages". Sandiegofilk.com. Retrieved 23 September 2016.

[15] "GAFilk: Georgia Filk Convention". Gafilk.org.

[16] "The Northeast Filk Convention". Nefilk.us.

[17] "FilkCONtinental". Filkcontinental.de. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

[18] Sutton, Brenda (2011). "Guest of Honor: Dr. Mary Crowell". Conflikt.org. Retrieved 18 November 2014. We watched this beautiful young woman lug her keyboard (not the most portable of filk instruments, mind you) into the filk room with a slight amount of dread and a large measure of anticipation. And then she played her opening measures – all Gershwiny, bluesy, and fine – we all relaxed.

[Gold:Welcome-19] Gold, Lee (2004). "Welcome to the Filk Circle" (PDF). Massfilc.org. Retrieved 18 November 2014.

[20] Fredric L. Rice. "Lyrics and Tune Copyright 1983 Suzette Haden Elgin Song at the Ready The Filksing was crow". Skeptictank.org.

[Gold-21] "Filk FAQ Welcome To The Circle". Kayshapero.net. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

[Conflikt_Circle_Etiquette-22] "Concert & Circle Etiquette" (PDF). Conflikt.org. 2016. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[Launius-23] Launius, Roger D. (5 October 2004). "Got Filk? Lament for Apollo in Modern Sci-Fi Folk Music". 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. 5th International Astronautical Congress 2004; Vancouver; Canada. doi:10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06. Retrieved 18 November 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) The exact date is taken from the congress program Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, p. 106. Printed in Quest: The History of Spaceflight, Bethesda, MD, USA: International Space Business Council, 12 (4) (2005), Johnson, Stephen, ed. ISSN 1065-7738

[Nye-24] Nye, David E. (1994). American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-64034-1. OCLC 36213568.

[Jenkins92-25] Jenkins, Henry (1992). "'Strangers No More We Sing': Filk Music, Folk Culture, and the Fan Community". Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90571-0. OCLC 26055104.

[26] Childs-Helton, Barry; Sally Childs-Helton (29 March 2003). "Acceptance Speeches of Barry & Sally Childs-Helton". Filk Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.

[27] Solomon H. Davidoff, "Filk:" A Study of Shared Musical Traditions and Related Phenomena among Fan Groups (M.A. thesis, Bowling Green State University, 1996). Bowling Green State University Thesis 6673. (At BGSU, call no. LD 4191 O6 No 6673.)

[28] "Pegasus Awards". Ovff.org.

[29] "Filk Hall of Fame". Filkontario.ca.

[30] Judith Hayman; Dave Hayman (March 2001). "The Filk Hall of Fame: A Short History". Filkontario.ca.

