Glaucous gull: Difference between revisions

Glaucous gull
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Genus:	Larus
Species:	L. hyperboreus
Binomial name
	Larus hyperboreus; Gunnerus, 1767

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The glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) is a large gull, the second-largest gull in the world. The genus name is from Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name hyperboreus is Latin for "northern" from the Ancient Greek Huperboreoi people from the far north ^[2] "Glaucous" is from Latin glaucus and denotes the grey colour of the gull.^[3] An older English name for this species is burgomaster.^[4]

Distribution

This gull breeds in Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and winters south to shores of the Holarctic.It is migratory, wintering from in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans as far south as the British Isles and northernmost states of the United States, also on the Great Lakes. A few birds sometimes reach the southern USA and northern Mexico.

Description

This is a large and powerful gull, second-largest of all gull species and very pale in all plumage, with no black on either the wings or the tail. Adults are pale grey above, with a thick, yellow bill. Juveniles are very pale grey with a pink and black bill. This species is considerably larger, bulkier, and thicker-billed than the similar Iceland gull, and can sometimes equal the size of the great black-backed gull, the oft-titled largest gull species. In some areas, glaucous gulls are about the same weight as great black-backed gulls or even heavier, and their maximum weight is greater.^[5] They can weigh from 960 to 2,700 g (2.12 to 5.95 lb), with the sexes previously reported to average 1.55 kg (3.4 lb) in males and 1.35 kg (3.0 lb) in females.^[6]^[7] At the colony on Coats Island in Canada, the gulls are nearly 15% heavier than some other known populations, with a mean weight 1.86 kg (4.1 lb) in five males and 1.49 kg (3.3 lb) in seven females. One other study claimed even higher weights for glaucous gulls, as on Wrangel Island, 9 males reportedly averaged 2.32 kg (5.1 lb) and 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) in six females, which if accurate, would make the glaucous gull the heaviest gull and shorebird in the world if not (as far as is known) the largest in length on average.^[8]^[9] These gulls range from 55 to 77 cm (22 to 30 in) in length and can span 132 to 170 cm (52 to 67 in), with some specimens possibly attaining 182 cm (72 in), across the wings.^[7]^[10]^[11]^[9] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 40.8 to 50.1 cm (16.1 to 19.7 in), the bill is 4.9 to 6.9 cm (1.9 to 2.7 in) and the tarsus is 6 to 7.7 cm (2.4 to 3.0 in).^[7] They take four years to reach maturity.

The call is a "laughing" cry similar to that of the herring gull, but deeper.

Subspecies

The four recognized subspecies are:

Image	Subspecies	Distribution
	L. h. hyperboreus, Gunnerus, 1767	nominate, found from northern Europe to north-western Siberia
	L. h. pallidissimus, Portenko, 1939	found from north-western Siberia to the Bering Sea - the largest subspecies, paler than hyperboreus with bright raspberry pink legs (possibly due to diet).
	L. h. barrovianus, Ridgway, 1886	found from Alaska to north-west Canada - the smallest subspecies, with a darker mantle, shorter bill and longer wings than hyperboreus. First-year immature is generally darker and more strongly-marked than hyperboreus.
	L. h. leuceretes, Schleep, 1819	found from north-central Canada to Greenland and Iceland - Averages slightly paler than hyperboreus. Olsen & Larsson (2003) in Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America consider it synonymous with nominate hyperboreus.^[12]

Ecology

This species of seagull breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a lined nest on the ground or cliff. Normally, two to four light brown eggs with dark brown splotches are laid.

These are omnivores like most Larus gulls, and they eat fish, insects, molluscs, starfish, offal, scraps, eggs, small birds, small mammals, and carrion, as well as seeds, berries, and grains.

Glaucous gull at De Cocksdorp, Netherlands
Egg, collection Museum Wiesbaden
In flight with great black-backed gulls, Ottawa, Ontario

References

^ BirdLife International (2018). "Larus hyperboreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694343A132544122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694343A132544122.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 198, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "Glaucous". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "Burgomaster Gull". National Audubon Society. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
^ Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977.
^ Dementiev, G. P. and N. A. Gladkov. (1951). Ptitsi Sovietskogo Soyuza [Birds of the Soviet Union]. Vol. 2. Israel, in 1968.]: Publishing House Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, USSR. [English translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
^ ^a ^b Weiser, Emily and H. Grant Gilchrist. (2012). Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/glagul. DOI: 10.2173/bna.573
^ "Glaucous Gull". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. (2011)
^ Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
^ Olsen, Klaus Malling (2003). Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. Hans Larsson. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. OCLC 57006518.

