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Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of Romania and the Moldavia, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic, the title is used for regional governors.

Etymology

The term hetman was a Polish borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the Turkic title ataman (literally 'father of horsemen'),^[1]^[2]^{[unreliable source?]} however it could also come from the German Hauptmann – captain.^[3] Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the Cumans.^{[citation needed]}

Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania

Hetman Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł

Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates

Janusz Radziwiłł, one of the most powerful people in the Commonwealth at the time

The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman (Polish: hetman wielki koronny) dates from 1505. The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Field (deputy) Hetman each for both Poland and Lithuania.

From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621).^[4] Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.

This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host (a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, Bohdan Khmelnytsky,^[5] igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence.

The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland (1795).

Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine

Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky

In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the Zaporizhian Cossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army (Ukrainian: Реєстрове козацьке військо) of the Commonwealth. From 1648, the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky's uprising, a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna and heads of the Cossack Hetmanate. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected.

After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish–Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the Cossack Hetmanate) and Right-bank Cossacks.

In the Russian Empire, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrylo Rozumovsky, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.^[6]

The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People's Republic, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.

Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia

Used by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) onward, hejtman is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region (kraj).^[7]

For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of voivode.

Other uses

Hetman has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples:

"They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." — Maxim Gorky, Mother (1906)^[8]

Queen (chess piece) is called hetman in Polish and coded as H in the algebraic notation.

References

^ "The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs". The Economist. December 21, 1996.
^ "Ataman". Cossackweb.narod.ru. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition (12 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 669. ISBN 9780199601080.
^ Paradowski, Micha (2023). The Khotyn Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107. Helion and Company. p. 209. ISBN 978-1804514993.
^ Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God". The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine. Oxford Academic.
^ "The early history of Kiev". Kiev. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14. doi:10.1515/9781400851515-004.alternate url=https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf
^ "Czechia". European Commission. April 3, 2024.
^ Gorky, Maxim (1906). Mother. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p. 372 – via Internet Archive. They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.

External links

Media related to Hetmans at Wikimedia Commons
"Hetman" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.

[1] "The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs". The Economist. December 21, 1996.

[2] "Ataman". Cossackweb.narod.ru. Retrieved July 6, 2012.

[3] Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice, eds. (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition (12 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 669. ISBN 9780199601080.

[4] Paradowski, Micha (2023). The Khotyn Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire. Century of the Soldier. Vol. 107. Helion and Company. p. 209. ISBN 978-1804514993.

[5] Plokhy, Serhii (November 2001). "A Hetman Sent by God". The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine. Oxford Academic.

[6] "The early history of Kiev". Kiev. Princeton University Press. 1993. p. 14. doi:10.1515/9781400851515-004.alternate url=https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf

[7] "Czechia". European Commission. April 3, 2024.