[31] "FHOF – This is My Tribe". Filkontario.ca. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Folk music of science fiction fandom}}
+{{Confusing|date=May 2024}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
 {{Infobox music genre
 | name              = Filk music
-| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Folk music]]|science fiction|fantasy}}
+| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Folk music]]|[[underground music]]|science fiction|fantasy}}
 | cultural_origins  = United States
 | other_topics      = [[Nerd-folk]]
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Dorsai filking conclave30.jpg|thumb|right|Filking at [[ConClave (convention)|ConClave XXX]] (2005)]]
 [[File:PNH & Emma Bull, Wiscon.jpg|thumb|[[Patrick Nielsen Hayden]] and [[Emma Bull]], making music at [[Wiscon]], 2006]]
-'''Filk music''' is a musical culture, genre, and community tied to [[Science fiction fandom|science fiction, fantasy, and horror fandom]] and a type of [[fan labor]]. The genre has been active{{what}} since the early 1950s and played primarily since the mid-1970s.
+'''Filk music''' is a musical culture, genre, and community tied to [[Science fiction fandom|science fiction, fantasy, and horror fandom]] and a type of [[fan labor]]. The genre has existed since the early 1950s and been played primarily since the mid-1970s. The genre has a niche but faithful popularity in the [[Underground culture|underground]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=Filk on Stage |url=https://howlround.com/filk-stage |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=HowlRound Theatre Commons |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Etymology and definitions==
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
   | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | isbn = 978-0-7864-2640-9
   }}
-</ref> (See also [[#etymology|below]].)
+</ref> (See also [[Filk music#History|below]].)
+Interfilk, a charity registered in California to "[promote] cultural exchange through filk music",<ref name="Interfilk, about">{{cite web |title=About Interfilk |url=https://interfilk.org/?page_id=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721024744/https://interfilk.org/?page_id=10 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |website=Interfilk |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> offered multiple sources of definitions, without summary, for filk music {{circa|2002|2012}},<ref name="Interfilk, 2002">{{cite web |title=What is filk? |url=http://www.interfilk.org:80/interfilk/filk.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811062846/http://www.interfilk.org:80/interfilk/filk.htm |archive-date=11 August 2002 |website=Interfilk |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref> but since relies almost entirely on an article by [[Jordin Kare]] titled "Filk Music", originally published by ''[[Sing Out!]]'' magazine, for their definition. Kare quotes Nick Smith of the Los Angeles Filkharmonics as stating:<ref name="interfilk, 2018">{{cite web |title=What is filk? |url=https://interfilk.org/?page_id=478 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831193723/https://interfilk.org/?page_id=478 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |website=Interfilk |first=Jordin |last=Kare |author-link=Jordin Kare |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><blockquote>It is a mixture of song parodies and original music, humorous and serious, about subjects like science fiction, fantasy, computers, cats, politics, the space program, books, movies, TV shows, love, war, death...</blockquote> and summarizes that "almost anything goes at a filksing".<ref name="interfilk, 2018"/>
-===Definitions===
-As Interfilk's "What is it?" page demonstrates, there is no consensus on the definition of filk.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interfilk.org/interfilk/filk.htm |title=Filk Music – What ''IS'' It?
- |access-date=15 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231193549/http://www.interfilk.org/interfilk/filk.htm |archive-date=31 December 2005 |url-status=dead }}. Last revised: 23 September 2013. Accessed 16 September 2016.</ref>
-===Performer===
 Filk has been defined as what is sung or performed by the network of people who originally gathered to sing at [[science fiction conventions|science fiction or fantasy conventions]].<ref>"The Definition of Filk"  [song title], Mark Mandel, ''Consonance 2003 Songbook'', p. 9</ref>
+Another definition focuses on filking as a community of those who are interested in filk music and who form part of the social network self-identified with filking. As described later in this article, the origins of filk in science fiction conventions and its current organization emphasizes the social-network aspect of filking. The social aspect of filk as contrasted with the "performer vs. audience" dichotomy of much of modern music was described in a speech by [[ethnomusicology |ethnomusicologist]] [[Barry and Sally Childs-Helton|Sally Childs-Helton]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://filkontario.ca/filkhalloffame/fhof-this-is-my-tribe/| title= Filk Hall of Fame: This Is My Tribe| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416044503/http://www.filkontario.ca/hof/hoftribe.html| archive-date= 16 April 2011}}</ref>