External links

Glaucous gull Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Alaska Seabird Information Series
BirdLife species factsheet for Larus hyperboreus
"Larus hyperboreus". Avibase.
"Glaucous gull media". Internet Bird Collection.
Glaucous gull photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Larus hyperboreus at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Glaucous gull on Xeno-canto.
Larus hyperboreus in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2018). "Larus hyperboreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694343A132544122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694343A132544122.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[job-2] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 198, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[OED-3] "Glaucous". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[Audubon-4] "Burgomaster Gull". National Audubon Society. Retrieved 14 October 2021.

[CRC2-5] Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.

[CRC-6] Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.

[Olsen-7] Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977.

[8] Dementiev, G. P. and N. A. Gladkov. (1951). Ptitsi Sovietskogo Soyuza [Birds of the Soviet Union]. Vol. 2. Israel, in 1968.]: Publishing House Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, USSR. [English translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.

[Weiser-9] Weiser, Emily and H. Grant Gilchrist. (2012). Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/glagul. DOI: 10.2173/bna.573

[AAB-10] "Glaucous Gull". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. (2011)

[Harrison-11] Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.

[12] Olsen, Klaus Malling (2003). Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. Hans Larsson. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8. OCLC 57006518.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Glacous Gull on ice.jpg
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |author=[[BirdLife International]] |title=''Larus hyperboreus'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2015 |page=e.T22694343A85048979 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2015 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22694343/0 |accessdate=4 May 2016}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Larus hyperboreus'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22694343A132544122 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694343A132544122.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
 | taxon = Larus hyperboreus
 | authority = [[Johann Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1767
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
 }}
-The '''glaucous gull''' (''Larus hyperboreus'') is a large [[gull]], the second-largest gull in the world.  It breeds in [[Arctic]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and winters south to shores of the [[Holarctic]]. The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''larus'', which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name ''hyperboreus'' is Latin for "northern" from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''Huperboreoi'' people from the far north <ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 198, 219}}</ref> "[[Glaucous]]" is from Latin ''glaucus'' and denotes a bluish-green or grey colour.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED | Glaucous}}</ref>
+The '''glaucous gull''' ('''''Larus hyperboreus''''') is a large [[gull]], the second-largest gull in the world. The genus name is from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|larus}}, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name {{lang|la|hyperboreus}} is Latin for "northern" from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''Huperboreoi'' people from the far north <ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n198 198], 219}}</ref> "[[Glaucous]]" is from Latin {{lang|la|glaucus}} and denotes the grey colour of the gull.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED | Glaucous}}</ref> An older English name for this species is '''burgomaster'''.<ref name="Audubon">{{cite web |title=Burgomaster Gull |url=https://www.audubon.org/birds-of-america/burgomaster-gull |website=National Audubon Society |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>
+==Distribution==
-This gull is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering from in the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and North [[Pacific]] Oceans as far south as the [[British Isles]] and northernmost states of the United States, also on the [[Great Lakes]]. A few birds sometimes reach the southern USA and northern Mexico.
+This gull breeds in [[Arctic]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and winters south to shores of the [[Holarctic]].It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering from in the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and North [[Pacific]] Oceans as far south as the [[British Isles]] and northernmost states of the United States, also on the [[Great Lakes]]. A few birds sometimes reach the southern USA and northern Mexico.
 ==Description==
 [[File:Wiki-shirokamome.jpg|thumb|left|Adult plumage]]
 [[File:Larus hyperboreus Immature.jpg|thumb|left|Immature plumage]]
-This is a large and powerful gull, second-largest of all gull species and very pale in all plumage, with no black on either the wings or the tail. Adults are pale grey above, with a thick, yellow bill. Immatures are very pale grey with a pink and black bill. This species is considerably larger, bulkier, and thicker-billed than the similar [[Iceland gull]], and can sometimes equal the size of the [[great black-backed gull]], the oft-titled largest gull species. In some areas, glaucous gulls are about the same weight as great black-backed gulls or even heavier, and their maximum weight is greater.<ref name=CRC2/> They can weigh from {{convert|960|to|2700|g|lb|abbr=on}}, with the sexes previously reported to average {{convert|1.55|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|1.35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females.<ref name=CRC/><ref name=Olsen/> At the colony on [[Coats Island]] in Canada, the gulls are nearly 15% heavier than some other known populations, with a mean weight {{convert|1.86|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in five males and {{convert|1.49|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in seven females. One other study claimed even higher weights for glaucous gulls, as on [[Wrangel Island]], 9 males reportedly averaged {{convert|2.32|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in six females, which if accurate, would make the glaucous gull the heaviest gull and shorebird in the world if not (as far as is known) the largest in length on average.<ref>Dementiev, G. P. and N. A. Gladkov. (1951). ''Ptitsi Sovietskogo Soyuza [Birds of the Soviet Union]''. Vol. 2. Israel, in 1968.]: Publishing House Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, USSR. [English translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.</ref><ref name= Weiser>Weiser, Emily and H. Grant Gilchrist. (2012). ''Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus)'', The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/glagul. DOI: 10.2173/bna.573</ref> These gulls range from {{convert|55|to|77|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and can span {{convert|132|to|170|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with some specimens possibly attaining {{convert|182|cm|in|abbr=on}}, across the wings.<ref name=Olsen/><ref name=AAB/><ref name=Harrison/><ref name= Weiser/> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|40.8|to|50.1|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|4.9|to|6.9|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|6|to|7.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Olsen/> They take four years to reach maturity.