[8] Gorky, Maxim (1906). Mother. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p. 372 – via Internet Archive. They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Historical political and military title in Central and Eastern Europe}}
 {{Other uses}}
+{{distinguish|Hitman}}
 [[File:Jan Amor Tarnowski.PNG|thumb|Grand Crown Hetman [[Jan Amor Tarnowski]] by [[Marcello Bacciarelli]], 1781]]
-'''{{lang|uk-Latn|Hetman|italics=no|reason=This word is assimilated into English.}}''' is a political title from [[Central and Eastern Europe]], historically assigned to military commanders. Used by the [[Czechs]] in [[Bohemia]] since the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of [[Romania]] and the [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]], hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern [[Czech Republic]], the title is used for regional governors.
+'''''Hetman''''' is a political title from [[Central and Eastern Europe]], historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a [[field marshal]] or imperial marshal in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]). First used by the [[Czechs]] in [[Bohemia]] in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of [[Romania]] and the [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]], hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern [[Czech Republic]], the title is used for regional [[governors]].
 ==Etymology==
-The term ''hetman'' was a Polish borrowing, probably from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] title ''[[ataman]]'' (literally 'father of horsemen'),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=December 21, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cossackweb.narod.ru/cossacks/ataman.htm |title=Ataman |work=Cossackweb.narod.ru |access-date=July 6, 2012}}</ref> or a borrowing from comparable German {{lang|de|[[Hauptmann]]}} – captain.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stevenson |editor1-first=Angus |editor2-last=Waite |editor2-first=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199601080 |page=669 |edition=12}}</ref>
+The term ''hetman'' was a [[Polish language|Polish]] borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] title ''[[ataman]]'' (literally 'father of horsemen'),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=December 21, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cossackweb.narod.ru/cossacks/ataman.htm |title=Ataman |work=Cossackweb.narod.ru |access-date=July 6, 2012}}</ref>{{rs?|date=June 2024}} however it could also come from the German {{lang|de|[[Hauptmann]]}} – captain.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stevenson |editor1-first=Angus |editor2-last=Waite |editor2-first=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199601080 |page=669 |edition=12}}</ref> Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the [[Cumans]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}
 ==Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania==
 {{Main|Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}
+{{Multiimage
+|total-width=400px
+|image1=Mikałaj Radzivił Rudy. Мікалай Радзівіл Руды.jpg
+|caption1=Hetman [[Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł]]
+|image2=Jan Karal Chadkievič. Ян Караль Хадкевіч (XVII) (6).jpg
+|caption2=Hetman [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates
+|image3=Januš Radzivił. Януш Радзівіл (B. Strobel, 1634).jpg
+|caption3=[[Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)|Janusz Radziwiłł]], one of the most powerful people in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] at the time
+}}
-The Polish title ''Grand Crown Hetman'' ({{lang-pl|hetman wielki koronny}}) dates from 1505. The title of ''Hetman'' was given to the leader of the [[Polish Army]]. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a ''Great Hetman'' and ''Field'' (deputy) ''Hetman'' for each of both Poland and Lithuania.
+The Polish title ''Grand Crown Hetman'' ({{langx|pl|hetman wielki koronny}}) dates from 1505. The title of ''Hetman'' was given to the leader of the [[Polish Army]]. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a ''Great Hetman'' and ''Field'' (deputy) ''Hetman'' each for both Poland and Lithuania.
-From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, thus most hetmans served for life, as illustrated by the case of [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] literally commanding the army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid for their job by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's [[chain of command]]. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.
+From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CPpEAAAQBAJ |page=209 |title=The Khotyn Campaign of 1621: Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack Armies versus Might of the Ottoman Empire |volume=107 |series=Century of the Soldier |first1=Micha |last1= Paradowski |publisher=Helion and Company |year=2023 |isbn=978-1804514993}}</ref><!-- covers  date but not deathbed. But he was killed in the campaign --> Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's [[chain of command]]. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.
-This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]] (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of their own, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], igniting the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|Ukrainian struggle]] for independence.
+This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Zaporizhian Host]] (a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine | url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6208/chapter-abstract/149830224?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false# |chapter=A Hetman Sent by God |first1=Serhii |last1=Plokhy |publisher=Oxford Academic |date = November 2001}}</ref> igniting the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|Ukrainian struggle]] for independence.
-The military reform of 1776 limited the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the [[Third Partition of Poland]] (1795).
+The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the [[Third Partition of Poland]] (1795).
+==Hetmans of the Cossack Hetmanate and Ukraine==
-<gallery>
-File:Mikałaj Radzivił Rudy. Мікалай Радзівіл Руды.jpg|Hetman [[Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł]]
-File:Jan Karal Chadkievič. Ян Караль Хадкевіч (XVII) (6).jpg|Hetman [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates
-File:Januš Radzivił. Януш Радзівіл (B. Strobel, 1634).jpg|[[Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)|Janusz Radziwiłł]], one of the most powerful people in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] at the time
-</gallery>
-==Hetmans of the Zaporozhian Host and Ukraine==
 {{Cossacks}}
-{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
+{{Multiimage
-[[Image:BChmielnicki.jpg|thumb|200px|Ukrainian Hetman [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky]]]]
+|align=center
+|image1=BChmielnicki.jpg
+|caption1=Ukrainian Hetman [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky|Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky]]
+|image2=Partition of Ukraine after the Truce of Andrusovo (1667).jpg
+|caption2=In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}
 {{Main|Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks}}
-At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporizhian]] [[Cossacks]] were titled {{lang|uk-Latn|[[Koshovyi Otaman]]}} or ''Hetman''; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the [[Registered Cossacks|Registered Cossack Army]] ({{lang-uk|Реєстрове козацьке військо}}) of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]], too. From 1648, the start of [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'s [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising]], a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State — {{lang|uk-Latn|Hetmanshchyna}}. Although they were elected, Ukrainian hetmans had very broad powers and acted as heads of the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossack state]], they were supreme military commanders, and top legislators (by issuing administrative decrees).
+At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the [[Zaporozhian Host|Zaporizhian]] [[Cossacks]] were titled {{lang|uk-Latn|[[Koshovyi Otaman]]}} or ''Hetman''; [[Krzysztof Kosiński|Christof Kosynsky]] was the first [[Zaporizhian Cossacks|Zaporizhian hetman]]. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the [[Registered Cossacks|Registered Cossack Army]] ({{langx|uk|Реєстрове козацьке військо}}) of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]. From 1648, the start of [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'s [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|uprising]], a hetman was the head of the whole [[Ukrainian State]] — {{lang|uk-Latn|Hetmanshchyna}} and heads of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]. As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected.
 After the split of [[Ukraine]] along the [[Dnieper River]] by the 1667 [[Poland|Polish]]–[[Russia]]n [[Treaty of Andrusovo]], Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]]) and Right-bank Cossacks.
-In the [[Russian Empire]], the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was [[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]], who reigned from 1751 until 1764.
+In the [[Russian Empire]], the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was [[Kyrylo Rozumovsky]], who reigned from 1751 until 1764.<ref>{{cite book|page=14 |chapter=The early history of Kiev |publisher=Princeton University Press |year= 1993 |title=Kiev |doi=10.1515/9781400851515-004 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400851515-004/html?lang=en}}alternate url=https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5285.pdf</ref>
-The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1920. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported [[Coup d'etat|coup]] overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian [[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Rada]] and its [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], who claimed the title ''[[Hetman of Ukraine]]''. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new [[Directorate of Ukraine]], of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.
+The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported [[Coup d'etat|coup]] overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian [[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Rada]] and its [[Ukrainian People's Republic]], establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], who claimed the title ''[[Hetman of Ukraine]]''. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new [[Directorate of Ukraine]], of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.
 ==Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia==
-Used by the [[Czechs]] in [[Bohemia]] from the [[Hussite Wars]] (15th century) onward, {{lang|cs|hejtman}} is today the term for the elected governor of a [[regions of the Czech Republic|Czech region]] ({{lang|cs|kraj}}).
+Used by the [[Czechs]] in [[Bohemia]] from the [[Hussite Wars]] (15th century) onward, {{lang|cs|hejtman}} is today the term for the elected governor of a [[regions of the Czech Republic|Czech region]] ({{lang|cs|kraj}}).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/czechia/main-executive-and-legislative-bodies |title=Czechia |date= April 3, 2024 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
 For much of the history of [[Romania]] and the [[Principality of Moldavia]], hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of [[voivode]].
@@ Line 45: / Line 55: @@
 ''Hetman'' has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'.  Examples:
 * "They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." —&thinsp;[[Maxim Gorky]], ''[[Mother (Gorky novel)|Mother]]'' (1906)<ref>{{cite book |first=Maxim |last=Gorky |author-link=Maxim Gorky |title=Mother |date=1906 |publisher=D. Appleton–Century Company |location=New York/London |page=[https://archive.org/details/mother00gorkgoog/page/n410 372] |via=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/mother00gorkgoog |quote=They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman. |translator=<!--Not applicable; this was first published in English.-->}}</ref>
-[[Queen_(chess)|Queen (chess piece)]] is called ''hetman'' in Polish and coded as '''H''' in the [[Algebraic_notation_(chess)|algebraic notation]].
+[[Queen (chess)|Queen (chess piece)]] is called ''hetman'' in Polish and coded as '''H''' in the [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]].
 ==See also==
@@ Line 73: / Line 83: @@
 [[Category:Military ranks of Lithuania]]
 [[Category:Lithuanian titles]]
+[[Category:Czech titles]]
 [[Category:Slavic titles]]
 [[Category:Military ranks of Belarus]]