-===Sociology===
-Yet another definition focuses on filking as a community of those who are interested in filk music and who form part of the social network self-identified with filking. As described later in this article, the origins of filk in science fiction conventions and its current organization emphasizes the social-network aspect of filking. The social aspect of filk as contrasted with the "performer vs. audience" dichotomy of much of modern music was described in a speech by [[ethnomusicology|ethnomusicologist]] [[Barry and Sally Childs-Helton|Sally Childs-Helton]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.filkontario.ca/hof/hoftribe.html| title= Filk Hall of Fame: This Is My Tribe| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416044503/http://www.filkontario.ca/hof/hoftribe.html| archive-date= 16 April 2011}}</ref>
 ==Styles and subjects==
@@ Line 42: / Line 39: @@
 ==History==
-{{anchor|etymology}}In the early 1950s, the term ''filk music'' started as a misspelling of ''folk music'' in an essay by Lee Jacobs, "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music". Wrai Ballard, then editor of the Spectator [[amateur press association|Amateur Press Society]] refused to publish it for fear that the article's bawdy content could get them into trouble with the [[United States Postal Inspection Service|Post Office]] under the [[Comstock Laws]], but found the typo itself amusing, and mentioned it repeatedly;<ref name=Gold97>{{cite web| last1=Gold| first1=Lee| author-link1=Lee Gold| title=An Egocentric and Convoluted History of Early Filk and Filking| url= http://www.fanac.org/Fan_Histories/filkhist.html| website=Fanac.org|access-date=20 November 2014| quote=Lee Jacobs, a LArea [= Los Angeles area] fan who [...] in the 50s, [had] submitted an essay to SAPS (Spectator Amateur Press Society) entitled "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music" supposedly about science fiction incidents in folk song, but actually a straight-faced analysis of a number of thoroughly filthy "dirty songs", taking various metaphors in them as if they were meant literally.}} Originally published in the ''[[ConChord]] 12 Songbook'', 1997</ref> thus, Jacobs' typo became the self-identified term for the genre/subculture while it was still an informal, unrecognized activity at conventions.  Its first documented deliberate use was by [[Karen Anderson (writer)|Karen Anderson]] in ''Die Zeitschrift für vollständigen Unsinn'' (''The Journal for Utter Nonsense'') No. 774 (June 1953), for a song written by her husband [[Poul Anderson]].<ref name="firstUse">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nightsong.com/filk/twippledop/ |title=Tracking Down The First Deliberate Use Of "Filk Song" |access-date=25 November 2006 |first=Lee |last=Gold |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206001047/http://www.nightsong.com/filk/twippledop/ |archive-date=6 December 2012 }}</ref>
+{{anchor|etymology}}In the early 1950s, the term ''filk music'' started as a misspelling of ''folk music'' in an essay by Lee Jacobs, "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music". Wrai Ballard, then editor of the Spectator [[amateur press association|Amateur Press Society]] refused to publish it for fear that the article's bawdy content could get them into trouble with the [[United States Postal Inspection Service|Post Office]] under the [[Comstock Laws]], but found the typo itself amusing, and mentioned it repeatedly;<ref name="Gold97">{{cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Lee |author-link1=Lee Gold |title=An Egocentric and Convoluted History of Early Filk and Filking |url=http://www.fanac.org/Fan_Histories/filkhist.html |access-date=20 November 2014 |website=Fanac.org |quote=Lee Jacobs, a LArea [= Los Angeles area] fan who [...] in the 50s, [had] submitted an essay to SAPS (Spectator Amateur Press Society) entitled "The Influence of Science Fiction on Modern American Filk Music" supposedly about science fiction incidents in folk song, but actually a straight-faced analysis of a number of thoroughly filthy "dirty songs", taking various metaphors in them as if they were meant literally.}} Originally published in the ''[[ConChord]] 12 Songbook'', 1997</ref> thus, Jacobs's typo became the self-identified term for the genre/subculture while it was still an informal, unrecognized activity at conventions. Its first documented deliberate use was by [[Karen Anderson (writer)|Karen Anderson]] in ''Die Zeitschrift für vollständigen Unsinn'' (''The Journal for Utter Nonsense'') No. 774 (June 1953), for a song written by her husband [[Poul Anderson]].<ref name="firstUse">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nightsong.com/filk/twippledop/ |title=Tracking Down The First Deliberate Use Of "Filk Song" |access-date=25 November 2006 |first=Lee |last=Gold |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206001047/http://www.nightsong.com/filk/twippledop/ |archive-date=6 December 2012 }}</ref>