+This is a large and powerful gull, second-largest of all gull species and very pale in all plumage, with no black on either the wings or the tail. Adults are pale grey above, with a thick, yellow bill. Juveniles are very pale grey with a pink and black bill. This species is considerably larger, bulkier, and thicker-billed than the similar [[Iceland gull]], and can sometimes equal the size of the [[great black-backed gull]], the oft-titled largest gull species. In some areas, glaucous gulls are about the same weight as great black-backed gulls or even heavier, and their maximum weight is greater.<ref name=CRC2/> They can weigh from {{convert|960|to|2700|g|lb|abbr=on}}, with the sexes previously reported to average {{convert|1.55|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|1.35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females.<ref name=CRC/><ref name=Olsen/> At the colony on [[Coats Island]] in Canada, the gulls are nearly 15% heavier than some other known populations, with a mean weight {{convert|1.86|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in five males and {{convert|1.49|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in seven females. One other study claimed even higher weights for glaucous gulls, as on [[Wrangel Island]], 9 males reportedly averaged {{convert|2.32|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in six females, which if accurate, would make the glaucous gull the heaviest gull and shorebird in the world if not (as far as is known) the largest in length on average.<ref>Dementiev, G. P. and N. A. Gladkov. (1951). ''Ptitsi Sovietskogo Soyuza [Birds of the Soviet Union]''. Vol. 2. Israel, in 1968.]: Publishing House Sovietskaya Nauka, Moscow, USSR. [English translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.</ref><ref name= Weiser>Weiser, Emily and H. Grant Gilchrist. (2012). ''Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus)'', The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/glagul. DOI: 10.2173/bna.573</ref> These gulls range from {{convert|55|to|77|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and can span {{convert|132|to|170|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with some specimens possibly attaining {{convert|182|cm|in|abbr=on}}, across the wings.<ref name=Olsen/><ref name=AAB/><ref name=Harrison/><ref name= Weiser/> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|40.8|to|50.1|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|4.9|to|6.9|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|6|to|7.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Olsen/> They take four years to reach maturity.
 The call is a "laughing" cry similar to that of the herring gull, but deeper.
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
 ==Subspecies==
 The four recognized [[subspecies]] are:
+{| class="wikitable "
+|-
-* ''L. h. hyperboreus'', <small>[[Johann Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1767</small>:  [[Nominate subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate]], found from northern [[Europe]] to north-western [[Siberia]]
+! Image !! Subspecies !! Distribution
-* ''L. h. pallidissimus'', <small>Portenko, 1939</small>: found from north-western Siberia to the [[Bering Sea]]
+|-
-* ''L. h. barrovianus'', <small>[[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1886</small>: found from [[Alaska]] to north-west Canada
+|[[File:Adult Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), Skaw - geograph.org.uk - 5247885.jpg|120px]]|| ''L. h. hyperboreus'', <small>[[Johann Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1767</small>|| [[Nominate subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate]], found from northern [[Europe]] to north-western [[Siberia]]
-* ''L. h. leuceretes'', <small>Schleep, 1819</small>: found from north-central Canada to [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]]
+|-
+|[[File:Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) with offspring, Liefdefjord, Svalbard.jpg|120px]]|| ''L. h. pallidissimus'', <small>Portenko, 1939</small>|| found from north-western Siberia to the [[Bering Sea]] - the largest subspecies, paler than ''hyperboreus'' with bright raspberry pink legs (possibly due to diet).
+|-
+|[[File:Larus hyperboreus-USFWS.jpg|120px]]|| ''L. h. barrovianus'', <small>[[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1886</small>|| found from [[Alaska]] to north-west Canada - the smallest subspecies, with a darker mantle, shorter bill and longer wings than hyperboreus. First-year immature is generally darker and more strongly-marked than ''hyperboreus''.
+|-
+| || ''L. h. leuceretes'', <small>[[Bernhard Christian Schleep|Schleep]], 1819</small>|| found from north-central Canada to [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] - Averages slightly paler than ''hyperboreus''. Olsen & Larsson (2003) in ''Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America'' consider it synonymous with nominate ''hyperboreus''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |first=Klaus Malling |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57006518 |title=Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America |publisher=Christopher Helm |others=Hans Larsson |year=2003 |isbn=0-7136-7087-8 |location=London |oclc=57006518}}</ref>
+|-
+|}
 ==Ecology==
-This species breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a lined nest on the ground or cliff. Normally, two to four light brown eggs with dark brown splotches are laid.
+This species of seagull breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a lined nest on the ground or cliff. Normally, two to four light brown eggs with dark brown splotches are laid.
 These are omnivores like most ''Larus'' gulls, and they eat fish, insects, molluscs, starfish, offal, scraps, eggs, small birds, small mammals, and carrion, as well as seeds, berries, and grains.
@@ Line 55: / Line 65: @@
 {{Commons category|Larus hyperboreus}}
 {{Wikispecies|Larus hyperboreus}}
-* [http://alaska.fws.gov/mbsp/mbm/seabirds/pdf/glgu.pdf Glaucous gull], Alaska Seabird Information Series
+* [http://alaska.fws.gov/mbsp/mbm/seabirds/pdf/glgu.pdf Glaucous gull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527194550/http://alaska.fws.gov/mbsp/mbm/seabirds/pdf/glgu.pdf |date=2010-05-27 }}, Alaska Seabird Information Series
 * {{BirdLife|22694343|Larus hyperboreus}}
 * {{Avibase|name=Larus hyperboreus}}
@@ Line 67: / Line 77: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q27375}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Larus]]
-[[Category:Birds of the Arctic|gull, glaucous]]
+[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1767]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Johan Ernst Gunnerus]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
+[[Category:Holarctic birds]]

