Kitanemuk language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Northern Uto-Aztecan language of California, US}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Kitanemuk |
| name = Kitanemuk |
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|states=[[United States]] |
| states = [[United States]] |
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|region=Southern [[California]] |
| region = Southern [[California]] |
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| ethnicity = [[Kitanemuk people|Kitanemuk]] |
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⚫ | |||
| extinct = 1940s |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
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| fam1 = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] |
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⚫ | |||
|extinct=Last spoken in the 1940s by Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran |
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⚫ | |||
|iso3=none |
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| fam4 = [[Serran languages|Serran]] |
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|linglist=qe8 |
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| iso3 = none |
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⚫ | |||
| glotto = kita1252 |
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⚫ | |||
| map = File:Takic_language_map.svg |
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| mapcaption = Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano. |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Kitanemuk''' |
'''Kitanemuk''' is an extinct Northern [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan language]] of the [[Serran languages|Serran branch]]. It is very closely related to [[Serrano language|Serrano]], and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] and foothill environs of [[Southern California]]. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. [[J. P. Harrington]] took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language. |
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==Morphology== |
==Morphology== |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard [[Americanist phonetic notation]] in |
The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard [[Americanist phonetic notation]] in {{angbr|angle brackets}}: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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! rowspan=2| |
! rowspan=2| |
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! rowspan=2| [[labial consonant|Labial]] |
! rowspan=2| [[labial consonant|Labial]] |
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|- |
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! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
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| |
| {{IPAlink|m}} |
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| {{IPAlink|n}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[ |
! [[Plosive]] |
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| {{IPAlink|p}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|k}} |
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| {{IPAlink|kʷ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[ |
! [[Affricate]] |
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| {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|c}} |
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| {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|č}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[ |
! [[Fricative]] |
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| {{IPAlink|v}} |
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| {{IPAlink|s}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}} |
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| {{IPAlink|h}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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| {{IPAlink|r}} |
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! [[ |
! [[Approximant]] |
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| {{IPAlink|l}} |
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| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}} |
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| {{IPAlink|w}} |
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|} |
|} |
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Word-finally, {{ |
Word-finally, {{IPAlink|h}} becomes {{IPAblink|r}}, and all [[voiced consonant]]s become [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] before other voiceless consonants or word-finally. |
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===Vowels=== |
===Vowels=== |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
! |
! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
! [[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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⚫ | |||
|-align=center class=IPA |
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! [[Close vowel|Close]] |
! [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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| {{IPAlink|i}} |
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| i |
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| ɨ |
| {{IPAlink|ɨ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|u}} |
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| u |
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⚫ | |||
|-align=center class=IPA |
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! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| {{IPAlink|e}} |
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⚫ | |||
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|o}} |
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|- |
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|-align=center class=IPA |
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! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| {{IPAlink|a}} |
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|a |
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|} |
|} |
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==Grammar== |
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{{Empty section|date=May 2008}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Population of Native California]] |
*[[Population of Native California]] |
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*[[:Category:Native American history of California|Native American history of California]] |
*[[:Category:Native American history of California|Native American history of California]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.fourdir.com/kitanemuk.htm Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk] |
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020108110334/http://www.fourdir.com/kitanemuk.htm Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk]}} |
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*[http://www.native-languages.org/kitanemuk.htm Native Languages: Kitanemuk] |
*[http://www.native-languages.org/kitanemuk.htm Native Languages: Kitanemuk] |
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* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/kitanemuk.php Kitanemuk language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]] |
* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/kitanemuk.php Kitanemuk language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]] |
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{{Uto-Aztecan languages}} |
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{{Languages of California}} |
{{Languages of California}} |
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{{Populations of Native California Groups}} |
{{Populations of Native California Groups}} |
Latest revision as of 21:57, 14 November 2024
Kitanemuk | |
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Native to | United States |
Region | Southern California |
Ethnicity | Kitanemuk |
Extinct | 1940s |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | kita1252 |
Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano. | |
Kitanemuk is an extinct Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Serran branch. It is very closely related to Serrano, and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the San Gabriel Mountains and foothill environs of Southern California. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. J. P. Harrington took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.
Morphology
[edit]Kitanemuk is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard Americanist phonetic notation in ⟨angle brackets⟩:
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labio. | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Plosive | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
Affricate | ts ⟨c⟩ | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | ||||
Fricative | v | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | h | ||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | l | j ⟨y⟩ | w |
Word-finally, h becomes [r], and all voiced consonants become voiceless before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
See also
[edit]- Population of Native California
- Native American history of California
- Classification of Native Americans in California
References
[edit]- Anderton, Alice J. (1988). The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. PhD. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
[edit]- Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk[usurped]
- Native Languages: Kitanemuk
- Kitanemuk language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 3, Southern California/Basin, OLAC Open Language Archive