 At the 1974 [[World Science Fiction Convention]] author [[Robert Asprin|Bob Asprin]] announced publicly the creation of a group of volunteers he dubbed the Dorsai Irregulars, and a singing session ensued later that night.<ref name="dorsaiHistory">{{Cite web |url= http://www.di.org/di_f_his.htm |title=Filk Music and the Dorsai Irregulars |access-date=25 November 2006|website=Di.org |author=John Hall}}</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, filking slowly became established as an acknowledged activity at science fiction conventions. Some convention organizers allotted hotel function space late at night for filkers, or filking occurred in hallways, bars or any other place that the filkers could find. Some convention organizers in the 1980s began inviting guests specifically for their filking. Some specialized conventions focused entirely on filk, beginning with FilkCon in Chicago in 1979, organized by Margaret Middleton and Curt Clemmer, later joined by BayFilk in Northern California; the [[Ohio Valley Filk Fest]] (OVFF) in Columbus, Ohio; ConChord in Los Angeles and in San Diego,<ref>{{cite web |title=ConChord History Pages |url= http://www.sandiegofilk.com/ConchordMain.html|website=Sandiegofilk.com |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> California; GAFilk in Atlanta, Georgia;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gafilk.org/|title=GAFilk: Georgia Filk Convention|website=Gafilk.org}}</ref> Musicon in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]; [[FilKONtario]] near [[Toronto]], Ontario; a rotating British filkcon, and one (NEFilk) in the northeastern US;<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.nefilk.us/| title=The Northeast Filk Convention|website=Nefilk.us}}</ref> and the German FilkCONtinental.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filkcontinental.de/fc/home/index.php|title=FilkCONtinental|website=Filkcontinental.de|access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
@@ Line 48: / Line 45: @@
 ==Filk circles==
 ===Physical layout===
-[[File:2006-05-27 Baycon 2006 Saturday Night Open Filk Circle- Photo by Tony Fabris.jpg|thumb|A Filk circle at [[BayCon]] 2006]]
+[[File:2006-05-27 Baycon 2006 Saturday Night Open Filk Circle- Photo by Tony Fabris.jpg|thumb|A filk circle at [[BayCon]] 2006]]
-As the name implies, a rough circle of chairs is usually formed.<ref name="Bragg"/>
+As the name implies, a rough circle of chairs is usually formed.<ref name="Bragg"/> Traditionally, filk circles are started in the evening and tend to continue very late into the night.<ref name="Bragg" />
-===Time of day===
-Traditionally, filk circles are started in the evening and tend to continue very late into the night.<ref name="Bragg"/>
 ===Musical instruments===
@@ Line 59: / Line 53: @@
 ===Types===
 [[File:Sfcon-music-session-ddb.jpg|thumb|Filk circle]]
-Filk circles are often given an organizational structure to make it easier for participants to know when it is time to perform or time to listen to other performers. There are many ways to accomplish this, but the most common types of filk circle are listed below.<ref name=Gold:Welcome>{{cite web|last1=Gold|first1=Lee|author-link1=Lee Gold|title=Welcome to the Filk Circle|url=http://www.massfilc.org/FilkCircle.pdf|website=Massfilc.org|access-date=18 November 2014|date=2004}}</ref>
+Filk circles are often given an organizational structure to make it easier for participants to know when it is time to perform or time to listen to other performers. There are many ways to accomplish this. However, the most common types of filk circle are listed below.<ref name=Gold:Welcome>{{cite web|last1=Gold|first1=Lee|author-link1=Lee Gold|title=Welcome to the Filk Circle|url=http://www.massfilc.org/FilkCircle.pdf|website=Massfilc.org|access-date=18 November 2014|date=2004}}</ref>
 ====Bardic====
-The advantage of the bardic circle is that it has a clear structure, which enforces politeness. It ensures everyone in the circle gets their turn so that even shy people can have a chance to request or perform. There are disadvantages, however. A bardic circle with large numbers of participants will take a long time to traverse the entire circle, making people wait too long for their turn. Such a circle was lamented in a filk by [[Suzette Haden Elgin]]: "I've been here with my song at the ready since day before yesterday night."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skeptictank.org/files/en003/filk-018.htm|title=Lyrics and Tune Copyright 1983 Suzette Haden Elgin Song at the Ready The Filksing was crow|author=Fredric L. Rice|website=Skeptictank.org}}</ref>