v t e Gulls (family: Laridae)
Genus	Species († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Larus	Pacific gull Belcher's gull Olrog's gull Black-tailed gull Heermann's gull Common gull Short-billed gull Ring-billed gull California gull Great black-backed gull Kelp gull (or Cape gull) Glaucous-winged gull Western gull Yellow-footed gull Glaucous gull Iceland gull Thayer's gull European herring gull American herring gull Yellow-legged gull Caspian gull Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull) Armenian gull Slaty-backed gull Lesser black-backed gull Heuglin's gull
Ichthyaetus	White-eyed gull Sooty gull Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull) Audouin's gull Mediterranean gull Relict gull
Leucophaeus	Dolphin gull Laughing gull Franklin's gull Lava gull Grey gull
Chroicocephalus	Silver gull Red-billed gull Huahine gull † Hartlaub's gull Brown-hooded gull Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull) Andean gull Black-billed gull Brown-headed gull Black-headed gull Slender-billed gull Bonaparte's gull Saunders's gull
Hydrocoloeus	Little gull
Rhodostethia	Ross's gull
Rissa	Black-legged kittiwake Red-legged kittiwake
Pagophila	Ivory gull
Xema	Sabine's gull
Creagrus	Swallow-tailed gull
Gull eggs as food Hybridisation in gulls