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{{Short description|Northern Uto-Aztecan language of California, US}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Kitanemuk
| name = Kitanemuk
|states=[[United States]]
| states = [[United States]]
|region=Southern [[California]]
| region = Southern [[California]]
| ethnicity = [[Kitanemuk people|Kitanemuk]]
⚫
|familycolor=Uto-Aztecan
| extinct = 1940s
⚫
|fam1=[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
⚫
| familycolor = Uto-Aztecan
⚫
|fam2=[[Serran languages|Serran]]
⚫
| fam1 = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]
|extinct=Last spoken in the 1940s by Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran
| fam2 = [[Northern Uto-Aztecan languages|Northern Uto-Aztecan]]
|iso3=none
| fam3 = [[Takic languages|Takic]]
|linglist=qe8
⚫
| fam4 = [[Serran languages|Serran]]
|glotto=none
| iso3 = none
⚫
|notice=IPA
| glotto = kita1252
⚫
| notice = IPA
| map = File:Takic_language_map.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano.
}}
}}


'''Kitanemuk''' was a Northern [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan language]] of the [[Serran languages|Serran branch]]. It was very closely related to [[Serrano language|Serrano]], and may have been a dialect. It was spoken in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] and foothill environs of [[Southern California]]. The last speakers lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. [[J. P. Harrington]] took copious notes in the 1916 and 1917, however, which has allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.
'''Kitanemuk''' is an extinct Northern [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan language]] of the [[Serran languages|Serran branch]]. It is very closely related to [[Serrano language|Serrano]], and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] and foothill environs of [[Southern California]]. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. [[J. P. Harrington]] took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 23: Line 28:
The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard [[Americanist phonetic notation]] in {{angbr|angle brackets}}:
The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard [[Americanist phonetic notation]] in {{angbr|angle brackets}}:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[labial consonant|Labial]]
Line 35: Line 40:
|-
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| align="center"|{{IPA|/m/}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/n/}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! [[Plosive]]
| align="center"|{{IPA|/p/}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| {{IPAlink|kʷ}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[Affricate]]
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/ts/}} {{angbr|c}}
| {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|c}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/tʃ/}} {{angbr|č}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|č}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Fricative]]
| align="center"|{{IPA|/v/}}
| {{IPAlink|v}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/s/}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/ʃ/}} {{angbr|š}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}}
|
|
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/h/}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
|-
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/r/}}
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
Line 74: Line 79:
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[Approximant]]
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/l}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|/j/}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|/w/}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|}
|}


Word-finally, {{IPA|/h/}} becomes {{IPA|[r]}}, and all [[voiced consonant]]s become [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.
Word-finally, {{IPAlink|h}} becomes {{IPAblink|r}}, and all [[voiced consonant]]s become [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
⚫
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

⚫
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|-
!
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
⚫
|-
|-align=center class=IPA
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|i}}
| i
| ɨ
| {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
| u
⚫
|-
|-align=center class=IPA
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}}
⚫
|e
|
|
| {{IPAlink|o}}
|o
|-
|-align=center class=IPA
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|a}}
|a
|
|
|}
|}


==See also==
==See also==

*[[Population of Native California]]
*[[Population of Native California]]
*[[:Category:Native American history of California|Native American history of California]]
*[[:Category:Native American history of California|Native American history of California]]
Line 121: Line 125:


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.fourdir.com/kitanemuk.htm Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020108110334/http://www.fourdir.com/kitanemuk.htm Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk]}}
*[http://www.native-languages.org/kitanemuk.htm Native Languages: Kitanemuk]
*[http://www.native-languages.org/kitanemuk.htm Native Languages: Kitanemuk]
* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/kitanemuk.php Kitanemuk language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]]
* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/kitanemuk.php Kitanemuk language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]]

Latest revision as of 21:57, 14 November 2024

Kitanemuk
Native toUnited States
RegionSouthern California
EthnicityKitanemuk
Extinct1940s
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologkita1252
Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Kitanemuk is an extinct Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Serran branch. It is very closely related to Serrano, and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the San Gabriel Mountains and foothill environs of Southern California. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. J. P. Harrington took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.

Morphology

[edit]

Kitanemuk is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard Americanist phonetic notation in ⟨angle brackets⟩:

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labio.
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricate ts ⟨c⟩ tʃ ⟨č⟩
Fricative v s ʃ ⟨š⟩ h
Rhotic r
Approximant l j ⟨y⟩ w

Word-finally, h becomes [r], and all voiced consonants become voiceless before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e o
Open a

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Anderton, Alice J. (1988). The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. PhD. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kitanemuk_language&oldid=1257436565"