+The advantage of the bardic circle is that it has a clear structure, which enforces politeness. It ensures everyone in the circle gets their turn so that even shy people can have a chance to request or perform. There are disadvantages, however. A bardic circle with large numbers of participants will take a long time to traverse the entire circle, making people wait too long for their turn. Such a circle was lamented in a filk by [[Suzette Haden Elgin]]: "I've been here with my song at the ready since day before yesterday night."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raids.org/files/en003/filk-018.htm|title=Lyrics and Tune Copyright 1983 Suzette Haden Elgin Song at the Ready The Filksing was crow|author=Fredric L. Rice|website=Skeptictank.org}}</ref>
 ====Chaos====
 In a chaos circle, there is no sequential organization. Any performer can simply begin playing a song after the prior song is finished, or any participant can shout out a request. Care must be taken to prevent two songs from starting at the same time. Frequently the word "follower!" is shouted in a chaos circle, meaning that a performer believes they have the perfect song to follow the prior song, and they want to play it now.<ref name="Gold">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kayshapero.net/filkcirc.htm|title=Filk FAQ Welcome To The Circle|website=Kayshapero.net|access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
-The chaos circle's advantage is its spontaneity and energy. "Runs" of songs will frequently get started, with each new song intended to make some sort of connection to or commentary on the prior song's topic. The disadvantage is that it takes concentration and effort to be polite and respectful in a chaos circle: It is easy to accidentally interrupt another performer who's trying to start up a song of their own, especially in a very large circle where one might not be able to easily hear the other performer on the opposite side of the room. Chaos circles thus have a reputation of favoring bold, loud performers who can command attention. One countermeasure to such conflicts is for someone, generally not one of the current/starting-up performers, to shout "Filker up!", possibly pointing to the one being interrupted. This alerts the room, and specifically the (usually unintentional) interrupter, to be quiet and pay attention to the filker who has started performing.<ref name="Conflikt_Circle_Etiquette">{{cite web |title=Concert & Circle Etiquette |author=<!--Not stated--> |url= http://conflikt.org/content/2016/download/ConfliktRules.pdf|format=PDF |website=Conflikt.org |access-date=14 May 2017 |ref=Conflikt_Circle_Etiquette |page=1 |date=2016}}</ref>
+The chaos circle's advantage is its spontaneity and energy. "Runs" of songs will frequently get started, with each new song intended to make some sort of connection to or commentary on the prior song's topic. The disadvantage is that it takes concentration and effort to be polite and respectful in a chaos circle: It is easy to accidentally interrupt another performer who's trying to start up a song of their own, especially in a very large circle where one might not be able to easily hear the other performer on the opposite side of the room. Chaos circles thus have a reputation of favoring bold, loud performers who can command attention. One countermeasure to such conflicts is for someone, generally not one of the current/starting-up performers, to shout "Filker up!", possibly pointing to the one being interrupted. This alerts the room, and specifically the (usually unintentional) interrupter, to be quiet and pay attention to the filker who has started performing.<ref name="Conflikt_Circle_Etiquette">{{cite web |title=Concert & Circle Etiquette |author=<!--Not stated--> |url= http://conflikt.org/content/2016/download/ConfliktRules.pdf|website=Conflikt.org |access-date=14 May 2017 |ref=Conflikt_Circle_Etiquette |page=1 |date=2016}}</ref>
 ====Token bardic====
@@ Line 76: / Line 70: @@
 ==Cultural perspective==
-At a deep level, the folk culture of filk validates creative arts in the midst of an explicitly technological culture. When accepting induction into the Filk Hall of Fame in 2003, ethnomusicologist Sally Childs-Helton said, ''We have taken our right to be creative and to literally "play" in the best sense of that word.'' Filk combines folk roots, live music circles, and dominant acoustical instrumentation, on the one hand, with high-tech cultural maintenance, on the other hand—a dense network of filkers' web pages, recordings, sound reinforcement at filk conventions, e-mail lists, and so on. The eclectic content of filk frequently contains that assertion of human creativity, especially in connection with technology. (See for example [[Leslie Fish]]'s Hope Eyrie.) While there are significant numbers of memorial songs,<ref name=Launius>{{cite book|last1=Launius|first1=Roger D.|title=55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law|chapter=Got Filk? Lament for Apollo in Modern Sci-Fi Folk Music|chapter-url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06|website=Aerospace Research Central|publisher=5th International Astronautical Congress 2004; Vancouver; Canada|access-date=18 November 2014|date=5 October 2004|doi=10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06}} The exact date is taken from the [http://www.iaaweb.org/iaa/Publications/vancouver2004fp.pdf congress program], p. 106.
+At a deep level, the folk culture of filk validates creative arts in the midst of an explicitly technological culture. When accepting induction into the Filk Hall of Fame in 2003, ethnomusicologist Sally Childs-Helton said, "We have taken our right to be creative and to literally 'play' in the best sense of that word." Filk combines folk roots, live music circles, and dominant acoustical instrumentation, on the one hand, with high-tech cultural maintenance, on the other hand—a dense network of filkers' web pages, recordings, sound reinforcement at filk conventions, e-mail lists, and so on. The eclectic content of filk frequently contains that assertion of human creativity, especially in connection with technology. (See for example [[Leslie Fish]]'s "[[Hope Eyrie]]".) While there are significant numbers of memorial songs,<ref name=Launius>{{cite book|last1=Launius|first1=Roger D.|title=55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law|chapter=Got Filk? Lament for Apollo in Modern Sci-Fi Folk Music|chapter-url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06|website=Aerospace Research Central|publisher=5th International Astronautical Congress 2004; Vancouver; Canada|access-date=18 November 2014|date=5 October 2004|doi=10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.06}} The exact date is taken from the [http://www.iaaweb.org/iaa/Publications/vancouver2004fp.pdf congress program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906151235/http://www.iaaweb.org/iaa/Publications/vancouver2004fp.pdf |date=6 September 2012 }}, p. 106.
 Printed in ''[[Quest: The History of Spaceflight]]'', Bethesda, MD, USA: International Space Business Council, 12 (4) ([http://www.spacehistory101.com/product_p/v124.htm 2005]), Johnson, Stephen, ed. {{ISSN|1065-7738}}</ref> pessimistic songs blame carelessness, incompetence, and corruption, only rarely considering the frailties of a society built on technology or hopes for the future. Because these themes cross international boundaries in filk, they are not explainable as a purely American optimism vis-a-vis technology (in contrast to Nye, 1996).<ref name=Nye />
@@ Line 92: / Line 86: @@
 ==See also==
-* {{annotated link|Banned from Argo|"Banned from Argo"}}
+* {{annotated link|Banned from Argo|quote=yes}}
 * {{annotated link|Science fiction convention}}
@@ Line 101: / Line 95: @@
 * {{cite web |url= https://fancyclopedia.org/Filk |title=Filk |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Fancyclopedia.org|access-date=17 July 2021}}
 * {{cite news |last=Boros |first=Chris |date=9 January 2010 |title=Science-Fiction Music: Monsters, Aliens in 'Filk' |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122997440 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=10 January 2010}}
-* {{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Georgiana |date=20 March 2008 |title=What is Filk? |url=http://thephoenix.com//Boston/Life/58308-What-is-Filk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906224630/http://thephoenix.com//Boston/Life/58308-What-is-Filk/ |archive-date=6 September 2008 |work=[[The Boston Phoenix]] |access-date=9 August 2017}}
+* {{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Georgiana |date=20 March 2008 |title=What Is Filk? |url=http://thephoenix.com//Boston/Life/58308-What-is-Filk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906224630/http://thephoenix.com//Boston/Life/58308-What-is-Filk/ |archive-date=6 September 2008 |work=[[The Boston Phoenix]] |access-date=9 August 2017}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 107: / Line 101: @@
 {{commons category|Filk}}
+* [http://debbieohi.com/ut-filk-faq-index/ Debbie Ohi's Filk FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126163750/https://www.debbieohi.com/ut-filk-faq-index/ |date=26 January 2021 }}
-* {{curlie|Arts/Music/Styles/F/Folk/Filk/}}
-* [http://debbieohi.com/ut-filk-faq-index/ Debbie Ohi's Filk FAQ]
 * [http://www.massfilc.org/filkindex/ Filk Book Index]
 * [http://www.filk.info/filkdb/ Filk Database]
@@ Line 124: / Line 117: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:filk music}}
-[[Category:filk music| ]]
+[[Category:Filk music| ]]
-[[Category:fantasy fandom]]
+[[Category:Fantasy fandom]]
-[[Category:fantasy music]]
+[[Category:Fantasy music]]
-[[Category:genres of poetry]]
+[[Category:Genres of poetry]]
-[[Category:musical subcultures]]
+[[Category:Musical subcultures]]
-[[Category:science fiction fandom]]
+[[Category:Science fiction fandom]]
-[[Category:speculative fiction works]]
+[[Category:Speculative fiction works]]
-[[Category:spoken word]]
+[[Category:Spoken word]]
+[[Category:1950s beginnings]]